Plasma Chloride Concentrations Research Articles

Renal tubular chloride reabsorption in the dog during rapidly changing plasma chloride concentration.

Rates of renal tubular reabsorption of chloride were measured in saline-loaded dogs while plasma chloride concentration was rising or falling. These values were compared with rates of reabsorption measured under conditions of relatively stable plasma concentration. Reabsorption during rising plasma concentration was never more than 3% greater than during stable concentration and usually was not significantly greater. Reabsorption during falling plasma concentration was regularly significantly lower than the stable values by 3–17%, depending upon the rate of concentration fall. When plasma concentration was lowered acutely, approximately 45 minutes were required for depressed rate of reabsorption to return to control levels.

Acute effects of acetazolamide (diamox) on plasma and urinary electrolytes of dogs with special reference to calcium.

Administration of Diamox by ingestion or injection to adult fasting female dogs consistently produced an acute increase of approximately 1 mg % in the plasma concentration of calcium. At the same time there was an increase in the plasma phosphate and chloride concentration and a decrease in total plasma content of carbon dioxide of Diamox-infused dogs. Diamox did not affect the plasma concentration of calcium, chloride or bicarbonate if renal excretory function was abolished prior to its administration. Infusion of Diamox produced a prompt rise in the urinary excretion of sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphate, citrate, chloride and water in fasting female dogs. The effect of Diamox on the fasting concentration of calcium rendered unsatisfactory the interpretation of data concerned with a study of its effect on the disappearance of injected calcium. However, intravenous injection of small amounts of sodium carbonate was found to produce a definite delay in the rate of disappearance of injected calcium.

CLINICAL OBSERVATION OF DIABETES INSIPIDUS (Ist REPORT)

Water and electrolyte metabolism was studied in 25 cases with diabetes insipidus, and the following results were obtained:(1) Daily urinary volume in most of the cases (88%) did not exceed eight liters.(2) In the dilution and concentration test, their dilution capacity was not impaired, however, the urinary output per unit of hour was rather uniform, which was indicative of primary polyuria. On the contrary, there were variable degrees of severe impairment of their concentrating capacity.(3) Renal blood flow (RBF), renal plasma flow (RPF), glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and filtration fraction (FF) were not significantly different from those of normal subjects, whereas tubular reabsorption rate (TRR) was materially reduced (10 cases).(4) There was somewhat increased excretion rate of PSP (5 cases).(5) Serum antidiuretic substance (ADS) was at the lower range of that of normal in 6 out of 7 cases. There was also no daily or diurnal variation of ADS, and no decrease was observed following the water load by mouth.(6) By intravenous infusion of hypertonic saline solution, there was a slight decrease in urinary output in one of 4 cases, whereas there was a slight or moderate increase in urinary output in the rest of the cases without elevation of urinary and plasma chloride concentration ratio.(7) By intravenous administration of 0.8 to 2.0mg of nicotine, there was a slight decrease in urinary output in one of 3 cases, whereas no decrease in the rest of the cases.(8) There was no demonstrable change in serum electrolyte concentration (11 cases); there was, however, a marked increase in K/Ca as a result of increased serum potassium concentration following posterior pituitary transplantation.(9) Daily urinary output significantly decreased after posterior pituiatry transplantation, which was accompanied by increase in serum ADS, abolition of urinary dilution capacity and prolongation of time required for disappearance of the elevation produced by intradermally injected salt solution by method of McClure and Aldrich (2 cases). A slight decrease in RPF with increase in GFR, resulting in increase of FF, and elevation of TRR were observed following the transplantation (1 case).

Relationship of changes in glomerular filtration, plasma chloride and bicarbonate concentrations and urinary osmotic load to renal excretion of chloride.

Relationship of changes in glomerular filtration, plasma chloride and bicarbonate concentrations and urinary osmotic load to renal excretion of chloride.

副腎剔出動物の食塩代謝に就て

Relating to the general conception that sodium chloride plays an important part in the survival of totally adrenalectomized animal, the author conducted a series of experiment concerning the possible influences of sodium chloride administration to the adrenalectomized white rats upon the gustatory threshold and the plasma chloride concentration. The same gustatory threshold experiments were performed on the adrenalectomized white rats to examine the effect of Cortisone acetate administration. The results obtained are summarized as follows. 1. Plasma chloride concentration showed a decrease of about 6% after adrenalectomy. The animals became thirsty for the salt solution. When examined by the preference method, they developed as keen susceptibility for the salt solution that they could detect about twenty five times diluted salt solution as did the normal animal. 2. Although the total elimination of adrenal eventually proved fatal to the animal, administration of salt solution increased their survival period, presumably due in one part to compensating function of accessory adrenal developed during the certain time interval after the operation. 3. Gustatory threshold change to the salt solution after adrenalectomy did not suffer any appreciable fluctuation by the administration of Cortisone acetate.

Panhypopituitarism and hypocalcemic tetany in a male: case presentation.

Case Reports1 November 1953PANHYPOPITUITARISM AND HYPOCALCEMIC TETANY IN A MALE: CASE PRESENTATIONJ. J. RUPP, M.D., KARL E. PASCHKIS, M.D.J. J. RUPP, M.D.Search for more papers by this author, KARL E. PASCHKIS, M.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-39-5-1103 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptLesions of the anterior pituitary gland which prevent the elaboration of the pituitary trophic hormones (adrenocorticotropin, thyrotropin and the gonadotropins) will produce hypothyroidism, hypoadrenocorticalism and hypogonadism, the syndrome of severe panhypopituitarism. This syndrome is rare. Ninety-five confirmed cases of severe panhypopituitarism have been collected from the world literature by Sheehan and Summers.1 In his monograph on extreme insufficiency of the adenohypophysis, Farquharson2 listed 92 cases collected from the world literature, of which 57 cases presented the typical syndrome.The following lesions of the pituitary gland have been reported as causes of panhypopituitarism: postpartum necrosis, tumors and cysts, trauma, "spontaneous atrophy...Bibliography1. SheehanSummers HLVH: The syndrome of hypopituitarism, Quart. J. Med. 18: 319, 1949. MedlineGoogle Scholar2. Farquharson RF: Simmonds' disease—extreme insufficiency of the adenohypophysis, 1950, Charles C Thomas, Springfield, Ill. Google Scholar3. HoltorffKoch AFFC: The colorimetric estimation of 17-ketosteroids and their application to urine extracts, J. Biol. Chem. 135: 377, 1940. CrossrefGoogle Scholar4. CutlerPowersWilder HHMHRM: Concentration of sodium chloride and potassium in the blood plasma and urine of patients with Addison's disease: their diagnostic significance, Proc. Staff Meet., Mayo Clin. 13: 244 (Apr.) 1938. Google Scholar5. DaughadayWilliamsDaland WHRHGA: The effects of endocrinopathies on the blood, Blood 3: 1342, 1948. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar6. WatkinsonMcMenemeyEvans GWHG: Hypopituitarism, hypogonadism, and anemia treated with testosterone. Lancet 1: 631, 1947. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar7. Crafts RG: The effects of cobalt, liver extract, and vitamin B12 on the anemia induced by hypophysectomy in adult female rats, Blood 7: 863, 1952. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar8. CantopoulosVan DykeSimpsonGarciaHuffWilliamsEvans ANDCMEJFRLBSHM: Increase in circulating red cell volume after oral administration of pituitary anterior lobe, Blood 8: 131, 1953. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar9. AlbrightReifenstein FEC: Parathyroid glands and metabolic bone disease, 1948, The Williams and Wilkins Co., Baltimore. Google Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania*Received for publication May 20, 1953.From the Division of Endocrine and Cancer Research, Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited byAutoimmune HypophysitisPrimary hypophysitis and other autoimmune disorders of the sellar and suprasellar regionsRevisitation of autoimmune hypophysitis: knowledge and uncertainties on pathophysiological and clinical aspectsUse of serum pituitary antibodies to improve the diagnosis of hypophysitisAutoimmune HypophysitisPituitary AutoimmunityThe Effect of Growth Hormone on Urinary Calcium ExcretionHypophysitisAutoimmune HypophysitisLymphocytic adenohypophysitis: A pituitary mass lesion occurring in pregnancyAdrenal Autoimmunity and Autoimmune Polyglandular SyndromesAuto-immunity of the Anterior PituitaryThe Association of Diabetes Insipidus with Hypoparathyroidism, Addison's Disease and Mucocutaneous CandidiasisThe ParathyroidsHYPOPARATHYROIDISM AND HYPOPITUITARISMTHE SYNDROME OF HYPOPARATHYROIDISM, ADDISION'S DISEASE AND MONILIASISIdiopathic hypoparathyroidism and Addison's disease 1 November 1953Volume 39, Issue 5Page: 1103-1106KeywordsAdrenocorticotropic hormoneGonadotropinsHypogonadismHypothyroidismLesionsNecrosisPanhypopituitarismPituitary glandProlactinThyroid-stimulating hormone ePublished: 1 December 2008 Issue Published: 1 November 1953 PDF downloadLoading ...

Disturbances of ionic equilibrium of intracellular and extracellular electrolytes in patients with tuberculous meningitis.

Diminished concentrations of chloride and sodium in plasma are frequently found in patients with acute bacterial infections (1). This type of deviation from the normal electrolyte pattern is also encountered in an occasional patient with pulmonary tuberculosis and has received special attention because of the problem of differential diagnosis of Addison's disease (2-5). By the use of methods of assessment of adrenocortical function which do not depend upon determinations of serum electrolytes it has been shown that hypochloremia and hyponatremia may be present in patients with tuberculosis without evidences of adrenal insufficiency (5). Reductions of the serum chloride and sodium values are consistently found in children with tuberculous meningitis. In the past this observation

Effects of mercurial diuresis in patients with ascites due to cirrhosis

The plasma concentrations of sodium and chloride in thirteen patients with ascites due to cirrhosis averaged 129.3 and 97.0 mEq./L., respectively. Such altered tonicity of extracellular fluid was unassociated with any untoward symptoms or signs. These patients were further characterized by their almost total inability to excrete dietary sodium chloride and their lack of response to mercurial diuretics. Good diuretic effects were obtained from mercuhydrin when ammonium chloride in a dose of 113 mEq./day was administered. This potentiation was independent of plasma acid-base balance. The twenty-four-hour sodium excretion under these conditions was only one-half that of the chloride. Potassium output on these days was greatly increased, some patients excreting as much as 250 mEq. in a single twenty-four-hour period. Hypokalemia occurred in all patients during the phase of potassium loss and, in some, symptoms of anorexia, drowsiness, weakness and prostration developed. Plasma sodium and chloride concentrations were at normal levels at the time such symptoms were noted. The excretion of large amounts of fluid hypotonic with respect to sodium is considered a factor in the rise in plasma sodium concentrations which occurred in some patients during the phase of diuresis.

EFFECT OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF STIMULI ON THE COMPOSITION OF THE GASTRIC JUICE

1. The composition of the gastric juice varies with the stimulus, which may act selectively on different groups of cells. Two extremely different types of gastric juice are obtained (a) after subcutaneous administration of histamine, and (b) after sham‐feeding or pilocarpine injection.2. There is little difference in the total chloride concentration and the total acidity of the gastric secretion provoked by sham‐feeding as compared with that provoked by histamine. In the secretion produced by pilocarpine the total acidity is markedly lower and the concentration of total chloride a little lower than with the first two stimuli. At times practically all the chloride present is in the form of HCl.3. These slight variations in the total chloride may be due (a) to contamination of the parietal secretion with varying amounts of fluid less rich in chloride, secreted by groups of cells other than the parietal, or (b) to a less extent to changes in the concentration of chloride in the blood plasma.4. Under the influence of any one stimulus, the gastric glands produce a secretion in which the acidity parallels more or less closely the total chloride concentration; but as soon as a new stimulus is superimposed, or at the end of the secretory period, there is an alteration in the activity of different cellular groups, and a dissociation of the two curves may occur.5. Since the volume of secretion and the concentration of total chloride vary little with different stimuli, whereas the organic content may be ten to twenty times more than the minimum, it is therefore concluded that the greatest part of the chloride and of the fluid of the gastric juice is produced by the parietal cells.I am greatly indebted for much helpful criticism to Professor B. P. Babkin, under whose direction this work was carried out.