Plant Protection Problems Research Articles

The Perspective Properties and the Directions of <i>Bacillus thuringiensis</i> Use for Plant Protection

One of the urgent problems of plant protection from pests and diseases is the creation of environmentally safe biocontrol agents, the use of which would not be accompanied by an increase of the resistance of insect pests. Microorganisms have great potential in this regard. The most promising group are endophytes, which inhabit the internal tissues of plants and participate in formation of the phenotype of plant organisms. Bacteria of the genus Bacillus are of particular interest due to their wide distribution in the nature, the safety of many species for humans, and the relative ease with which biocontrol means based on Bacillus sp. could be obtained. The review considers the properties and activity of B. thuringiensis as follows: endophytic, insecticidal, antibiotic activity, production of growth regulators and mobilization of plant nutrients, resistance induction, as well as the possibility of constructing new strains using genetic engineering methods.

Technical means for environmentally safe resource-saving plant protection technology

The paper discusses the problems of plant protection from weeds and the need to improve methods of weed control in the production of agricultural products, describes the methods of control used. The design of an improved fire cultivator for burning weeds in gardens and vineyards by thermal method, as well as the technological process of its operation, is presented.

Determination of the Environmental Effects of Plant Protection Products in Fighting Pests in Greenhouse Vegetable Production: Batman Province Example

This study was carried out to determine the environmental awareness levels of agricultural enterprises in the province of Batman and its districts where greenhouse production was carried out in 2020. With this purpose, and based on simple random sampling method, information was obtained from 75 producers in 15 villages, 5 randomly selected villages from three districts (Central, Besiri, Sason), using a 37 question survey method and the results have been evaluated as a percentage (%). With this study, it has been determined that the education level of the greenhouse producers is high, most of them have non agricultural income and the amount of their income is above the hunger limit. Greenhouse producers take advice from vendors and the District Directorate of Agriculture and Forestry to determine pesticide selection and pesticide dosage. They reported that the producers pay attention to important factors in the selection of pesticides like brand and active substance, they do not use the same pesticide against the same disease and pest continuously, they apply the recommended dose before the disease and pest appears, that the pesticides they use leave residues in the product, they pay attention to the waiting time between spraying and harvest, they reported that they use protective clothing and masks, do not throw empty pesticide boxes on the field or roadside, clean the spraying tool, but they said that they have use the spraying tool without calibration and applied pesticides as a mixture. However, it has been determined that they prefer cultural methods in addition to chemical methods and they are not aware of the concept of biopesticide. Farmers generally prefer chemical warfare methods to overcome plant protection problems, and mistaken pesticide applications bring many negative effects in terms of human and environmental health. Keywords: Greenhouse, Plant Protection Problems, Survey, Batman. DOI: 10.7176/JSTR/7-06-01

Sivas İlinde Buğday Üretiminde Karşılaşılan Bitki Koruma Sorunlarının Belirlenmesi

Bu çalışmanın amacı, Sivas ilinin Merkez, Hafik, Yıldızeli ve Ulaş ilçelerinde buğday üretiminde; üreticilerin bitki koruma yönünden karşılaştıkları sorunları belirlemek ve üreticilerin bu konudaki bilgi düzeylerini ortaya koymaktır. Araştırmada, Sivas ilinin Merkez, Hafik, Yıldızeli ve Ulaş ilçelerinde 220 anket çalışması yapılmıştır. Çalışmanın yapıldığı alanda üreticilerin buğday üretiminde hastalık, zararlı ve yabancı ot bakımından sorunlar yaşadıkları belirlenmiştir. Üreticilerin neredeyse tamamı (%99,09) karşılaştıkları bitki koruma sorunlarını kimyasal mücadele uygulayarak çözmektedirler. Bu bağlamda üreticilerin en fazla kendi tecrübelerine (%84,09) göre tarımsal ilca uygulamaya karar vermektedirler. Bunu tarımsal ilca bayi tavsiyesi (%24,09), tarım uzmanının tavsiyesi (%17,27), komşu ve arkadaş tavsiyesi (%9,55) takip etmektedir. Üreticiler daha çok kendi eski tecrübelerine dayalı olarak ilaç uygulamaktadırlar. Bölgede son yıllarda üreticilerin zararlı, hastalık ve yabancı otlara karşı zirai mücadele ilaçları çok sık olarak kullandığı belirlenmiştir. Sınırlıda olsa aşırı dozda ilaç uygulaması söz konusu olup, bunun sonucunda çevre kirliliği ve insan sağlığına olumsuz etkilere neden olacağı kaçınılmazdır. Ayrıca üreticilerin yabancı ot mücadelesinde sadece geniş yapraklı yabancı otlara karşı ilaç kullandığı, dar yapraklı yabancı otlara karşı mücadelede yeterli bilgiye sahip olmadığı belirlenmiştir. Bu anket çalışması sonuçlarına göre bölgedeki buğday üreticilerine zirai mücadele konusun da eğitim verilmesi yararlı olacaktır.

EFECTO ANTIFÚNGICO in vitro DE EXTRACTOS METANÓLICOS DE Capsicum spp. EN Moniliophthora roreri

Uno de los principales problemas fitosanitarios en la producción de cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) en Latinoamérica y en México es la moniliasis, causada por Moniliophthora roreri. Este fitopatógeno causa más del 75% de pérdidas en la producción anual. Los metabolitos secundarios del género Capsicum tienen efectos antifúngicos, por lo que se pueden usar para el control de M. roreri. El objetivo de este experimento fue evaluar el efecto in vitro de extractos metanólicos (EM) de tres especies de Capsicum sobre M. roreri. Los EM extraídos de frutos inmaduros de C. chinense, C. frutescens, y dos morfotipos de C. annuum var. glabriusculum se probaron a dos concentraciones: 1000 y 2500 mg L-1, y se evaluaron en la inhibición del crecimiento micelial, la esporulación y la viabilidad de conidios producidos de M. roreri. Ambas dosis (tratamientos) se establecieron bajo un diseño experimental completamente al azar con cinco repeticiones; cada caja de Petri fue una unidad experimental, los datos se analizaron con ANDEVA y las medias se compararon con la prueba de Tukey (p≤0.05). Moniliophthora roreri fue sensible a los EM de las tres especies. Los EM de C. annuum var. glabriusculum en sus morfotipos amashito (AM) y garbanzo (GA) a 2500 mg L-1 inhibieron el crecimiento micelial hasta en 95%. Los EM de C. annuum var. glabriusculum AM y GA a 2500 mg L-1 inhibieron totalmente la producción de conidios en ambas concentraciones. Los EM de C. chinense y C. annuum var. glabriusculum GA inhibieron hasta 35% la viabilidad de conidios de M. roreri. La sensibilidad in vitro de M. roreri a EM de C. annuum var. glabriusculum AM y GA permite sugerir el efecto de los extractos en el campo de cultivo.

THE ASSORTMENT FORMATION OF CHEMICAL MEANS OF PEST CONTROL IN THE ХХ CENTURY

The article summarizes the results of research on the formation of the pest control chemicals assortment and methods of their application on various crops in Russia in the 20st century. It is shown that development of the assortment occurred in several stages, each connected with solution of plant protection problems of a given period of time, technical possibilities and requirements to the pesticides substantiated by development of theoretical bases of plant protection. In 20–30ies, when main crop protection goal was suppression of outbreaks of locusts, beet webworm, grain beetles, Sunn pest, beet weevil etc., inorganic, plant-derived and organic products of natural origin, belonging to highly potent toxic compounds, were applied in the high dosages. In 40–60ies, products of organic synthesis (chlorinated hydrocarbons and terpenes, diene compounds, organophosphates, carbamates), highly effective for pest control, but also highly toxic to human and animals prevailed In this regard, requirements to pesticides were imposed considering safety for warm-blooded animals, as well as for beneficial components of agricultural ecosystems and environment. As a result, the insecticide assortment in 80–90ies was mainly based on the chemical classes of pyrethroids, benzoylureas, phenylpyrazoles and neonicotinoids, which are moderately dangerous for warm-blooded animals and entomophages, used at low rates and decomposed in environment over one season. Considerable attention was paid to the search for environmentally friendly forms of these drugs.

The biological preparations for plant protection in organic farming

Consider new directions for biotechnology, creating conditions for the development of chemical and biological plant protection, their rational levels and proportions. The article aimed to present the problems of plant protection in ecological agriculture, using the possibilities of modern biotechnology. Application traditional technologies demonstrate indispensable contradiction between the plant protection requirements condition and the need to preserve environment. The systemic approach of relations between crop and pests opens new possibilities in researching biocenotic relationships within ecosystems and halting spending growth trends directed to plant protection. Parting from the aggravation of ecological situation and taking into account the achievements in the field of biological plant protection, in the Republic of Moldova consistent measures have been undertaken in the direction of ecological agriculture promotion. For solving of plant protection problems were developed biotechnological processes of production and application of an impressive range of biological means, which is used for conventional and organic agriculture. The main legislative documents (Low No 115 from 2005 concerning the ecological agriculture, Government decision No 149 from 2006 concerning its implementation, a series of regulations) have been adopted. The results relative to production organization, processing and marketing of ecological products are being registered, but a series of the technological problems remains which are waiting their solution.

Screening of alternative products for integrated pest management of cucurbit powdery mildew in Sweden

Cucurbit powdery mildew (CPM) is one of the most important plant protection problems in Swedish cucumber production. CPM fungi have developed resistance to the commonly used fungicide (Imazalil) rendering its current use less effective. We therefore screened a selection of alternative products, evaluating their ability to control CPM in seven small-scale, semi-commercial, greenhouse experiments. Products were screened for their ability to suppress CPM on a susceptible cultivar, in 2013. In 2015, the best treatments were tested in different combinations, in different intervals on a susceptible and a partially resistant cultivar. The treatment that gave the best CPM control was Sakalia in combination with wetting agent Yuccah, (based on Reynoutria sachaliensis and Yucca schidigera respectively) applied at 7-day intervals. This treatment was highly efficient on both cucumber cultivars. Sakalia mixed with Yuccah applied at 14-day intervals had an almost equally controlling effect on CPM. The microbial pesticides, Polyversum (Pythium oligandrum) and AQ10 (Ampelomyces quiscalis) and the fungicide Imazalil, provided no to poor control of CPM compared to control treatments. Hortistar (Silicon) partially reduced CPM infections and was more efficient on the partially resistant cultivar. We conclude that Sakalia in combination with wetting agent Yuccah could efficiently control the disease even under the severe conditions caused by artificial inoculation. Further testing of this combination in commercial greenhouses will enable evaluation of the potential effects on yield and beneficial or pest insects. The knowledge gained from this study can be used to develop IPM tools for commercial production systems.

Effect of leaf litter mulching on the pests of tomato

Agricultural techniques essentially change the weed flora, pests and diseases of cultivated plants. Our aim was to investigate the effect of leaf litter mulch on the pests of tomato, especially on the weed flora and on three important plant protection problems: late blight (Phytophthora infestans), cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera) and root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.). Besides mulching, the experiment consisted of irrigation, mycorrhiza-inoculation and artificial Meloidogyne-infestation. We recorded the natural P. infestans infection, Helicoverpa armigera damage and the species composition and cover of weeds as well. We examined whether leaf litter mulching had any effect on pests, and on the generative and vegetative production of tomato. Our results were that only mulching had a significant positive effect on almost all the measured generative and vegetative production parameters of tomato, while irrigation, mycorrhiza application and artificial nematode infestation had no significant effects on these parameters. Negative correlation was found between P. infestans infection and H. armigera-damage on tomato fruits. Mulching also reduced significantly the number of Meloidogyne-induced galls on the roots of tomato. Application of leaf litter mulch did not affect soil organic matter and soil pH within the growing season. In the beginning of the growing season mulching suppressed weed cover. Later, there was no significant difference between weed cover in the treatments. It can be concluded that leaf litter mulch had a more pronounced influence on the quantity of yield than on the damage and presence of pests and weeds.

Marketing appraisal of lime (Citrus aurantifolia) in middle Gujarat

The results revealed that the marketing efficiency index was 0.57, which implies that lime marketing system has needed improvement to working efficiently looking to the perishable nature of the crop. The componentwise total marketing cost implies that the commission charges had the major share of about 41 per cent in total marketing cost. Thus, there is a scope to enhance the efficiency through intervention of marketing cooperatives. Also requires to bring some rules for intermediaries in market yards which will help the growers in orderly marketing of their produce and reduction in unauthorized market charges. The major problems felt by lime growers were low market prices, high commission charges, weed infestation, plant protection problems, inadequate transport facilities or high transportation charges, lack of fertilizers, high cost of fertilizer, labour shortage, and so on.

Aktualne problemy ochrony roślin w Polsce Część I. Historia, Nauka, Edukacja

The most important issues of plant protection in Poland in the field of science and education that need an urgent solution are: increase in financial support for the development of research along with establishment of new research programmers including integrated plant protection issues and their coordination on national level, amending changes at all levels of agricultural education aiming in batter preparation of gradiuates serving in advisory services and farmers in the implementation of integrated plant protection (IPP). Na podstawie dokonanego przeglądu historii ochrony roślin w Polsce po II Wojnie Światowej, stanu badań oraz edukacji w zakresie ochrony roślin, za najważniejsze problemy wymagające pilnego rozwiązania należy uznać: wzrost nakładów na badania naukowe z uwzględnieniem tworzenia nowych programów badawczych uwzględniających tematykę integrowanej ochrony roślin oraz ich koordynację na krajowym poziomie, dokonanie zmian w programach nauczania na wszystkich poziomach edukacji rolniczej z celem lepszego przygotowania absolwentów mogących pełnić funkcje doradcze dla doradców rolniczych i producentów rolnych w upowszechnianiu integrowanej ochrony roślin.

Aktualne problemy ochrony roślin w Polsce Część II. Ustawodawstwo, rejestracja, sygnalizacja i prognozowanie pojawu agrofagów, doradztwo w zakresie ochrony roślin, nadzorowanie realizacji ochrony roślin

The most important issues of plant protection in Poland in the field of legislation, forecosting and pest registration advisory service in plant protection and the control of practical application of plant protection that need an urgent solution are: development of new law regulations on plant protection as well as the National Action Plan, urgent dissemination of recent training for advisory services to fulfill their advisory role in the introduction and implementation of IPP on wider scale, maintenance and development of well organized registration, warning systems and forecasting of noxious agrophages, providing staff salary and the possibility for improvement of qualifications by the workers of Plant Health and Seed Inspection. Do najważniejszych działań wymagających podjęcia w ochronie roślin w Polsce w zakresie ustawodawstwa, rejestracji, sygnalizacji i prognozowania agrofagów, doradztwa w zakresie ochrony roślin oraz nadzoru realizacji ochrony roślin należy zaliczyć: doprowadzenie do uchwalenia wymaganych ustaw z zakresu ochrony roślin, zatwierdzenie przez Rząd Krajowego Planu Działania oraz wprowadzenie towarzyszących ustawom rozporządzeń, podjęcie ostatecznych decyzji co do podporządkowania i organizacji systemu rejestracji, sygnalizacji i prognozowania pojawów agrofagów wraz z zapewnieniem warunków dalszego rozwoju, pilne podjęcie szkoleń i przygotowanie pracowników doradztwa rolniczego do wdrożenia zasad integrowanej ochrony roślin oraz producentów rolnych i ogrodniczych do ich upowszechnienia, polepszenie warunków płacowych oraz zabezpieczenie możliwości stałego podnoszenia kwalifikacji przez pracowników Państwowej Inspekcji Ochrony Roślin i Nasiennictwa.

Genetically modified plants and plant protection problems: Progress and estimation of potential risks

In this review, the achievements and perspectives for the creation of transgenic plants are analyzed. Until now, virtually all commercially cultivated genetically modified plants have been developed for the purpose of getting a solution to the problem of plant protection: such plants carry transgenes conferring resistance to herbicides, pests, and viruses. Approaches used for the development of commercial genetically modified varieties resistant to herbicides, insects, and viruses were considered; strategic approaches and perspectives for the development of commercial genetically modified plants resistant to fungal and bacterial pathogens and nematodes were also examined. The ecological (including agronomic issues) and social risks connected with commercial cultivation of transgenic crops were discussed.

English

  In recent years, a wide range of soilless culture techniques have been developed and commercially introduced for intensive production of horticultural crops, particularly in greenhouses. Reasons for replacing soils as growing media arise from plant protection problems with soil-borne pathogens and environmental regulations against groundwater pollution with nitrate and pesticides. The aim of this study was to compare some growing indexes of greenhouse tomato that were cultivated in some substrates, such as perlite, date-palm peat and coco peat. The research was conducted in a completely randomized design with 6 replications. The treatments were coco peat + perlite (v/v=50%)‚ date-palm peat + perlite (v/v=50%)‚ perlite (100%) and date-palm peat (100%). Papadopolus formula was used for nutrient solution during plant growth with fertigation method. Also temperature, humidity and irrigation rate was constant for all treatments. Comparison of means showed that the media had no significant effect on concentration of nutrient elements in fruit such as N, P, K and yield in all treatments. Minimum and maximum amount of fruits yield was in date-palm peat and perlite treatments respectively. That had no significant difference with other treatments. Higher amount of total soluble solids (TSS) related to coco peat + perlite treatment that has not any significant difference with date-palm peat + perlite, perlite and date-palm peat treatments. Also, culture substrates had no significant difference on the amount of ascorbic acid. The results showed that date-palm peat is an appropriate media for soilless culture with suitable physical and chemical properties, availability and low cost. Therefore, it can be a new substrate that is introduced for replacing other media.   Key word: Soilless, substrate, date-palm peat, total soluble solids, ascorbic acid.

Creating an Agricultural World Order: Regional Plant Protection Problems and International Phytopathology, 1878–1939

Abstract Beginning in 1878 with the International Phylloxera Convention of Berne, international conventions have sought to relieve national agricultural industries from two specific burdens. First, by defining phytosanitary practices to be enforced by national plant protection services, these conventions attempted to prevent the introduction of plant diseases and pests into national territories from which they were previously absent. Second, by standardizing these practices—especially through the design of a unique certificate of inspection—the conventions attempted to eliminate barriers such as quarantines affecting international agricultural trade. The succession of phytopathological conventions seemed to epitomize the coalescence of an international community against agricultural pests. What actually coalesced was bio-geopolitics wherein plant pathologists and economic entomologists from North America and the British Empire questioned the so-called internationality of the environmental and economic specificities of continental European agriculture, embodied in "international" conventions. Although an international phenomenon, the dissemination of agricultural pests provided opportunities for cooperation on a strictly regional albeit transnational basis that pitted bio-geopolitical spaces against each other. This article retraces the formation of these spaces by analyzing the deliberations of committees and congresses that gathered to define an international agricultural order based on the means to prevent the spread of plant disease and pests.

Production systems and plant protection requirements in cereals: a model analysis of long-term effects

The main models within the MILDRI modelling network for studying plant protection, PVNOR, a dynamic model which simulates the development of weeds and diseases in cereals, and FARMNOR, an economic analysis model for choosing and evaluating management practices, were used to predict the effect of different production systems on the need for plant protection measures, and the resulting yield and economic output in different climatic situations. The simulations were run for 22 years using historic weather data. The study showed that PVNOR reflected fairly well the changing plant protection problems and agricultural consequences which emerged during the simulation period, and that the model handled the interactions between the large number of variables involved in such perennial systems. The combination of PVNOR and FARMNOR proved to be a valuable analytical tool, which in addition to predicting plant protection problems and consequences, also allows the prediction of the economic outcomes arising from different cereal production systems.

Optimization of solutions for the one plant protection problem.

Plant protection problems are simulated by a system of ordinary differential equations with given initial conditions. The sensitivity and resistance of pathogen subpopulations to fungicide mixtures, fungicide weathering, plant growth, etc. are taken into consideration. The system of equations is solved numerically for each set of initial conditions and parameters of the disease and fungicide applications. Optimization algorithms were investigated and a computer program was developed for optimization of these solutions. 14 typical cases of the disease were simulated and optimized in order to determine optimal fungicide treatments. The optimized strategy for fungicide application differs considerably from the commonly used method and seems to be an important new principle in plant protection. The approach developed in this study may be useful for a wide spectrum of purposes in the simulation of leaf diseases. It may also help the biologist to decrease or pinpoint experimental work and analyze its results and is perspective for plant disease control.

Training systems of fruit trees in Hungary

Growing sites and soil conditions of Hungary warrant profitable production of several temperate fruits at elevated levels of quality. The climate of the Carpathian basin is a mixtures of three main climatic zones the prevalence of which may change seasonally: Atlantic, continental and Mediterranean, therefore, growing sites are rather various. Temperature minima of the winter and late spring frosts are the main elements of risk. In choice of the system of cultivation, regularity of yields and intensity are to be observed equally. Regular yields are particularly aimed in stone fruit cultures.
 For apple and pear plantations of high density required for intense production are promoted favourably. Accessories of intense orchards (irrigation, supporting system, rootstocks, phytotechniques, etc.) are important. In peach and plum trees are trained to funnel-shape crowns, in general, intense-types are possible in plum, only. In apricots, a Hungarian speciality, the "umbrella" type of crown is applied, almost exclusively, according to Papp. In sweet and sour cherry, the harvest technique, manual or mechanised, according to the intended utilisation, are determining the form of training.
 Red and black currants as small fruits are grown mostly as bushes or hedgerows without any supporting system designed to facilitate mechanical harvest. Raspberries and blackberries are grown as hedges on trellis. Gooseberry is a special case, being a low, thorny bush difficult to be picked. Thus grafted small trees are attached to a wire-trellis which helps to solve problems of plant protection too.

Plant protection problems caused by phytonematodes in Greece1

The major nematode pests of cultivated plants in Greece include root‐knot nematodes Meloidogyne spp. (in almost all plants except citrus), cyst‐forming nematodes Globodera rostochiensis, G. pallida (in potato), Heterodera avenae (in cereals), Ditylenchus dipsaci (in vegetables and ornamental plants) and Tylenchulus semipenetrans (in citrus). Based on observations made on samples examined at Benaki Phytopathological Institute, it was confirmed that serious infestation of new kiwi orchards with Meloidogyne spp. originated from seedlings infested at the nursery. Also the wide distribution of the nematode Tylenchulus semipenetrans in citrus orchards was mainly attributed to infested seedlings. The above observations led us, in 1985, to the decision to study the nematological fauna of nurseries in Greece.

Zur wirtschaftlichen Bedeutung des Pflanzenschutzes1

AbstractOn the economical importance of plant protection. The assessment of losses caused by plant diseases and plant pathogens is still largely dependent upon rough estimates. Therefore, it is highly desirable to learn more about the importance of individual pathogens and to develop methods for long term prognoses. The latter may be hampered by the rapid change of production methods which can cause unpredictable alterations in the prevalence of pathogens. There is abundant evidence that the problems of plant protection have not decreased during the last decades. Presently, there seems to be general agreement that plant protection measures are necessary, controversies, however, exist concerning the extent of the use of chemical plant protection agents and the choice of methods. More attention should be paid to the improvement of methods of plant cultivation without undervaluing the central importance of chemical measures which are indispensible in the control of many diseases, pathogens and weeds. The need to rationalize frequently leaves no other choice but the use of chemical plant protection measures. It is assumed that on the average the ratio of costs versus efficiency ranges between 1 : 3 to 1 : 9 for chemical plant protection agents, in favourable cases it is even better. The increase in yield resulting from chemical plant protection measures is recognized directly as an increase of the net yield. No evaluation, however, can presently be made of the costs resulting from the necessary surveillance of residues and undesirable side effects of plant protection agents.