Plant Growth Hormones Research Articles

Characterization of Saline Soil Rhizobacteria from Coastal Lands in Dissolving Phosphate, Nitrogen Fixing and Synthesizing IAA Growth Hormone

Saline soils are a major constraint to agricultural productivity, affecting nutrient availability and plant growth due to high salt concentrations. As global agricultural demands increase, sustainable strategies are needed to improve crop resilience and productivity in saline environments. Rhizobacteria, particularly those with the ability to solubilize phosphate, fix atmospheric nitrogen, and produce plant growth hormones such as indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), offer a promising solution. The study aimed to identify potential indigenous rhizobacteria extracted from the rhizosphere of saline soil in Southeast Sulawesi. The research was carried out in the Agronomy Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture Halu Oleo University. The experimental design employed a completely randomized setup, involving ten different isolates. These isolates were assessed for their capacity to solubilize phosphate, fix nitrogen, and produce the growth hormone known as IAA. The findings revealed that all the rhizobacteria isolates exhibited the ability to fix nitrogen, and synthesize IAA, however, 2 isolates could not dissolve phosphate. Among them, the rhizobacteria labeled KLK-LS14 displayed the highest phosphate solubilization, with a halo diameter of up to 1.55 cm. As for nitrogen fixation, the isolates KDI-LS04, KNW-LS08, KLK-LS10, and KLK-LS14 demonstrated the highest levels. In terms of IAA hormone synthesis, the isolates KNW-LS08, KLK-LS14, and KDI-LS04 exhibited the greatest production, with respective contents of 47.44 µg/ml filtrate, 48.11 µg/ml filtrate, and 50 µg/ml filtrate. The most promising isolates, such as KLK-LS14 and KNW-LS08, exhibited high nitrogen fixation and IAA production, making them suitable candidates for agricultural bio-inoculants. These findings suggest practical applications in sustainable agriculture, particularly for reclaiming saline soils. Future work should focus on large-scale field trials and integrating these rhizobacteria into farming practices to improve crop yield, reduce dependency on chemical fertilizers, and support the development of environmentally friendly agricultural technologies. Keywords: Indigenous rhizobacteria, IAA, phosphate solvent, nitrogen fixer, saline soil, sustainable agriculture, Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR).

氨基酸型亲水作用色谱固定相的制备及其色谱性能评价

以亲水性L-羟基脯氨酸和L-脯氨酸为改性剂，采用连续固液反应，成功制备了两种氨基酸型亲水相互作用液相色谱（HILIC）固定相，并通过红外光谱分析、热重分析、元素分析对其结构进行了系统表征。结果表明，两种功能化色谱固定相制备成功，键合量分别为0.193 mmol/g和0.178 mmol/g，均具有良好的热力学稳定性。在HILIC模式下，以磺胺、杂环胺、核苷、植物生长调节剂、黄酮、胺类物质为溶质，考察了两种固定相的色谱分离性能，结果表明，L-脯氨酸固定相和L-羟基脯氨酸固定相与分析物之间均存在亲水、π-π等相互作用，并且L-羟基脯氨酸固定相还存在氢键相互作用。L-羟基脯氨酸固定相对磺胺、植物生长素、黄酮等极性小分子具有良好的分离效果，证明该固定相可用于极性化合物分离。该研究拓展了氨基酸在色谱分离领域的应用，也为HILIC固定相的开发提供了新思路。

Heat stress-induced sterility in oilseed crops: a focus on Brassica napus.

Under changing climate conditions, heat stress (HS) severely impacts the sustainability of oil crops, particularly Brassica species. HS disrupts the growth and development of reproductive organs, leading to sterility, smaller stamens, abnormal spore development, and aberrant ovules. Consequently, yield and oil content in Brassica species, especially B. rapa, B. napus, and B. juncea, are significantly reduced, with B. napus being particularly vulnerable and unable to recover from heat shock. To counteract these effects, Brassica species have evolved various mechanisms, including the abscisic acid pathway and the regulation of gene expression by transcription factors such as WRKY, Alfin-like, and MYB CBF. Plant growth hormones like auxin, cytokinins, gibberellins, and ethylene play crucial roles in supporting overall plant development and stamen growth by regulating cell elongation, division, and other physiological processes. However, the full extent of their roles in stress response remains to be explored. Future research should focus on understanding the impact of abiotic stresses on crop yield, developing stress-resilient crops, and elucidating the mechanisms of genes involved in abiotic stress responses in Brassica species. This knowledge is essential for enhancing the resilience and productivity of oil crops under changing climatic conditions.

Role of Gibberellic Acid and Indole 3-Bytyric Acid in Improving Salinity Tolerance in Two Horse Gram Cultivars.

Salinity stress is one of the most detrimental environmental stresses affecting growth and physiology in horse gram. The seedling growth performance of plants stressed by salinity can be improved by seed priming with plant growth hormones. In the present study, the effects of increasing salinity levels (100 and 150mM NaCl) alone or in combination with gibberellic acid (GA3) and indole 3-butyric acid (IBA) were investigated in two commonly grown horse gram [Macrotyloma uniflorum (Lam.) Verdc] cultivars (Dapoli 1 and Rajapur) at the seedling stage under laboratory conditions. Results revealed that NaCl-induced salinity stress significantly decreased the root length, shoot length, and total length in both Dapoli 1 and Rajapur cultivars. Seed priming with GA3 (100ppm) and IBA (50ppm) significantly enhanced root length, shoot length, and total length of salinity-stressed seedlings. Improved seedling growth performance was associated with increased proline content after seed priming with GA3 and IBA in both cultivars. NaCl-induced salinity stress increased oxidative stress by enhancing the levels of H2O2. Seed priming with GA3 and IBA significantly decreased the H2O2 content in both cultivars. Catalase and Peroxidase enzyme activities were significantly increased and decreased in the salinity-stressed Rajapur cultivar, respectively. Seed priming with GA3 and IBA significantly developed high antioxidative capacity as indicated by improved activities of these enzymes in the Rajapur cultivar compared to Dapoli 1. Overall results suggested that seed priming with GA3 and IBA alone or in combination is an effective, environmentally sustainable way to mitigate salinity stress in different horse gram cultivars.

Growth Regulators and Cucumber Yield: A Study on Vegetative Development and Yield Dynamics (Cucumis sativus L.)

Bioregulators, commonly known as plant hormones, play a pivotal role in the development and productivity of crops. This study investigates the impact of various growth regulators on the vegetative and yield dynamics of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), a vital horticultural crop with significant economic and nutritional value. By examining the effects of specific growth regulators on cucumber plants, the research aims to enhance our understanding of how these substances influence growth patterns, flowering, fruit set and ultimately, yield. The findings have the potential to inform agricultural practices and optimize cucumber production, contributing to improved food security and sustainable farming practices. The experiment was carried out during summer season 2021 at Vegetable Research Farm, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University. The trial was accomplished in a randomized block design with three replications and 13 treatments. Plant growth hormones viz., GA3 (50, 100 and 150 ppm), NAA (25, 50 and75 ppm), AgNO3 (125, 250 and 350 ppm) and ethrel (100, 200 and 300 ppm) were applied as foliar spray at two true leaf stage. The findings of the effects of plant growth regulators on cucumber growth, presented in this abstract serve as a valuable resource for researchers, agronomists and farmers seeking to optimize cucumber cultivation practices and meet the increasing demand for this popular vegetable crop.

Ascorbic Acid Enhances In Vitro Growth of Raja Bulu Banana (Musa × paradisiaca L.) under Saline Stress

Raja Bulu banana (Musa × paradisiaca L.) is known for its exceptionally sweet flavor and can be efficiently propagated through tissue culture to produce large numbers of plants within a short time. Tissue culture involves isolating vegetative parts of the plant and cultivating them under aseptic conditions in a controlled environment. The most commonly used medium is a modified Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium, consisting of inorganic salts and organic compounds, and supplemented with sucrose, plant growth regulators, hormones, and specific vitamins. Exogenous application of ascorbic acid has been reported to enhance growth and development in various plant species. This study employed a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with a single-factor, five-level ascorbic acid treatment: P0 (0 mg/L), P1 (2 mg/L), P2 (4 mg/L), P3 (6 mg/L), and P4 (8 mg/L). Each treatment was replicated three times. Data were analyzed using ANOVA, and significant differences among treatments were further evaluated using Tukey’s HSD test at a 5% significance level. Qualitative observations were recorded through photographs on day 21. The results demonstrated that the application of 2 mg/L ascorbic acid significantly improved plantlet growth under saline In Vitro conditions, particularly in terms of growth percentage, plantlet height, root length, and carbohydrate content.

Exploration of the Interactions Between Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri-Agrobacterium-Citrus to Improve Agrobacterium-Mediated Transient Expression in Plants.

Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression (AMTE) is an important tool in plant genetics studies and biotechnology. AMTE remains problematic in citrus and many plant species. Previous research has shown that pretreatment of citrus leaves with Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (Xcc), which causes citrus canker, significantly improves the AMTE efficacy. Here, we have shown that Xcc promotes AMTE mainly through triggering cell division and upregulating plant cell wall-degrading enzymes. We demonstrate that Xcc improves AMTE via PthA, a transcription activator-like effector known to trigger cell division in citrus, and mutation of pthA4 abolished the promoting effect of Xcc. Mutation of the effector (PthA4)-binding element in the promoter region and coding region of CsLOB1, which is known to be directly activated by PthA4, significantly reduced Xcc promotion of AMTE. Mutation of PthA4 significantly reduced the expression of cell division-related genes (CDKA, CDKB1-2, and CDKB2-2) compared with wild-type Xcc and the complemented strain. Cell division inhibitor mimosine but not colchicine also significantly decreased Xcc promotion of AMTE. In addition, PthA4 is known to upregulate plant growth hormones auxin (indole-3-acetic acid), gibberellin, and cytokinin, as well as cell wall-degrading enzymes (e.g., cellulase). Exogenous application of indole-3-acetic acid, cytokinin, and cellulase but not gibberellin significantly improved AMTE in leaves of sweet orange, pummelo, Meiwa kumquat, lucky bamboo, and rose mallow. Our study provides a mechanistic understanding of how Xcc promotes AMTE and develops practical measures to improve AMTE via pretreatment with plant hormones (i.e., auxin and cytokinin) and cellulase. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2025 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.

Multifaceted Role of Microbiota-Derived Indole-3-Acetic Acid in Human Diseases and Its Potential Clinical Application.

Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) is recognized as a common plant growth hormone. It is also detectable in mammals, as it can be produced by gut microbiota in the gut. Current research works have shown that IAA is a multifaceted compound with significant consequences for several physiological and pathological processes. Higher levels of IAA occur in chronic kidney disease because decreased renal clearance contributes to cardiovascular and liver dysfunction. In contrast, IAA demonstrates protective effects by modulating oxidative stress, inflammation, and lipid metabolism in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. IAA also shows potential therapeutic benefits in lung disorders such as acute lung injury, pulmonary fibrosis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Furthermore, IAA shows potential as an adjunct in cancer therapy, where it synergizes with chemotherapy regimens by endorsing oxidative stress and autophagy. Beyond cancer-related applications and metabolic disorders, IAA's role in neuroinflammation, mainly in conditions such as sepsis-associated encephalopathy and depression, underscores its potential as a therapeutic agent targeting the gut-brain axis. Furthermore, IAA is a potent oral hypoglycemic agent with mitigating effects on metabolic disorders associated with obesity and diabetes. This review provides an overview of the diverse roles of IAA in disease pathophysiology, its therapeutic promise, and the need for further research to better understand its mechanistic pathways. Understanding these complex effects could pave the way for novel microbiota-based therapies to address a range of chronic diseases and improve patient outcomes.

Optimising morpho-physiological traits via micronutrient enrichment and cytokinin-mediated control in Brassica juncea

Brassica juncea, a type of rapeseed mustard, displays distinct responses to foliar applications of boron (B), sulphur (S) and phytohormones. This necessitates a thorough investigation into the resultant morphological and physiological alterations within this plant species. The application of boron and sulphur has revealed substantial enhancements in morphology and physiological functions. To elucidate these effects, a field experiment was undertaken, examining the consequences of diverse concentrations of boron (ranging from 0.5% to 1.5%) and sulphur (ranging from 0.10% to 0.20%) when applied either independently or in conjunction with the plant growth hormone, Cytokinin (at concentrations of 15 - 45 mg dm-3), via foliar application. This study is designed to comprehensively evaluate their impact on growth, physiological processes and yield attributes in the mustard crop. The experiment systematically analysed morphological, physiological, biochemical and yield-related parameters at specified intervals. These findings are founded on empirical observations. Notably, the combined application of these crucial nutrients and the plant growth hormone yielded significant and statistically meaningful (p < 0.05) increases in plant height, leaf count, leaf area index (LAI), crop growth rate (CGR) and net assimilation rate (NAR) during the crop's maturation stage. These results underscore the discernible advantage of judiciously reducing the reliance on chemical fertilizers and concurrently integrating micronutrients and plant growth hormones. This approach contributes to environmental sustainability by mitigating the pollution associated with excessive nitrogenous and phosphatic chemical fertilizers, while also enhancing overall crop productivity.

Analysis of Polar and Nonpolar Small Plant Growth Hormones and Quantification by LC/MS.

Plant hormones are small metabolites that regulate all aspects of plant growth and development, including plant defense. The detection and quantification of these hormones are critical to understanding the mechanism of growth regulation in plants. In maize, a wealth of genetic resources has enabled progress on elucidating the genetic mechanisms underlying plant growth. Biochemical studies of growth in maize can provide insight into the physiological mechanisms of growth control by measuring endogenous levels of plant hormones, and this knowledge would be enhanced by the development of a method to analyze several hormones in a single small sample of tissue. We provide here a simple protocol to extract and accurately quantify six classes of plant hormones in a single liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry injection run using maize tissues. Those hormones include abscisic acid (ABA), 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC), gibberellic acid (GA), 3-indoleacetic acid (IAA), jasmonic acid (JA), and salicylic acid (SA), as well as an accumulated phytoanticipin of maize, 24-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one (DIMBOA), which influences the levels of IAA.

The Double-Edge Sword of Natural Phenanthrenes in the Landscape of Tumorigenesis.

Phenanthrenes, which are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons comprising three benzene rings, exhibit a diverse range of functions. These compounds are utilized in the synthesis of resins, plant growth hormones, reducing dyes, tannins and other products. Notably, phenanthrenes possess significant pharmacological properties, including anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, offering broad prospects for development, particularly in the fields of medicine and health. Interestingly, although aristolochic acid (AA) is a potent carcinogen, its lactam analogs can kill cancer cells and exhibit therapeutic effects against cancer. This provides a promising strategy for the toxicity-effect transformation of phenanthrenes. In this paper, we reviewed 137 articles to systematically review the anti-tumor potential and toxic effects of natural phenanthrenes isolated from the 19th century to the present, thus offering references and laying a foundation for their further research, development and utilization.

Boosting disease resistance in Solanum melongena L. (eggplant) against Alternaria solani: the synergistic effect of biocontrol Acinetobacter sp. and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA).

Alternaria solani causes early blight disease in eggplants, threatening production and leading to significant economic losses. Fungicides are used to control fungal diseases, but their overuse raises resistance concerns. Finding novel, eco-friendly biocontrol agents is therefore a solution for the future. The coordination between antagonistic bacterial agents and plant growth hormones in defense responses against fungal pathogens are crucial. This study assessed biocontrol potential of Acinetobacter sp. SCR-11 (Accession no. OR751536.1) and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA; 100 µM), singly and in combination, against A. solani in eggplants. Strain SCR-11 produced hydrogen cyanide (HCN; 5.7 µgmL⁻1), siderophore i.e. salicylic acid (14.7 µgmL⁻1), 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid (23.1 µgmL⁻1) and various extracellular lytic enzymes. Strain SCR-11 exhibited antagonistic activity by strongly inhibiting (82%) A. solani. Acinetobacter sp. inoculation and IAA treatment enhanced growth, biomass, and leaf pigments of A. solani-diseased eggplants, with effectiveness in order: SCR-11 + IAA > SCR-11 > IAA >. The combined treatments (SCR-11 + IAA) most effectively increased total soluble protein (62.5%), carbohydrate (60%), total soluble sugar (81%), and phenol (74%) in A. solani-infected eggplant. Biocontrol agent and IAA application significantly (p ≤ 0.05) reduced proline and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, alleviating oxidative stress in A. solani-diseased eggplant. The SCR-11 + IAA treatment significantly reduced the percent disease index (71%) and increased protection (69%) in diseased eggplant. The Acinetobacter sp. and IAA coordination enhanced disease resistance in A. solani-infected eggplants by boosting defense enzyme activities (SOD, POD, PAL, and β-1, 3 glucanase), significantly protecting plants from pathogen attack. At harvest, soil populations of A. solani decreased, while SCR-11 populations increased significantly. Acinetobacter sp. and IAA work synergistically through pathogen suppression, plant growth promotion, and induction of plant defense responses. Thus, applying antagonistic PGPR strain with exogenous IAA enhances eggplant resistance to A. solani, providing an environmentally friendly agricultural solution.

Combined effects of gibberellin and vermiwash on the life history and antioxidant system of Phthorimaea absoluta (Meyrick) in tomato plants

Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Miller), is a globally important agricultural product, yet it is under significant threat from pests such as the tomato leaf miner, Phthorimaea absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). This study investigates the combined effects of gibberellin and vermiwash treatment on the life history and antioxidant system of P. absoluta. Given the pest’s resistance to many chemical pesticides, alternative control methods are crucial. Gibberellins are plant growth hormones known for their role in plant development and stress responses, while vermiwash is a bio-fertilizer rich in nutrients and microbial agents. We applied gibberellin and vermiwash (GV treatment) to tomato plants and assessed the impact on P. absoluta developmental stages, reproduction, and enzymatic activities. Our results show significant differences in larval development times (32.06 ± 0.39) and survival rates (0.53 ± 0.09) between treated and control groups (27.38 ± 0.35 and 0.80 ± 0.07, respectively). The GV treatment prolonged the total lifespan of P. absoluta (44.31 ± 0.51) but reduced its intrinsic rate of increase (r) (0.086 ± 0.009) and finite rate of increase (λ) (1.090 ± 0.009). Enzymatic assays revealed altered antioxidant and detoxifying enzyme activities in treated larvae. This study suggests that gibberellin and vermiwash treatments could be incorporated into pest management strategies for sustainable tomato production.

Diatom contained alginate-chitosan hydrogel beads with enhanced hydrogen bonds and ionic interactions for extended release of gibberellic acid.

Diatom contained alginate-chitosan hydrogel beads with enhanced hydrogen bonds and ionic interactions for extended release of gibberellic acid.

An efficient micropropagation protocol for an economically valuable medicinal plant Kaempferia parviflora Wall. Ex Baker

Kampferia parviflora is an important medicinal plant that is used in many popular systems of traditional medicine. Fresh plant material for medicinal uses and research purposes is critically unavailable around the year due to its long dormancy period. This study aimed to establish an aseptic culture of K. parviflora using silver nanoparticles. Explants from rhizome buds were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with different concentrations of individual plant growth hormone BAP, Kinetin, ADS and 2ip. Highest number of shoots was 6.33, highest multiplication rate was 3.33, highest number of leaves was 3.33 recorded at 6 mgl-1 BAP and highest length of shoots 2.7 were recorded on 8 mgl-1 BAP. When explants were inoculated on MS medium containing different concentrations and combinations of BAP with NAA, IAA, Kinetin and ADS, highest number of shoots was 5.67. Thus, individual effects of BAP improved significantly the shoot growth and proliferation. MS medium supplemented with half strength MS media with 2 mgl-1 NAA and gave the highest number of roots (7.56). However, longest roots per explant were obtained with MS + 0.5 mgl-1 IAA alone. Plant tissue culture techniques have been applied to produce disease-free planting materials of black ginger to overcome these problems. Hence, the in vitro induced microrhizomes are considered as alternative disease-free planting materials for black ginger cultivation. Therefore, this study was conducted to optimize sucrose and plant growth regulators (PGRs) for its microrhizome induction. Microrhizomes were successfully induced in Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with a high sucrose concentration 75 gml-1sucrose). NAA at 1.4 mgl-1 was found more effective for microrhizome diameter, fresh and dry weight. The proliferated shoots were green and healthy in appearance. Finally, healthy and complete plants with well-developed roots were hardened, acclimatized and planted in the field successfully with a survival rate of 100%.

Uji Viabilitas Micromonospora Sp. dari Rhizosfer Tumbuhan di Ekosistem Karts Gorontalo pada Medium Pertumbuhan Beras

Micromonospora sp. are gram-positive actinobacteria native to soil that produce various compounds that support plant growth, including antifungals, biopesticides, and growth hormones that play an important role in root development and nutrient absorption that can be found in various ecosystems with different variations in humidity, pH, and temperature conditions. This study aims to test the viability of micromonospora isolated from the rhizosphere of plants in the Gorontalo karst ecosystem on growth media based on propagation using rice media. This research uses quantitative descriptive method. This study uses one isolate of Micromonospora sp. which has been selected from previous researchers through indole acetic acid (IAA) test, phosphate dissolution test, antagonism test, and fungicide resistance test. Samples were taken from karst ecosystems in Hulonthalangi and Kota Barat districts, Gorontalo province. Based on the results of propagation on rice media indicated a change in the media inoculated with micromonospora, marked by a change in the color of rice to orange. Conversely, on rice media without micromonospora inoculation, no color change occurred. Furthermore, the viability test showed that the highest number of actinomycetes colonies was found at the 10-⁴ dilution level with a value of 6.5 CFU/gr. This indicates that actinomycetes are able to grow on rice growth media.

Kunapajala, traditional organic enhancer for agriculture, its nutrient analysis and evaluation for Sustainable Ecosystems through Ancient Practices

ABSTRACT The unsustainable reliance on chemical inputs in modern agriculture has precipitated critical environmental issues and soil degradation, posing a threat to long-term agricultural productivity. Addressing these challenges necessitates a shift towards sustainable, organic agricultural practices. Kunapajala, an ancient fermented liquid fertilizer rooted in Indigenous Technical Knowledge (ITK), offers a potent alternative. This bio-input is rich in beneficial microorganisms, plant growth hormones, enzymes, vitamins, and bio-pesticidal compounds, enhancing soil health and promoting robust plant development. Applied alone or with other organic or inorganic nutrients, Kunapajala has demonstrated efficacy in improving crop resilience against pests and diseases while supporting growth and yield. However, the scientific understanding of Kunapajala remains limited; critical gaps exist in its standardized preparation, application rates, nutrient profiling, and crop-specific responses. To bridge these gaps, comprehensive research trials across diverse crop types and agro-climatic zones are essential. Standardizing the formula through laboratory analysis will further enable evidence-based extension efforts, facilitating adoption among farmers. This research could pave the way for scalable, eco-friendly practices, supporting sustainable agriculture and improved productivity at a global scale. Keywords: Indigenous Technical Knowledge (ITK), Kunapajala, Organic agriculture, Soil health management, Sustainable farming practices.

24-epibrassinolide regulates oxytetracycline-induced phytotoxicity and its detoxification mechanism.

24-epibrassinolide regulates oxytetracycline-induced phytotoxicity and its detoxification mechanism.

Potential of Rhizospheric Bacteria for Increasing Growth and Yield of Shallots (Allium ascalonicum L.) in Saline Soil

Shallots (Allium ascalonicum L.) are the primary agricultural commodity in Brebes Regency, Central Java, Indonesia. Due to the escalating demand for shallots, it is necessary to consider land expansion to accommodate this increased need, particularly extending to areas near coastal areas. However, shallot production near the coastal areas is still non-optimal compared to inland areas due to salinity with high osmotic pressure. Biological fertilizers containing saline-resistant microorganisms that can produce plant growth hormones and assist plants in absorbing nutrients are a promising solution to this issue. These microorganisms belong to the PGPR (Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria) group. It was reported that PGPR bacteria can produce exopolysaccharides, which lead to the formation and production of osmoprotectant biofilms and antioxidant enzymes, significantly stimulating plant growth in saline soils. In addition, several properties of PGPR bacteria can stimulate plant growth by increasing nutrient availability and growth hormone production, which can simultaneously improve the quality of plant growth. Therefore, this review will highlight the survival mechanisms of saline-resistant bacteria, their influence on increasing plant growth in saline fields, and their bacterial identities.

EFFICIENCY OF MICROORGANISM IN YARDLONG BEAN (Vigna sesquipedalis (L.) Fruw.) PRODUCTION IN NORTHERN THAILAND

Biofertilizer is one of the substances that consist of living microorganismssuch as bacterial, actinomyces and fungi. These could be helped plants increasing essential elements and encourage growth. Rhizobium are a type of bacteria that conformation a symbiotic relationship with legume plant. This bacteria not only fix nitrogen but also are involved in increasing nutrient availability and regulating plant growth hormones. Mycorrhiza fungi are help plant by enhancing absorption and increasing uptake of nutrients. These beneficial of rhizobium and mycorrhiza bring this study to chose for checking the influence of yardlong bean production in Chiangmai, Thailand from June to November 2022. Randomized Completely Block Design (RCBD) with 4 treatments 4 replications as followed treatment 1) the control (without biofertilizer), treatment 2) rhizobium (R), treatment 3) mycorrhiza (M), and treatment 4) rhizobium + mycorrhiza (R + M) was laid out in this experiment. The data indicated that combining between rhizobium and mycorrhiza caused the highest average weight per pod (23.1 g) and pod length (53.4 cm), yardlong bean quality as well as vitamin C, total Chlorophyll and total dietary fiber at 20.2 mg 100g-1, 0.20 μg g-1 and 2.7 mg 100g-1 respectively. This biofertilizer management methods provided the higher nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium iron and zinc contents of bean comparing with control treatment. Remarkably, mixed rhizobium and mycorrhiza elevated the highest yield of yardlong bean (369 kg ha-1)