Plant Protection Methods Research Articles

BIOLOGICAL FACTORS OF INFLUENCE ON THE PRODUCTION OF WINTER WHEAT SEEDS IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE WESTERN FOREST-STEPPE OF UKRAINE

In recent years, interest in non-traditional methods of farming and plant growing has increased, which include the widespread use of biological methods of plant protection and nutrition, allowing significantly reduce the use of pesticides and reduce fertilizer rates. Therefore, there is a constant search and selection of highly effective and competitive formulations that, in growing technologies, ensured an increase in yield and the quality of the grown products. It has been established that the reasons for obtaining seeds of low yielding and sowing qualities of winter wheat in the zone of excessive moisture in the Western Forest-Steppe of Ukraine are lodging of crops and the development of harmful diseases. These negative phenomena can be prevented through the use of the Vympel-2 growth regulator and Oracle microfertilizer colofermin copper, both when separately and simultaneously introduced into the ejection phase of the tube. Under the influence of these formulations, resistance to lodging of plants increases, the spread of diseases decreases: powdery mildew, leaf septoria, and dark brown rust. The increased spike growth and the best filling of winter wheat grains occur due to the shortening of the vegetative part of the shoot, which contributes to a significant increase in productivity - 0.45–0.55 t / ha. Due to optimal growth and development, seeds of high sowing qualities are formed on maternal plants. The most effective is the tank mixture of the Vympel-2 growth regulator (0.5 l / ha) with microfertilizer Oracle colofermin copper (1.0 l / ha) against the background of N30P90K90 with the phased introduction of nitrogen according to N30P90K90 at the IV and VII stages of organogenesis, which reduced development diseases on plants compared with the control (without treatment of sowing) by 15.4% (powdery mildew), 10.8 (leaf Septoria) and 10.4% (dark brown spotting).

Response of Potato (Solanum Tuberosum L.) Plants to Spraying by Hydrogen Peroxide

The biocidal properties of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) could be used in plant protection. However, the effects of H2O2 foliar spraying on the performance of the potato photosynthetic apparatus are still unclear. A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of foliar spraying, which was done twice, with various H2O2 concentrations (1, 3, 6, 12, and 18%) on the potato photosynthetic apparatus efficiency and antioxidant capacity. The measurements were taken four times: on the first and seventh day after each application. Foliar spraying with 1% H2O2 concentration was the most stimulating for the course of physiological processes in leaves. Further increased doses of H2O2 enhanced stress in plants which is manifested by a decrease in pigment levels, photosynthetic attributes, antioxidant capacity in leaves, and fresh mass above-ground parts of potato plants. The intensive effect of spraying was particularly observed on the first day after application, while later, the activity of the photosynthetic apparatus and antioxidant capacity increased. The study provides information that foliar spraying with 1% H2O2 can be taken into account in further research on the development of a potato plant protection methods.

Innovation technologies for defining developing periods of Eurygaster integriceps Puton in corn plants

Quantitative and qualitative crop growing through monitoring and complex plant protection methods application of developing processes of the main corn plants pest, Eurygaster integriceps Puton, is one of the important tasks of agriculture. The fitomonitoring method allows us to make corrections to corn producing technologies, to define any factors negative affect and to create optimal conditions for cultures development. In the present paper the investigations results carried out on realization these tasks based on innovation automated computer systems have been presented.

Agricultural Practice in Poland Before and After Mandatory IPM Implementation by the European Union

Integrated pest management (IPM), a worldwide agricultural strategy, contains methods to control or manage agricultural pests and diseases in a more efficient way, and consequently, to obtain better quality raw materials for food production. The engagement and practice of farmers play a key role in the success of this strategy. Since January 1, 2014, Poland and other European Union countries have been obligated to apply the principles of IPM. This paper shows the results of surveys conducted in 280 randomly selected farms the year before and the year following mandatory IPM implementation. The aim of this study was to gather information about farmers’ knowledge of IPM and the most commonly used plant protection methods. Our results show that law regulations do not significantly change agricultural practice. Among the non-chemical methods farmers most often comply with are: implementing the agrochemical calendar, sowing healthy material, destroying volunteer plants, rotating crop, applying balanced fertilizer, plowing stubble and preventing excess nitrogen. Integrated plant protection is not possible without proper knowledge of diseases. This factor needs improvement in Poland. The average Polish farmer lacks the knowledge about basic cereal diseases such as powdery mildew or brown rust, though larger farm operators tend to be more knowledgeable. The results of this survey demonstrate the necessity to provide informative farmer training campaigns to promote on-farm application of IPM and to improve the knowledge of disease issues.

Impact of Nonchemical Protection of Broad Bean on Epigeic and Soil Arthropodofauna—Analysis in Field-Realistic Conditions

Plant protection methods, even those considered as safe for the environment and consumers, may have unexpected effects on nontarget organisms. The effect of broad bean protection, using Pythium oligandrum, paraffin-coated garlic pulp, and extract from grapefruit seeds and pulp on the abundance of epigeic and soil arthropodofauna in a 3-year field experiment was estimated. The effect was compared with chemical protection, which served as the reference to the conventional system. Use of nonchemical products did not affect the overall abundance of the studied arthropods such as Arachnida (except Acarina), Carabidae, Staphylinidae, and Collembola. These methods, however, may favor Formicidae. In comparison to chemicals (carboxin, mancozeb, deltamethrin, and alpha-cypermethrin), nonchemical preparations seemed to be safer for soil mites—they limited their abundance to a lesser degree. Some individual carabid species showed differing responses to the applied protection methods: Amara aenea occurred only in nonchemically protected areas, Platynus assimilis tends to prefer broad beans protected solely with P. oligandrum, while Anchomenus dorsalis prefer plots protected chemically (seed treatment and 3-time spraying). This may be the effect of the different shading of the soil surface as a result of the influence of protection measures on plant growth. Other explanations may include different vulnerability of species to preparations as well as indirect reaction to the occurrence of other taxa (reduced competition and impairment of food sources) or hormesis.

Застосування біологічного методу для захисту лісу і лісових насаджень в Україні

Goal. To investigate the dynamics of processes of damage and loss of forests and forest plantations from pests and forest diseases, the dependence of these processes on the scope of protection forest, primarily biological, but also to determine the prospects of biological method of protection in the context of Ukraine’s transition to sustainable forest management. Methods. Analytical, economic and statistical, comparative analysis, graphics, mapping. Results. A study is carried out of the prevalence of diseases and injuries of forests in Ukraine caused by pests, methods of forest protection and the practice of their application showed a sharp increase in losses of trees from harmful insects and forest diseases. The proportion of losses was reached in some years (2013, 2015) 48–49% of the total loss of the forest. The vast areas of forest destruction are 4–5 times more as compared to 1995–2000, with a general decline in the use of means of forest protection from pests and diseases primarily biological. In 1995, the forest protection was carried out for 68.9% of the area of foci of pests and diseases of forests, of which with the use of biological agents — 78,9%, in 2000–2005 — just 39% of the affected areas. In 2010, the area in which such activities were carried out to protect the forests, did not exceed 12–18% of the area affected by pests and diseases. And in the last 3 years, they decreased to 4–5%. Moreover, the area of application of the biological control agents decreased by almost 7–8 times. Conclusions. Ukraine should return to a positive experience in the use of environmentally safe methods of plant protection based on the new technological and organizational basis. Scholars and practitioners must develop an effective and safe model of protection of forests from diseases and pests, as well as the overall long-term strategy for biological and integrated methods of plant protection, in particular on forests, support mechanisms and preferences for biological protection method for a gradual transition to environmentally sound technologies of forest tending and forest plantations.

Productivity of winter wheat varieties on different nutrition backgrounds and under plant protection methods from root rot

Productivity of winter wheat varieties on different nutrition backgrounds and under plant protection methods from root rot

Biocontrol – providing prospects for sustainable development of domestic agriculture

Annotation Purpose. To study the dynamics of processes and the current state of the use of biological plant protection products in the world and to develop strategic approaches to the development of domestic production of biological products and the scientific basis for ensuring the ecologization of agriculture in Ukraine. Methods. Analytical, economic and statistical, comparative analysis, graphical, cartographic. Results. Against the background of significant growth in the production and use of biological agents in plant protection in the EU and the world, Ukraine continues to decline in the use of biosafe methods of protection. Thus, if in 1995 the protection of crops by biocontol was carried out on 3023 thousand hectares, which was 15.2% of all areas where the protection of crops was carried out, then in the future the area of application of biocontrol decreased and, for example, in 2018 amounted to 1967 thousand hectares (4.0% of all areas). With the growth of the range of microbiological means of protection, which are included in the “List of pesticides and agrochemicals in Ukraine”, sharply reduced production capacity for the production of biological products: in 2019 in Ukraine there were 24 biofactories and biolaboratories, and their total number of more 45, while before 1990 there were 268 biofactories and biolaboratories in Ukraine. Conclusions 1. It has been established that in Ukraine, the use of environmentally friendly biological plant protection products for a long time is at an extremely low level and tends to further decrease. 2. In order to intensify the transition to ecologically safe methods of plant protection, the development of domestic production of biological products for plant protection, as well as the process of greening the agriculture, strategic approaches to the formation and development of a common environmental safety system, plant protection methods and the development of a network of enterprises for the production of biological processing of agricultural crops are proposed on a new technological and organizational basis. Keywords: plant protection, biological pest control agents, biological pest control (biocontrol), integrated pest management, ecological agriculture, organic farming.

Вплив екологічних чинників на сегетальну рослинність в агроценозах зернових культур Правобережного Лісостепу України

The determination of the influence of various e cological factors on the p roperties of the development of segetal vegetation in the cultural plants agrocenoses is important for the develop ment of the effective and environmentally friendly systems. From the standpoint of ecological safety of agroecosystems and the quality of agricultural products, modern agrotechnologies should be based on integrated methods of plant protection with the accounting of climate change, the rational use of chemical methods with minimal negative effect on the environment. It was established that under the conditions of the R ight- B ank F orest- S teppe in agrocenoses of grain crops (winter wheat, oats), 8 species of weeds prevail, which are arranged in a row in terms of population density: field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis (L.) Scop.), bedstraw (Galium aparine L.), manure weed (Chenopodium album L.), creeping thistle (Cirsium arvense ( L.) Scop.), quickweed (Galinsog parviflora Cav.), shepherd's purse (Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik.), amaranth (Amaranthus retroflexus L.), wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum L.). It was determined that with an excess of moisture ( MPCs 1.73, 1.76), the level of pollution by agrocenosis in the phase of spring tillering was on average 9 - 40 % higher than with strong and dry ( MPCs 0.52, 0.87; MPCs 0.15, 0.83). At an average level of weeds in crops, the insurance herbicide Prima is applied, s.e. (0.4 l/ha), Starana Premium 330 EU, e.c. (0.3 l/ha) and Granstar Pro 75, w.s.g. (20 g/ha) with the minimum recommended consumption rates, an increase in the yield of winter wheat by 25.4–27.3%, oats – by 25.9–27.2%. The technical efficiency of herbicides was at the level of 87.6–92.6%, and the economic efficiency was 26–27%. The use of these herbicides for a single treatment of crops in the phase of spring tillering can be recommended in the integrated protection system for winter wheat and oats in the conditions of the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe.

Database of investment and innovative developments on grain crop protection in Ukraine

Goal. To perform innovative developments for the protection of grain crops in Ukraine and on this basis to generate the investment and innovation database.
 Methods. Analysis of innovation developments of Institute of Plant Protection of National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine and other institutions of Scientific and Methodological Center “Plant Protection” during 2001—2018. Distinguishing of these, which are connected with grain crop protection from pests, diseases and weeds. Grouping of innovations on grain crop protection due to different fields.
 Results. Created investment and innovation database for the protection of grain crops in Ukraine consists of 155 scientific developments, which are grouped in the following areas: forecasting of phytosanitary condition of crops; providing scientific breeding of crops for resistance to pests and diseases; biological method of plant protection; advanced environmentally friendly technologies to protect crops against harmful organisms; chemical method of plant protection; plant quarantine. The effect of the transfer of innovation may be as follows: net profit from 3367—7950 till 12644,5 UAH per 1 ha (under irrigation), profitabi­lity — from 84.1 to 131—152%.
 Conclusions. The result of the transfer of the created innovation is the effective protection of major crops (wheat, rye, barley, peas, buckwheat, millet, corn, soybeans) from pests in different soil-climatic zones of Ukraine and with all this obtaining a significant part of additional production of improved quality and increased profitability. This will be the basis for the successful solution of a number of problems of strengthening of grain farming and agricultural sector and the economy as a whole.

Biological Preparations for the Protection of Agricultural Plants (Review)

The protection of plants from diseases caused by various pathogens is an economically and socially important problem; the losses in crop production constitute 20% of the harvest in different parts of the world. The use of chemical pesticides is the main method of plant protection. However, chemical preparations have a number of serious disadvantages. Biologicals for plant protection (BPP) are currently being developed more intensely. The world biggest chemical companies, BASF, Bayer and Syngenta, show great interest in the market for preparations of biological control. The data on markets of biologicals for the protection of agricultural plants in various parts of the world (North America, Europe, China, Latin America and Russia) are presented. According to expert data, the biological markets in these areas (with the exception of Russia) will exceed $1 billion by 2025. In Russia, only 0.3% of agricultural land is treated with biological products. The review contains data on the use of biofungicides obtained at GosNIIgenetika for the protection of wheat, potato, and vegetable crops. A high efficiency of the biofungicides has been demonstrated.

Оценка биологической эффективности биологических средств защиты растений против основных вредителей кукурузы

Оценка биологической эффективности биологических средств защиты растений против основных вредителей кукурузы

Specific features of the development of Rhopalosiphum padi in connection with migration and transfer of the viral infection to host and non-host plants using potato as an example

Abstract. Gandarabur ES, Vereshchagina AB. 2019. Specific features of the development of the bird cherry-oat aphid Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) in connection with migration and transfer of the viral infection to host and non-host plants using potato as an example. Biodiversitas 20: 3439-3447. Using Rhopalosiphum padi (L.), which lives in the North-West of the Russian Federation, as an example, the long-term data on the timing of its spring migration from bird cherry to herbaceous plants are summarized and their analysis, related to the wing formation in aphid colonies and the accompanying weather conditions, is given. It was found out, those peculiarities of behavior of spring emigrants of Rh. padi during the host selection depend on the motivation for a long-distance flight, include repeated take-off and testing and may be accompanied by visits to the non-host plants during 4 days. Migration and settling behavior of aphids underlie their ability to transfer non-persistent viruses to host and non-host plants. The obtained data allow adjusting the methods of plant protection including the viral infection.

Conversion to organic and biodynamic viticultural practices: impact on soil, grapevine development and grape quality

Aim: The effects of integrated, organic and biodynamic management on soil quality and the growth and morphological development of Riesling grapevines were assessed during the first 4 years of a long-term field trial in Geisenheim, Germany. The overall aim was to understand the effects of these different viticultural practices on soil quality and plant morphology as the basis for product quality.Methods and results: As indicators of soil quality, earthworm abundance and the activity of selected enzymes were assessed. The vegetative and reproductive development of the grapevines, as well as their susceptibility to fungal diseases in the field, wood and grape composition, and grape yield, were investigated. Individual variables were subjected to analysis of variance. Additionally, all variables were subjected to multivariate principal component analysis. Compared with plots under integrated management, plots under the two biological treatments were characterized by higher soil quality and lower vegetative growth and grape yield, and therefore higher exposure of grapes and lower grape cluster compactness, and, probably as a result of these morphological differences, lower incidence of acetic acid rot. Principal component analysis clearly differentiated the three treatments, and showed that biodynamic management had more pronounced effects than organic management in terms of enhanced soil fertility and reduction of vegetative growth.Conclusions: In the present study, organic and especially biodynamic management resulted in a morphology favouring production of high-quality grapes. The treatments differed in terms of fertilization and plant protection methods as well as choice of cover crops. Therefore, further research is necessary with respect to root growth and the nitrogen and water uptake dynamics of vines and cover crops. The differences between grapes produced under organic and biodynamic management emphasize the need for more research on the mode of action of biodynamic preparations.Significance and impact of the study: In recent years, both winegrowers and consumers have expressed steadily growing interest in organic and especially biodynamic wine production. The present study contributes to a better understanding of the effects on grapevine growth and morphological development of shifting to these methods as a way to increase product quality.

Germacrone Derivatives as new Insecticidal and Acaricidal Compounds: A Structure-Activity Relationship.

Currently, the use of synthetic pesticides is the main method of plant protection applied in agri- and horticulture. However, its excessive use leads to the development of pesticide resistance, a contamination of the environment, toxicity to non-target organisms, and risks for human health. With the ultimate aim of contributing to the develop of a more sustainable pest management, we used the natural product germacrone (compound 1), reported to possess significant insecticidal activity, as starting material for the generation of molecular diversity (2–24). Some of the generated derivatives are natural compounds, such as 1,10-epoxygermacrone (2), 4,5-epoxygermacrone (3), gajutsulactone A (7), germacrol (11), isogermacrone (14), 9-hydroxyeudesma-3,7(11)dien-6-one (19), eudesma-4,7(11),dien-8-one (20), eudesma-3,7(11)-dien-8-one (21) and eudesma-4(15),7(11)-dien-8-one (22). Compounds, 7,11-9,10-diepoxigermacr-4,5-en-8-ol (17), 7,11-epoxieudesma-4,7(11)-dien-8-one (23) and 7,11-epoxieudesma-3,7(11)-dien-8-one (24) are described for the first time. The biocidal activity of most of these compounds was assayed against the tick Hyalomma lusitanicum. The acaricidal effects of compound 24 were four times higher than that of germacrone (1). Compound 2 is an insect antifeedant a thousand times more potent than germacrone against Rhopalosiphum padi, which makes this substance a promising selective antifeedant against this cereal pest.

НЕМАТОПАТОГЕННЫЕ ГРИБЫ КАК ОСНОВА БИОЛОГИЧЕСКОГО МЕТОДА БОРЬБЫ С ГАЛЛОВЫМИ НЕМАТОДАМИ

To manage root-knot nematodes growth oil steaming, formaldehyde fumigation and chemical nematocidal drugs are usually used. All these methods are not sufficiently efficient, because their effect is temporary, their use reduces the infectious load for only one season, significantly increases the cost of agricultural production and poses a risk to human health. The use of plant protection chemicals leads to increased environmental pollution, the accumulation of pesticides in soil, water and agricultural products, violations of the structure of agrobiocenoses and reduces its ability to self-regulation. In populations of phytopathogenic organisms resistance to pesticides increases and efficiency of their application decreases. To obtain environmentally safe crop production it is necessary to minimize the use of chemical plant protection products. Biological method of plant protection should be an alternative or addition to the chemical method, it is based on the use of different groups of antagonists, hyperparasites, predators, that are able to restrain the development of harmful organisms and maintain high quality products. This paper proposes to test the methodology of isolation and artificial infection by nematode-pathogenic fungi of root populations of root-knot nematodes, to investigate the possibility of applying nematode-pathogenic fungi against root-knot nematodes. To develop substrates for mass formulation (production) of fungi- parasites of root-knot nematodes. To determine the timing and rates of application of nematode-pathogenic fungi for effective control of root-knot nematodes. During the research work, a phytosanitary examination of greenhouses in the Tula region and the identification of root-knot nematodes infection sites were carried out. The nematodes and nematopathogenic fungi that were parasiting on them were isolated in pure culture. As a result, it was found that in protected soil it is possible to carry out sufficiently effective biological control over the development of populations of root-knot nematodes.

WAYS OF INCREASING THE PERFORMANCE OF THE GROUPS OF UKRAINE

The article deals with the main reasons for the decline of soil fertility in Ukraine. The main negative factors are intense mechanical soil cultivation, insufficient amount of introduced fertilizers, widespread use of chemical methods of plant protection, pollution of land with harmful substances, lack of monitoring of soil condition. The methods of increasing the soil fertility are given. First of all, it is necessary to adjust the system of agricultural management, economically interested in agricultural producers to make a scientifically based quantity of quality fertilizers and to increase the content of humus in the soil, to reduce the introduction of harmful substances into the surface layer; remove highly eroded soils from the cultivation and increase the area of forests. A comprehensive approach to the problem and the application of all ways to improve fertility at all levels of production will help to preserve and improve the quality of Ukrainian soils.

Баковые смеси пестицидов для защиты растений

Today, chemical plant protection methods are based on the safe use of pesticides. Environmental and toxicological effects are taken into account. To expand the possibilities of pest control, diseases and weeds, in the cultivation of crops, use tank mixtures that contain two or three active substances. In the preparation of mixtures take into account the processes of interaction of components and timing of application of drugs. In addition, this technique is one of the elements of the strategy to overcome the resistance of pests to insecticides, pathogens — to systemic fungicides, weeds — to herbicides.

SUSCEPTIBILITY OF LEMON BALM (Melissa officinalis L.) VARIETIES TO SEPTORIA LEAF SPOT (Septoria melissae Desm.) IN HUNGARY

Lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.) is a widely cultivated plant in Europe. Septoria melissae Desm. is the most important pathogen of lemon balm crops, which may cause serious yield loss by the severe leaf fall. As chemical control of the pathogen is restricted, alternative plant protection methods, like the use of tolerant varieties, should be taken under consideration. The goal of our work was to evaluate the susceptibility of three lemon balm varieties to Septoria leaf spot in field. The trials were carried out in 2016 and 2017 in Budapest-Soroksár, Hungary. Dynamics of infection showed characteristic sharp increase from the beginning of August in both years. The lowest infection levels were observed in cultivar ‘Lemona’. The disease incidence in the middle of August was 19% in the first year and 59% in the second year, while these values were over 40% and 70% in the other cultivars ‘Soroksári’ and ‘Quedlinburger Niederliegende’, respectively. The manifestation of symptomps was also significantly lighter on the ‘Lemona’ plants and they had the highest ratio of healthy leaves (81%) compared to the other cultivars. According to the data, weather conditions might modify the range of the differences among the cultivars. It was concluded that appropriate selection of varieties could be an effective and enviromental friendly plant protection method in the practice of lemon balm cultivation.

Effects of bean seed treatment by the entomopathogenic fungi Metarhizium robertsii and Beauveria bassiana on plant growth, spider mite populations and behavior of predatory mites

The fungal genera Metarhizium and Beauveria are considered as both entomopathogens and endophytes; they are able to colonize a wide variety of plants and can cause increased plant growth and protect plants against pests. In view of the need for new biological methods for plant protection and how promising and little studied candidates entomopathogens are, the aim of this research was to evaluate the potential of two isolates of Metarhizium robertsii (ESALQ 1622) and Beauveria bassiana (ESALQ 3375) to suppress spider mite Tetranychus urticae population growth and ability to promote growth of bean plants Phaseolus vulgaris after seed treatment, in order to develop an innovative strategy by using these fungi as inoculants to improve both spider mites control and plant growth and yield. In addition, behavioral responses and predation rates of the predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis towards fungal treated plants and spider mites from these plants were also evaluated in leaf disc assays to assess potential conflicting effects of the fungal inoculations on overall pest control at higher trophic levels. Seed inoculations by the two isolates of M. robertsii and B. bassiana were done individually and in combinations to evaluate potential benefits of co-inoculants. The results showed a significant reduction in T. urticae populations and improved plant development when inoculated with M. robertsii and B. bassiana individually and in combination. The predatory mite P. persimilis showed no difference in the predation rate on T. urticae from treated and untreated plants even though the predators were most likely to feed on spider mites from fungal treated plants during the first half of the trial, and on spider mites from control plants during the remainder of the trial. Overall, the two fungal isolates have potential as seed inoculants to suppress spider mites in bean and the strategy appears to have no conflict with use of predatory mites. Co-inoculation of both fungal isolates showed no additional benefits compared to single isolate applications under the given test conditions.