The terrestrial biota of modern Australia is a highly diverse mix of taxa exhibiting an array of adaptations to a range of habitats across three major biomes. With the vast majority of Australia now covered by dry, fire-tolerant vegetation communities that have evolved since the Eocene, Australia can be considered an arid continent, with xeric habitats of varying degrees of aridity dominating the Arid Zone, Mesic Zone and Monsoon Tropics biomes. Molecular phylogenetic studies exploring the evolutionary and biogeographic histories of Australian arid-adapted lineages cover a wide spectrum of animal and plant taxa, and have together highlighted the important role evolutionary adaptive radiations have played since the Miocene in shaping the composition and distributions of lineages. In this study, we apply a taxon-rich, multi-locus molecular dataset (of 252 specimens), to infer a continent-scale phylogeny of the Australian endemic trapdoor spider genus Idiosoma Ausserer, 1871 (Idiopidae). This mega-diverse lineage of mygalomorph spiders is notable for being found across most of continental mainland Australia in both the Arid Zone and Mesic Zone biomes, in predominantly transitional and arid habitats to the exclusion of ever-wet mesic refugia. Idiosoma is further notable in the sheer variety of different burrow entrance morphologies constructed by species in different parts of Australia, with a suite of taxa known to construct burrows with an unusual and conspicuous addition of leaves or twigs (i.e. 'twig-lines') fanning out from the burrow entrance. This twig-lining behaviour has been postulated to be an adaptive shift associated with higher aridity environments. With the aim of characterising the Idiosoma adaptive radiation, including potential phenotypic adaptive shifts, we revealed a genus with at least 120 putative species in our molecular dataset, and a total Australian fauna that likely exceeds 200 species. Phylogenetic structure within the genus showed remarkably strong geographic fidelity at all levels, indicating an evolutionary history that has been heavily influenced by biogeographic factors. Ancestral range reconstruction recovered a temperate south-western or arid origin for crown-group Idiosoma, with divergence dating showing that the major diversification of lineages occurred from c.10-4Ma. Combined, these results support a Mio-Pliocene model of Idiosoma speciation across continental Australia, at a time when the country was undergoing extensive aridification. Finally, results of a maximum likelihood analysis using continuous-time Markov models were consistent with a model of parallel evolution of twig-lining burrowing behaviours in Idiosoma, driven by discrete adaptive shifts in biomes with contrasting levels of aridity. This is the first study to have quantified phenotypic adaptive shifts in a continental radiation of invertebrate animals across arid Australia, providing further evidence of the importance of climate-driven biotic change during the Miocene and Pliocene in shaping the distribution and composition of the Australian Arid Zone biota.

Alkaloids, renowned for their pivotal physiological roles in plant defense and chemical medium, constitute a structurally diverse class of bioactive natural products with substantial therapeutic potential in modern drug development. There is currently no dedicated alkaloid database, highlighting an urgent need for such a resource. Here, we present AlkaPlorer (https://alkaplorer.qmclab.com/), the first systematic alkaloid database, which has compiled over 130,000 alkaloids from 12,250 species, with reported activity against 6,583 biological targets. AlkaPlorer not only integrates comprehensive experimentally validated data and computationally predicted properties for each alkaloid, but also establishes standardized notation and associations among various data elements, forming a correlative-type dataset. Extensive chemoinformatic analyses on structural scaffolds, biosynthetic precursors, physicochemical properties, and phylogenetic distributions across plant taxa are performed based on AlkaPlorer, providing new insights into the chemical diversity, structural evolution, and biosynthetic regularity of plant alkaloids. AlkaPlorer enables easy access and efficient retrieval and provides a foundational resource for AI-driven applications in plant metabolism and alkaloid research.

A comprehensive synthesis of tri-trophic associations involving aphids, their parasitoids and host plants was compiled for Uttar Pradesh, India, based on published records. The checklist documents parasitoids belonging to two families, Aphelinidae and Braconidae (Aphidiinae), comprising 7 species of Aphelinidae and 21 species of Aphidiinae, associated with a wide diversity of aphid hosts and plant taxa. In total, the associations encompass 33 agriculturally important aphid pests, including Aphis craccivora, Aphis gossypii, Aphis fabae, Lipaphis erysimi, Melanaphis sacchari, Myzus persicae, Rhopalosiphum maidis, Sitobion avenae and Sitobion miscanthi, infesting 74 species of cereals, oilseeds, pulses, vegetables, fruit crops, ornamentals and weeds forming 205 tri-trophic associations. Parasitoid genera such as Aphelinus, Aphidius, Binodoxys, Diaeretiella, Lipolexis, Lysiphlebia and Ephedrus emerged as key natural enemies with broad or crop-specific host ranges. The data reveal pronounced host specificity in several parasitoids, particularly within defined host-plant contexts, underscoring the structured and region-specific nature of aphid–parasitoid interactions. This consolidated checklist provides baseline information on species diversity, host associations and trophic linkages, highlighting dominant natural regulators of aphid populations in the region. The synthesis is expected to support biodiversity assessments, ecological studies; development of regionally adapted conservation and biological control strategies within IPM programmes in Uttar Pradesh.

Visualizing archaeobotanical data: A comprehensive photographic record of desiccated plant remains from an early modern context at Santi Quattro Coronati, Rome.

The plant material used in landscaping applications is of great importance not only for aesthetic elements but also in terms of ecological compatibility, sustainability, and economic value. Turkey, with its approximately 12,000 plant taxa, is one of the world's important centres in terms of biological diversity. Despite the presence of numerous endemic and natural species in the country, the preference for imported plant material in landscaping applications increases economic dependence on foreign sources and leads to the under utilisation of the rich local flora. This study aims to reveal the potential use of some geophyte taxa naturally distributed in Bingöl and its surroundings in landscape design. As a result of field studies and literature reviews, 150 geophyte taxa belonging to 14 families were identified. These taxa were evaluated according to certain criteria important for landscaping, such as endemism, showy flowers, pleasant fragrance, medicinal/aromatic use, shade tolerance, use in flower beds, soil tolerance, use in refuges, use near water, use for exhibition/display purposes, and use in rock gardens. The study determined that 56 geophyte taxa found in the Bingöl flora have high potential for use in landscape design. It is thought that these taxa could constitute an important alternative resource for sustainable landscape designs due to their ecological adaptability, low maintenance requirements and aesthetic characteristics. The findings contribute to the more effective use of the potential of the natural flora in landscape planning and implementation.

Plant diversity in botanical gardens plays a vital role in conservation, education, and research, especially in urban areas. This study assesses tree species diversity, regeneration potential and stakeholders’ perception in National Botanical Garden, Mirpur, Dhaka. A total of 220 tree species from 61 families were recorded using a stratified random quadrat method (10 × 10 m). Among these, 59% were native and 41% exotic. The most abundant and dominant species were Swietenia mahagoni (L.) Jacq., Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. ex Benth., Terminalia arjuna (Roxb. ex DC.) Wight & Arn., and Polyalthia longifolia (Sonn.) Thwaites. Shannon-Wiener, Simpson’s, and Margalef’s Diversity Indices were 1.97, 0.82 and 28.2, respectively, indicating moderate diversity and low evenness. Zone 1 of the garden showed the highest diversity, while Zones 1, 9, and 12 had the greatest number of exotics in their top ten dominant species. High Jaccard Similarity between zones suggested repetition in species composition. Regeneration was low, with only seven species showing seedling development. Dipterocarpus alatus Roxb. had the highest seedling density and Hopea odorata Roxb. showed the best recruitment success. Stakeholder surveys revealed strong support for increasing native species, planting more wildlife-supporting trees, and involving experts in garden management. Identified threats include poor planning, exotic dominance, and lack of awareness. Key recommendations include enhancing native diversity, lowering spatial repetition of similar species, introducing rare species, and improving expert-led management to ensure ecological sustainability. Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 32(2): 177-192, 2025 (December)

The present study marks the first molecular characterization of Humaria hemisphaerica F.H. Wigg.) Fuckel from the temperate Oghi forest of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, a region known for its ecological richness and underexplored fungal diversity. A comprehensive description of both the macro- and micro-morphological characteristics is included, supplemented with color photographs of fresh ascocarp in natural habitat and microscopic images with main anatomical features. Phylogenetic analysis of the studied sample was conducted using internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of nrDNA. This analysis supports the taxonomic identification of H. hemisphaerica and confirms its phylogenetic position. Additionally, comparisons are made with closely related taxa that exhibit phenotypic and molecular similarities. This is the first molecular description of this taxon occurring in Pakistan. Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 32(2): 129-137, 2025 (December)

Palynomophological and anatomical characters of the section Mesocentron (Asteraceae) from Türkiye was investigated and compared using microscopically techniques. The studied taxa have radially symmetrical, monad, isopolar, sometimes heteropolar, and generally 3-colporate, occasionally 4-colporate pollen grains. Only prolate pollen shaped pollen grains were observed in all of the studied species. While the colpus and porus morphology of pollen grains were the same in studied taxa the density of spinule on the pollen were changeable. It was observed that the basic anatomical structures of the sections obtained from the trunk anatomy were the same, but it was determined that the cellular sizes differed significantly between species. It has been emphasized that the combined use of pollen and anatomical characters may be effective in distinguishing these species. Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 32(2): 209-220, 2025 (December)

Phlomis sieheana and P. armeniaca species are known as two close taxa that are confused with each other when firstly observed in their natural habitats. In the current investigation, the morphological features of Phlomis sieheana and P. armeniaca belonging to the Lamiaceae family have been revised and their anatomical, palynological and micromorphological features have been presented. The pollen grains of the studied species are monad, isopolar, and radially symmetrical. The pollen shape of P. sieheana is subprolate, while P. armeniaca is prolate-spheroidal. Also, exine sculpture was observed as reticulate-perforate in both species. However, the types of pollen aperture of the species are determined differently. P. sieheana has pollen grains with tricolpate apertures, while P. armeniaca has both tricolpate and syncolpate ones. Nutlet micromorphology contains characters that support the differentiation of species. The nutlet coat is rugulate in Phlomis sieheana and reticulate in P. armeniaca. The characteristics of anatomical, palynological and micro morphological in P. sieheana and P. armeniaca are found valuable supporting the separation of these species. Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 32(2): 161-169, 2025 (December)

Tropical swamp forests are dynamic ecosystems where water quality is closely linked to ecological integrity. The Ratargul Swamp Forest in Bangladesh faces increasing anthropogenic and environmental pressures, but a comprehensive ecological assessment integrating biological and physicochemical indicators is lacking. The present study was conducted to evaluate its ecological status, identify key environmental drivers, and assess the utility of financial groups (FGs) as bioindicators for conservation. In the present study, the ecological condition of the forest was assessed by integrating phytoplankton FGs with the water quality index (WQI) and the chlorophyll-based trophic state index [TSI (Chl)] during the pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. A total of 54 phytoplankton species were identified from the swamp forest, with Euglenophyta dominating the assemblage. Functional group W1 (Euglena sp., Euglena mutabilis, E. rostrifera, E. viridis, E. oblonga, E.acus, E. polymorpha, E. chordata, E. allorgei, E. deses, Phacus sp., Phacus longicaudus. Strombomonas sp., Synura sp. and Astasia sp.) associated with organic pollution and high biological oxygen demand (BOD), were the most abundant in both seasons, with a marked increase post-monsoon. Redundancy analysis (RDA) revealed that soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP), soluble reactive silicate (SRS), and conductivity were the key environmental drivers influencing the composition of FGs. The water quality of the swamp forest was poor, as indicated by the WQI, which was based on the selection of water quality parameters (R² = 0.85). The TSI (Chl) supported the WQI result, indicating the eutrophic status of the forest. The present research findings showed that phytoplankton functional groups, when integrated with water quality indices, offer a robust and sensitive approach to ecological monitoring and planning conservation strategies for tropical swamp forest wetland ecology. Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 32(2): 193-207, 2025 (December)

Euphonias (Neotropical passerines in the genera Euphonia and Chlorophonia ) form the quintessential example of a specialized avian frugivore, combining a high reliance on fruit as food and the restriction of fruit taxa exploited. To understand their specialization, we explored the integration of fruit morphological and nutritional traits with their internal processing by euphonias. We made a literature survey of the fruits eaten by euphonias, and compared their digestive morphology (intestine length and internal surface area) and the traits of the fruits they eat (fruit and seed diameters, number of seeds, water, lipids, protein and sugar contents) with other frugivorous bird species. Although eating a variety of fruit species, euphonias concentrate feeding on a few plant families and genera ( Miconia , Ficus , Cecropia , Phoradendron , Rhipsalis ), favoring watery, lipid‐poor, often sugar‐rich fruits with small seeds. They also have longer intestines than the other frugivorous birds, which may contribute to the efficient absorption of nutrients despite their necessity to rapidly pass fruits through the gut. We argue that the specialization of euphonias that make them to rely heavily on particular plant taxa is largely mediated by their fruit processing constraints that limit the functional traits of the fruits exploited. Our results show that birds with most of their diets composed of fruits should not necessarily consume fruits of a wider variety of plant species. It also reinforces the importance of considering the matching between fruit morphology and the internal processing of fruits to understand fruit use by birds.

Coevolution of plants and animals may lead to features or behaviour that are mutually beneficial. This is exemplified by plant adaptations for seed dispersal, including caliochory, which is the dispersal of seeds by birds in nest materials. Caliochory is a recently identified seed dispersal mechanism and to date there has been no detailed analysis of characteristics that make seeds suitable for caliochory. Moreover, the distribution of this syndrome across regions, habitats, plant taxa or bird taxa has never been investigated. To test the hypotheses that the probability of seeds being incorporated in nest construction is influenced by bird phylogeny, habitat, region, plant morphology or plant olfactory properties, we examined plant materials in bird nests at the Natural History Museum (UK). Despite the age of this international collection (80–120 years) we were able to identify most of the plant materials to the level of family, genus or in some cases to species. We found that selection of material for construction and lining of nests varies among bird taxa but is also influenced by region and vegetation type. Linings of fluffy seeds were more frequently used in arid than mesic climates. Possible adaptation for caliochory among angiosperms appears more frequent in open, arid and disturbed vegetation than in closed and mesic habitats.

Pollen, produced during the flowering period of plants, especially anemogamous plants that produce high volumes of pollen, poses a risk to individuals with pollen allergies when it is present in the atmosphere. Meteorological factors are known to affect the duration, distribution, and amount of pollen in the air. The remarkable increase in allergic cases in recent years has led to many studies investigating the relationship between pollen and spores that cause allergies and meteorological factors in Türkiye as well as in the world. In this study, meteorological factors and their influence on pollen concentrations in the air were examined for the Sinop region in northern Türkiye. First, descriptive statistics for pollen obtained from plant taxa were obtained and interpreted. Precipitation, humidity, temperature, and wind speed were considered as meteorological parameters, and the effects of these variables on pollen counts and their annual changes were modelled using Poisson, negative binomial, and zero-inflated negative binomial (ZINB) regression models. The estimation results for all pollen taxa were then discussed. In the models obtained for each pollen type, the statistical significance of the independent variables such as temperature, precipitation, relative humidity, wind speed, time, and lag 1 was found to be different according to the pollen type.

Urban environments pose a threat to biodiversity through processes such as habitat degradation and biotic homogenization. Despite this, cities are increasingly recognized for their potential to conserve bees and other pollinators. Planting understory vegetation is one way of providing more floral resources to support urban bee communities and the ecosystem services they provide. However, the influence of vegetation origin and landscape context on urban bee communities is unclear, particularly in the Southern Hemisphere. We sampled the bee communities at 32 understory plantings dominated by exotic or indigenous (native to the local bioregion) vegetation around inner Melbourne, Australia. For each site, we recorded the amount of impervious surface and irrigated turf in 200-m buffers. Indigenous plantings were found to promote significantly greater alpha and beta diversity in bee communities compared to exotic plantings. Particular plant taxa were highly effective at attracting a variety of bees, with a maximum of 19 bee species (including specialists) hosted by indigenous Wahlenbergia capillaris (Campanulaceae). Apis mellifera was highly dominant and strongly associated with exotic plantings, whereas many indigenous bee species were positively associated with indigenous plantings. This study shows indigenous understory plants have a positive influence on indigenous bee communities relative to exotic plantings which tend to attract only A. mellifera. Planting indigenous plants in cities is therefore recommended as a conservation action for local bee species.

ABSTRACTThe early developmental period plays a key role in primate behavioral outcomes. Understanding the behavioral ecology of infant indris (Indri indri) helps to identify resources needed during early developmental stages, the weaning process, and the role of mothers in developing infants' survival abilities. In this study, we investigated the behavioral and dietary development of wild Indri indri in Madagascar. We found that infants undergo significant behavioral transitions during their early growth, which reflect their maturation and adaptation to the environment. Play is critical in developing locomotion skills and acquiring knowledge about dietary preferences. Social interactions, initially centered on grooming with the mother, began to extend to other group members as early as 4 months of age, reflecting a shift from maternal care to broader social bonding. Additionally, territorial behaviors such as scent marking became more prominent in later month age classes when new behaviors, such as singing, emerged. We observed a co‐feeding relationship between young indris and their mothers that ceased around 1 year of age. Lauraceae was the most‐eaten plant family in the first 2 years of life, and we observed shifts in plant taxa and plant parts consumption with age. Milk consumption was not observed after 7 months of age. We also highlighted the presence of coprophagy and geophagy in indri infants, which were observed on several occasions consuming maternal feces and soil. These behaviors could play a role in maternal microbiota inoculation and toxin regulation, though further evidence is needed, even at a young age. Our work highlighted the dietary requirements and behavioral development of indri infants. These Critically Endangered lemurs have never been bred in captivity; our findings provide foundational data to inform future studies and potential conservation strategies.

Climate change exacerbates the vulnerability of relict forests. However, plant taxa may buffer extinction risk through range shifts that track suitable habitats or through adjustments in their ecological niches, either via phenotypic plasticity or evolutionary adaptation to prevailing environmental regimes. In addition to these biological responses, the risks associated with climate change can also be mitigated through forest management practices and conservation strategies, including assisted migration. We used presence–absence data from Abies pinsapo Boiss. and environmental variables to describe the past and current natural distribution of the species by using species distribution models (SDMs). Then, we characterized future patterns of habitat suitability and identified potential areas for ecosystem restoration and assisted migration. The models predict a 77% loss of suitable habitat by 2060 and up to 99% by 2100 yet highlight climatically suitable areas outside the species’ current range—particularly in the Sierra Nevada National and Natural Park and Sierras de Cazorla, Segura y Las Villas Natural Park. These results provide spatially explicit guidance for restoration and assisted migration strategies. Our findings demonstrate the need for proactive conservation planning and show that SDMs can help identify climate refugia for long-term species persistence.

Cultivation by humans is the primary mode of introduction for naturalized plants and an important driver of naturalization, a critical step in the invasion process. Historical records of cultivated plants can represent introduced species pools and propagule pressure, allowing for tests of how species' traits and environmental context affect naturalization while accounting for human influence. Ruderal traits, which generally promote naturalization, may not be universally advantageous across closed versus open landscapes (forest versus grassland/shrubland) or different agricultural land use conversion types, though such context dependence has not yet been demonstrated at a broad scale. We analyzed the naturalization of 3949 cultivated ornamental non‐native plant taxa that were for sale in nursery and seed catalogs in the conterminous United States during a period over 200 years to test for context dependence between traits associated with ruderality (short lifespan, shade intolerance, and self‐compatibility) and estimates of historical forest/grassland cover and agricultural land use change. We found that present‐day naturalization was closely tied to longer cultivation duration and greater cultivation extent. While ruderal traits tended to promote naturalization, perennial lifespan and shade tolerance favored naturalization in US states with higher forest cover, which is consistent with an alternative invasion strategy in closed‐canopy systems. Land use conversion to pasture and succession of abandoned agricultural land promoted naturalization of disturbance‐adapted plants in both forest and grassland landscapes. Our results emphasize the central role of cultivation in plant invasion and provide spatially and temporally extensive evidence that, while ruderal traits are important predictors of naturalization, they are dependent on the landscape context into which plants are introduced. Our work demonstrates the importance of integrating historical cultivation and land use/cover data for a nuanced understanding of the ecological factors that drive plant naturalization.

Divergence in basic chromosome numbers among closely related species is widespread in plants, yet a fundamental question regarding the evolutionary direction of karyotype-whether descending (from higher to lower numbers) or ascending (from lower to higher)-remains contentious. Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), a key forage crop, displays two basic chromosome numbers (x = 8 and x = 7) within the genus, and whether this divergence arose through descending evolution from 8 to 7 or the reverse remains unclear. Here, we developed a set of chromosome-specific painting markers capable of tracing chromosomal evolutionary trajectories among Medicago species. Comparative cytological analysis of seven accessions (x = 8) from the M. sativa L. complex revealed conserved chromosomal synteny in both diploid and autotetraploid species, with no detectable interchromosomal rearrangements. In Medicago polymorpha (x = 7), we discovered that the divergence in basic chromosome numbers (x = 7 vs. x = 8) resulted from large-scale fission-fusion events involving chromosomes 3, 5, and 6, rather than the simple fusion of chromosomes 3 and 7 as previously published genomic hypotheses. Further supporting evidence from rDNA remodeling and phylogenetic analysis indicates a descending evolutionary pathway, with the ancestral x = 8 transitioning to x = 7 approximately Mid-Miocene (~12 million years ago). Our results offer new insights into Medicago speciation and evolutionary origins, and instantiate a strategy for studying karyotypic evolutionary direction in other plant taxa with similar chromosomal dynamics.

Despite the critical structural and functional roles of palms in tropical forest ecosystems and their importance in the local economy and livelihood, palms face significant threats from habitat loss and economic exploitation. Many endemic palms on tropical islands warrant conservation strategies aimed at augmenting the existing gene pool to support effective management and long-term protection of genetic diversity. This study investigated the genetic diversity and structure of Korthalsia rogersii, a threatened climbing palm (rattan) endemic to the Andaman Islands in the Bay of Bengal, across seven known populations (including recently identified ones) using microsatellite markers. The aim was to formulate informed conservation strategies by understanding how the island landscape influences the population genetic divergence of the species. Although heterozygosity and bottleneck analyses did not reveal significant genetic diversity loss, a positive correlation between population size and the number of observed alleles points to a potential ongoing decline. Moderate to high genetic differentiation was observed between populations, with geographical isolation contributing to divergence, particularly in the Interview island population. Notably, the South Andaman population (Chidiya Tapu) harbours the highest number of private alleles, despite exhibiting low overall genetic divergence, indicating it may serve as a reservoir of lost genetic diversity. Further, the Bakultala population shows significant within-population relatedness and reduced allelic diversity, indicative of genetic isolation and demographic decline. These findings provide preliminary insights into the role of the island landscapes in the Andaman archipelago in shaping population genetic divergence among plant taxa. Effective conservation strategies should target gene diversity, genetic structure and hotspots of unique alleles identified in the study, prioritising both population size enhancement and genetic augmentation to ensure the long-term survival of K. rogersii.

Osmiine bees of the subgenus Chelostoma (Chelostoma) are restricted to the Palaearctic. Including the species newly described in the present publication, the subgenus comprises 21 species, 19 of which occur in the Western Palaearctic. Except for two pollen generalists, all species of C. (Chelostoma), whose pollen host preferences have been studied so far, are strict pollen specialists on actinomorphic flowers of a single plant genus, such as Ornithogalum (Asparagaceae) or Ranunculus (Ranunculaceae), of a single subfamily, such as Dipsacoideae (Caprifoliaceae), or of a single family, such as Asteraceae or Brassicaceae. In this study, Lamiaceae are identified as a new host plant taxon of C. (Chelostoma) used by probably three closely related species that are equipped with very long mouthparts and an elongated head, likely representing adaptations for the exploitation of the long-tubed and zygomorphic flowers of this plant family. The females of C. (Chelostoma) nest in insect burrows in dead wood or in hollow plant stems, the colonization of which is facilitated by their very slender and elongated body. They use mud to construct brood cell partitions and nest plugs, which is often reinforced by embedding tiny pebbles and sand grains in its outer surface. The taxonomic revision of C. (Chelostoma) revealed the existence of eight new species: C. dolichocephalum sp. nov. from southeastern Turkey and northern Iraq, C. kurdistanicum sp. nov. from eastern Turkey, northern Iraq and Iran, C. levantense sp. nov. from the Levant, C.meronense sp. nov. from northern Israel, C. miripalpum sp. nov. from southern central Turkey and northern Iraq, C. negevense sp. nov. from southern Israel, C. ornithogali sp. nov. from Turkey, and C. scabiosae sp. nov. from southeastern Turkey and northwestern Iran. Chelostoma dolosum (Benoist, 1935) syn. nov. is newly synonymized with C. mocsaryi Schletterer, 1899.