Plant-based Synthesis Research Articles

Waste upcycling of Sapota peels as a green route for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their application as catalytic and colorimetric detection of Co2+ and Hg2+

Biochemical synthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) using plant part extracts as capping and reducing agents has drawn considerable attention in research with a growing focus on green chemistry. The present study utilized Sapota (Manilkara zapota L.) peel extract to synthesize silver nanoparticles (SP-AgNPs) using ultrasonic vibration. Different characterization techniques such as UV-vis spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, Field emission scanning electron microscope, High resolution transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction were employed to check the production of SP-AgNPs. The AgNPs were crystalline in nature and had an average particle size of 27.906 nm. The research primarily focused on two aspects: the catalytic activity of SP-AgNPs in degrading environmental pollutants and their ability to act as colorimetric sensors for toxic metal ions. SP-AgNPs exhibited significant catalytic activity in the decomposition of various pollutants such as Methyl Orange (0.035 ± 0.090 min−1, 92.89 ± 1.79%), Crystal Violet (0.1097 ± 0.1016 min−1, 85.56 ± 2.21%) and Cosmic Brilliant Blue G-250 (0.0697 ± 0.0275 min−1, 79.56 ± 1.80%). The high degradation percentages and reaction rate constants indicate the efficiency of SP-AgNPs in pollutant degradation. Additionally, the study demonstrated the effectiveness of SP-AgNPs as sensors for detecting toxic metal ions, particularly Co2+ and Hg2+ with limits of detection 54.40 ± 1.43 µM and 10.70 ± 0.16 µM. With impressive sensitivity and low detection limits, SP-AgNPs showed promise in detecting these ions, which are often found in environmental contaminants. Moreover, their plant-based synthesis, low toxicity, and cost-effectiveness make them attractive options for environmental remediation efforts.Graphical abstract

Recent advancements in the plant-based synthesis and mechanistic insights of noble metal nanoparticles and their therapeutic applications

Recent advancements in the plant-based synthesis and mechanistic insights of noble metal nanoparticles and their therapeutic applications

Exploring sustainable synthesis paths: a comprehensive review of environmentally friendly methods for fabricating nanomaterials through green chemistry approaches.

This comprehensive review delves into the burgeoning field of nanotechnology, where the synthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) is strategically tailored to specific applications. Embracing the principles of green chemistry, nanotechnology increasingly utilizes environmentally friendly materials, such as plant extracts or microorganisms, as capping or reducing agents and solvents in the synthesis process. Notably, plant-based synthesis demonstrates enhanced stability and faster rates compared to microorganisms. The synthesized materials exhibit unique properties ranging from antimicrobial and catalytic effects to antioxidant activities and they are finding applications across diverse fields. Green synthesis processes, characterized by mild conditions in terms of temperature and reagents, stand in stark contrast to traditional chemical synthesis methods. This review focuses on the synthesis of various metal and metal oxide NPs, including Ag, Au, Zn, Fe, Mg, Ti, Sn, Cu, Cd, Ni, Co, and Ag NPs and their oxides, using plant extracts and microorganisms. We provide a comprehensive analysis of the advantages, disadvantages, and applications associated with each synthesis method. Additionally, we explore the future prospects of green synthesis and its limitations and challenges, offering insights into its evolving role in nanotechnology.

Plant-based synthesis of Selenium-doped Silver/Magnesium Oxide/Zinc Oxide nanocomposite using Mentha pulegium to investigate their photocatalytic and biological properties

In this study, the photocatalytic test and biological effects of Selenium-doped Silver/ Magnesium Oxide/ Zinc Oxide nanocomposite (Se-doped Ag/MgO/ZnO) have been studied. The samples were synthesized by a green method with Mentha pulegium plant extract and investigated by different analyses. The outcomes of X-ray and FESEM display crystal nature and flower-like morphology. According to the ICP results, the removal efficiency of Pb+2 ions was equal to 72 %. The photocatalytic test of the nanocomposite investigated to degradation of organic dyes, and the results show that the degradation percentage of RhB (Rhodamine B), EBT (Eriochrome Black T), MO (Methyl Orange), and MB (Methylene Blue) dyes were about 73 %, 96 %, 99 %, and 97 % respectively. Also, the toxicity of the Se-doped Ag/MgO/ZnO) was studied against the cancer B16F0 cell line and the IC50 value was reported as 269.6 μg/mL.

Biogenic Fabrication of CuO Nanoparticles by <i>Oxalis corniculata</i> L. to Evaluate Antibacterial and Hypoglycemic Activity on Diabetic Mice

Plant-based synthesis techniques of nanoparticles are interested because of their cheap production cost, non-toxic nature and eco-friendliness. Metal oxide nanomaterials combined with plant metabolites have synergistic effects on antibacterial and antidiabetic potential. Biogenic fabricated nanoparticles of copper oxide has been accomplished with Oxalis corniculata L. leaf extract. For the characterization of nanomaterial XRD, UV-visible spectroscopy and FTIR Spectroscopy were used. The size and morphology of the NPs were measured using FESEM and HRTEM. The antibacterial potential of synthesized CuO NP has been studied upon Gram (+ve) Staphylococcus aureus and Gram (-ve) Escherichia coli bacteria. Ameliorative action of CuO NPs was tested against streptozotocin-induced diabetes in Swiss albino mice. Synthesized CuO NPs were well crystalline and 20-36 nm sized spherical particles. A strong peak at A298 using UV-Vis was verified the synthesis of CuO NP. Synthesized nanomaterial exhibits satisfactory antibacterial efficacy on both bacterial strains. Data from biochemical, inflammatory and non-inflammatory cytokine profiles of the mice justify its ameliorative action and mode of anti-diabetic activity on Swiss albino mice.

Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles from Cannabis sativa: Properties, Synthesis, Mechanistic Aspects, and Applications

The increasing global focus on green nanotechnology research has spurred the development of environmentally and biologically safe applications for various nanomaterials. Nanotechnology involves crafting diverse nanoparticles in terms of shapes and sizes, with a particular emphasis on environmentally friendly synthesis routes. Among these, biogenic approaches, including plant-based synthesis, are favored for their safety, simplicity, and sustainability. Silver nanoparticles, in particular, have garnered significant attention due to their exceptional effectiveness, biocompatibility, and eco-friendliness. Cannabis (Cannabis sativa L.) has emerged as a promising candidate for aiding in the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles. Leveraging the phytochemical constituents of Cannabis, researchers have successfully tailored silver nanoparticles for a wide array of applications, spanning from biomedicine to environmental remediation. This review explores the properties, synthesis mechanisms, and applications of silver nanoparticles obtained from Cannabis. Additionally, it delves into the recent advancements in green synthesis techniques and elucidates the optical properties of these nanoparticles. By shedding light on plant-based fabrication methods for silver nanoparticles and their diverse bionanotechnology applications, this review aims to contribute to the growing body of knowledge in the field of green nanotechnology. Through a comprehensive examination of the synthesis processes, mechanistic aspects, and potential applications, this review underscores the importance of sustainable approaches in nanoparticle synthesis and highlights the potential of Cannabis-derived silver nanoparticles in addressing various societal and environmental challenges.

From nature to nanoparticles: Synthesizing silver nanoparticles from Moortalkh plant leaves with potent antibacterial properties

The unique characteristics of nanoparticles, compared to non-nanomaterials, have led to their widespread and increasing use in various fields, especially medicine. Producing nanoparticles using inexpensive, biocompatible, and non-toxic methods is of great importance. Plant-based synthesis of nanoparticles is one desirable method that has gained attention in recent years. In this study, silver nanoparticles were synthesized using aqueous extract of Moortalkh plant leaves at room temperature and pressure. The obtained nanoparticles were evaluated using various tests including UV–Vis spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy [FTIR], X-ray diffraction [XRD], field emission scanning electron microscopy [FESEM], and transmission electron microscopy [TEM]. The presence of an absorption peak at the 458 nm region in the UV–vis spectrum of silver nanoparticles indicated the surface plasmon resonance of the nanoparticles, confirming their formation. The XRD analysis results revealed the crystalline nature of the silver nanoparticles, exhibiting face-centered cubic (FCC) structure and an average size of 6.18 nm. FTIR analysis indicated the presence of active molecules from the leaf extract of the Moortalkh plant and their role in the formation and stability of silver nanoparticles. FESEM and TEM analyses showed spherical morphology of nanoparticles with average sizes of 5 to 15 nm and 6.2 nm, respectively. The antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli strains was investigated, and the results indicated excellent antibacterial properties of the nanoparticles.

Developing a Nano Platform for Bovine Brucellosis Diagnostic Product

Background: Brucellosis is one of the most common zoonoses caused by Brucella species. Brucella is an intracellular pathogen that causes abortion in domestic animals and brucellosis in humans. The disease has no specific pathognomonic signs; hence a prompt and accurate diagnosis of the disease plays a very critical role in preventing brucella transmission and treating the disease.Methods: Research was carried out at the Department of Veterinary Science of Kazakh National Agrarian Research University and in the Molecular Biology laboratory of the Institute for Plant Biology and Biotechnology under the Committee of Science of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Studies were carried out on a killed culture of the vaccine strain Brucella abortus RB19, genomic DNA of B. abortus RB19, Grapevine virus A, plasmid vectors for DNA cloning, a fluorescent nano marker, and Brucella membrane proteins.Results: The research demonstrated that brucellosis remained one of the most common zoonotic diseases worldwide. This disease not only resulted in significant economic losses in agriculture but also posed a serious threat to public health.Conclusions: The study successfully established prokaryotic expression vectors for efficient protein production, validated through sequencing and Western blotting, and proposed a promising nano-platform for plant-based synthesis of brucellosis proteins, with potential implications for diagnostic kit development and vaccine research in agriculture.Keywords: Brucellosis; Brucella; Outer membrane proteins; Omp16

Fabrication of iron nanoparticles using different bioactive precursors, their characterization and bioactivity evaluation

This study deals with the green synthesis of Iron nanoparticles (FeNPs) using plant extracts of Polygonum plebeium (Knotweed) and Camellia sinensis (Green tea), focusing on their antibacterial potential, biocatalytic action as well as prospective applications as nanofertilizers. Plant materials underwent a thorough cleaning and were processed into aqueous extracts. The synthesis of FeNPs involved blending these extracts with ferric chloride solution, resulting in a versatile nanomaterial that was subjected to various characterization techniques, such as UV-Vis spectroscopy, FT-IR, XRD, SEM, and DLS-Zeta unveiling critical nanoparticle attributes of the synthesized nanoparticles, including the size, crystallinity, morphology, stability, and elemental composition. The synthesized FeNPs exhibited substantial antibacterial activities, against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Additionally, the biocatalytic properties of the synthesized FeNPs were investigated through dye degradation. These nanoparticles further, were demonstrated for their potential as nanofertilizers, enhancing the germination and growth of tomato and radish seeds. The merging of nanotechnology and plant-based synthesis represents a promising intersection with the capacity to revolutionize diverse fields.

Comparative studies on chemically synthesized and biosynthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles using Desmodium sp. and their potential as UV filters

Plant-based synthesis of nanoparticles has been a great interest topic due to reducing the use of toxic materials and the presence of bioactive compounds. This study investigated the chemically synthesized and biosynthesized zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles using Desmodium triquetrum leaf extract and their potential as UV filters. These ZnO were evaluated using FE-SEM, EDX, XRD, and FTIR. The in-vitro Sun Protector Factor (SPF) was determined using a spectrophotometer. SEM image revealed the flower shape morphology of biosynthesized ZnO and chemically synthesized ZnO with different particle sizes. The biosynthesized ZnO nanoparticles exhibited smaller particle sizes than chemically synthesized ZnO. XRD analysis demonstrated that the average crystallite sizes of biosynthesized and chemically synthesized ZnO were 10.34 nm and 15.08 nm, respectively. The biosynthesized ZnO showed an SPF value of 25.12, indicating stronger UV protection ability than chemically synthesized ZnO (SPF=9.72) at a concentration of 1 mg/mL. These results indicate that the biosynthesized ZnO nanoparticles could be a great candidate as a UV filter for further sunscreen formulations.

Plant-based synthesis of ZnO–CeO2–MgO nanocomposite using Ocimum Basilicum L seed extract: Biological effects and photocatalytic activity

Recently, ternary nanocomposites have attracted the attention of researchers because of their extraordinary photocatalytic, biological, and optical attributes. In this study, for the first time, ZnO–CeO2–MgO ternary nanocomposite successfully was synthesized by green chemistry approach using Ocimum Basilicum L extract seed as a stabilizing agent. This perspective is noteworthy because it could reduce the environmental impacts of chemical synthesis methods. Various methods, including X-ray diffraction pattern (XRD), Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM)/Mapping/Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were utilized to assess the structural, morphological, and size of the nanocomposite. According to the XRD and FESEM results, the crystal structure and spherical morphology of the nanocomposite were confirmed. The photocatalytic activity of the produced ternary nanocomposite was assessed for degradation of methylene blue (MB) dye below UV irradiation. The results show that nanocomposites have potential applications in wastewater treatment. Finally, the MTT method was carried out on Huh-7 cancer cells to determine the cytotoxicity of the produced nanocomposite, so that the dose-dependent cytotoxic behavior of the nanocomposite was reported with an IC50 value of about 500 μg/mL.

Phytochemical Profiling, Green Synthesis, and Bioactivity Evaluation of Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs) Synthesized from Ipomoea laxiflora Extract

This study focuses on the eco-friendly production of silver nanoparticles using leaf extract from Ipomoea laxiflora and assesses their antioxidant and hemolytic effects. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the synthesis of silver nanoparticles using this species. Green synthesis offers immense potential in both medical and environmental fields, aiming to utilize less hazardous chemicals. Plant-based synthesis, in particular, is considered safe and effective due to the presence of reducing and capping agents within plant extracts. Ipomoea laxiflora H.J. Chowdhery & Debta, belonging to the Convolvulaceae family, is an annual climber native to Tropical Africa and India. It has been traditionally used to treat fever, headaches, and stomach aches. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, phenols, tannins, terpenoids, steroids, glycosides, and cardio glycosides. Quantification of phytochemical contents, including total phenolic, flavonoid, and proanthocyanin content, was also performed. FT-IR spectroscopic analysis indicated characteristic peak values of major functional groups such as alkene, alkane, and carbonyl. Silver nanoparticles were synthesized by adding 10 mL of methanolic leaf extract to 90 mL of 1 mM aqueous silver nitrate solution, followed by heating at 80 degrees Celsius for three hours with continuous stirring. The change in color from yellow to dark brown confirmed the formation of silver nanoparticles. The antioxidant activity, determined by DPPH radical scavenging assay, showed 94% scavenging activity for methanolic extract compared to 98% for ascorbic acid. Higher concentrations exhibited increased scavenging activity. Total antioxidant activity ranged from 60% to 89% in hexane and methanol extracts, with methanol showing the highest concentration. Hemolytic activity was observed between concentrations of 10 to 100 µg/ml, with a hemolysis rate of 2.751% at a concentration of 100 µg/mL. The development of green nanoparticles using natural sources like Ipomoea laxiflora holds significant importance for environmental sustainability, health benefits, diverse biomedical applications, resource efficiency, and cost-effectiveness. Embracing such green approaches not only advances nanotechnology but also aligns with broader goals of promoting sustainable development.

Biogenic Copper Nanoparticles from combined leaf extracts of Catharanthus roseus (L.) and Abutilon indicum(L.) and their biological effects – an In vitro study

Plant-based (Green) synthesis of Copper nanoparticles is of much interest to researchers currently because of its important applications in various fields of biotechnology. In this study, the production of copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) utilizing an ethanolic extract of Catharanthus roseus (L.) and Abutilon indicum (L.) leaves extract (CALE) and assess the therapeutical use of these nanoparticles. Preliminary phytochemical analysis was done by using this ethanolic crude extract of the combined plant. The phytochemical tests showed positive results for the phytochemicals alkaloids, phenols, tannins, terpenoids, and phytosterols. The leaf extract was used for the synthesis of copper nanoparticles and in the reduction and capping of the combined leaf extract CuNPs, it was discovered that the bioactive phytoconstituents condensed tannins, played a crucial role by the reduction of copper ions was identified by the change in color from blue to light green. SEM image showed the morphology and size of the nanoparticles and their binding ability with the combined leaf extracts. The spherical biogenic combined leaf extracts of CuNP’s were measured to have a size between 5 and 25 nm by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) examination, Ultraviolet-Visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis) showed maximum wavelength at 224nm and XRD showed three strong peaks for its crystallinity and maximum was observed at 2063.0. From their characterization of synthesized CuNPs anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory methods were assessed. The samples showed different diameters of zone of inhibition at different concentrations by using Ampicillin as positive control. The synthesized nanoparticles showed a concentration-dependent anti-inflammatory activity, and the protection percentage increased with an increase in the concentration of the samples.

Biogenic Copper Nanoparticles from Combined leaf extracts of Catharanthus roseus (L.) and Abutilon Indicum(L.) and their biological effects – an In vitro study

Plant-based (Green) synthesis of Copper nanoparticles is of much interest to researchers currently because of its important applications in various fields of biotechnology. In this study, the production of copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) utilizing an ethanolic extract of Catharanthus roseus (L.) and Abutilon indicum (L.) leaves extract (CALE) and assess the therapeutical use of these nanoparticles. Preliminary phytochemical analysis was done by using this ethanolic crude extract of the combined plant. The phytochemical tests showed positive results for the phytochemicals alkaloids, phenols, tannins, terpenoids, and phytosterols. The leaf extract was used for the synthesis of copper nanoparticles and in the reduction and capping of the combined leaf extract CuNPs, it was discovered that the bioactive phytoconstituents condensed tannins, played a crucial role by the reduction of copper ions was identified by the change in color from blue to light green. SEM image showed the morphology and size of the nanoparticles and their binding ability with the combined leaf extracts. The spherical biogenic combined leaf extracts of CuNP’s were measured to have a size between 5 and 25 nm by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) examination, Ultraviolet-Visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis) showed maximum wavelength at 224nm and XRD showed three strong peaks for its crystallinity and maximum was observed at 2063.0. From their characterization of synthesized CuNPs anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory methods were assessed. The samples showed different diameters of zone of inhibition at different concentrations by using Ampicillin as positive control. The synthesized nanoparticles showed a concentration-dependent anti-inflammatory activity, and the protection percentage increased with an increase in the concentration of the samples.

Plant-based synthesis of TiO2 – rGO nanocomposite for the efficient photocatalytic degradation of an emerging contaminant: Experimental and theoretical investigations

The need to develop sustainable and efficient photocatalysts for the degradation of contaminants of emerging concern has gained considerable attention. In this study, plant-based titanium dioxide-reduced graphene oxide (TiO2-rGO) photocatalyst was synthesized by a hydrothermal method using Azadirachta indica (AI) leaf extract. Morphological and chemical properties of the AI-TiO2-rGO photocatalyst were evaluated in detail. The clusters of AI-TiO2 wrapped in AI-rGO were identified with TEM analysis, and from the XRD, the purity of AI-TiO2-rGO was confirmed. The low band gap (2.80 eV) of AI-TiO2-rGO made it a suitable photocatalyst under visible light. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results indicated the establishment of strong Ti-O-C chemical linkage within the AI-TiO2-rGO photocatalyst. The efficiency of AI-TiO2-rGO was assessed for the degradation of carbamazepine (CBZ) under UV-A irradiation (94.28%) and visible light (59.97%) in a batch photocatalytic reactor for 60 min. The optimized conditions such as AI-TiO2-rGO dosage (50 mg/L), initial CBZ concentration (4.5 mg/L), and light source (UV-A (60 W)), were validated with response surface methodology (RSM). The mechanism of degradation of CBZ by AI-TiO2-rGO was explained with the identification of intermediate compounds, and three plausible CBZ degradation pathways were proposed. The reusability study suggested that the AI-TiO2-rGO photocatalyst could be effectively used for 8 cycles. The evaluation of toxicity of treated water with E.Coli growth curve (reduction in Iind to 30.12% (UV) and 27.65% (visible)) signified that the treated water was less toxic. The comparison of AI-TiO2-rGO with chemically synthesized TiO2-rGO indicated that even though AI-TiO2-rGO exhibited a slightly higher band gap (2.80 eV), it can be the better alternative for the photocatalysts synthesized by chemical route. The economic analysis of the overall process proved that the application of AI-TiO2-rGO was more cost-effective and sustainable than the conventional TiO2 photocatalyst. Overall, the study provides valuable insight into synthesizing recyclable plant-based photocatalysts to degrade recalcitrant emerging contaminants in the water.

Chitosan-coated ZnO nanocomposites of Lantana camara and Rhamnus triquetra for effective antimicrobial activity

The sustainability agenda has been greatly influenced by numerous studies, particularly in the field of green revolution involving plants. The innovative aspects of green synthesis have opened up new avenues of research in the scientific community. In this study, we conducted a systematic investigation into the plant-based synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles coated with chitosan polymer, using the leaf extracts of Lantana camara and Rhamnus triquetra. To verify the nano-scale size, structural, and morphological characteristics, the synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles were subjected to various characterization techniques such as UV–Vis spectroscopy, SEM, FTIR, XRD, and Zeta Potential. The XRD results confirmed the crystalline structure of ZnO NPs in the hexagonal wurtzite phase. The magnitude of zeta potential supported the stability of the nano compounds. The FESEM analysis revealed that all the nanocomposites exhibited uniform, dense, and agglomerated particle arrangements with diameters ranging from 22.93 nm to 32.58 nm. FTIR spectroscopy identified the presence of various functional groups. The antibacterial activities were assessed against human pathogenic bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli. The nanocomposites (sample 2) displayed the highest antibacterial zone against Staphylococcus aureus (22.66 mm), while the highest antibacterial zone of inhibition was observed for (sample 4) against E. coli (20.66 mm). In addition, the anticandidal activities were analyzed against the human pathogenic microorganism Candida albicans, and the maximum activity was shown for sample 3 (23.33 mm). Sample 2 also exhibited the greatest growth inhibition against the plant pathogenic fungus Rosellinia necatrix with (33.33%). Our research demonstrates the potential of Lantana camara and Rhamnus triquetra as green sources for the environmentally friendly production of ZnO NPs, which possess strong antibacterial properties against harmful microbes. This study emphasizes the significance of exploring green synthesis techniques for environmentally friendly nanotechnology practices.

ZrO2 nanoparticles anchored on RGO sheets: Eco-friendly synthesis from Acacia nilotica (L.) fruit extract, characterization, and enhanced anticancer activity in different human cancer cells

Surface defects and the ability to tune the physicochemical properties of zirconium oxide nanoparticles (ZrO2 NPs) have made them a hot topic in biological research. We investigated the anticancer properties of Acacia nilotica (L.) fruit extract–green produced ZrO2/RGO nanocomposites (NCs). Fruit extract's polyphenolic and flavonoid compounds served as reducing and capping agents for the creation of ZrO2 adorned RGO sheets. Our goal was to maximize the anticancer potential of ZrO2/RGO NCs while simultaneously reducing their toxicity to normal tissues and reducing their impact on the environment. The XPS, XRD, TEM, SEM, EDS, and PL were used to characterize the pure ZrO2 NPs and ZrO2/RGO NCs that were green produced. XRD analysis revealed that ZrO2 crystallized in two different phases, monoclinic and tetragonal. TEM and SEM images demonstrated that ZrO2 particles were uniformly attached on RGO sheets. XPS and EDX analysis of the produced NCs verified the presence of ZrO2 and RGO. ZrO2 NPs had their particle size and PL intensity decreased after RGO addition. Anticancer data shown that ZrO2/RGO NCs was two-times more effective than pure ZrO2 NPs in inhibiting the growth of different human cancer cells (A549, HepG2, and MCF7). Mechanistic evidence revealed that intracellular reactive oxygen species production and glutathione reduction constituted oxidative stress that caused the anticancer response of ZrO2/RGO NCs. Apoptosis is also suggested by the decrease of mitochondrial membrane potential in cancer cells after they have been exposed to as produced NCs. In addition, when compared to pure ZrO2 NPs, ZrO2/RGO NCs showed greater cytocompatibility in normal cell lines (IMR90 and MCF10A). This innovative method highlights the significance of plant-based synthesis of nanocomposites for biomedical research as being both environmentally benign and low-cost.

Overview of the plant-based synthesis of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles and their potential application in the formation of protective coatings

Overview of the plant-based synthesis of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles and their potential application in the formation of protective coatings

Applications of Green Synthesized Metal Nanoparticles - a Review.

Green nanotechnology is an emerging field of science that focuses on the production of nanoparticles by living cells through biological pathways. This topic plays an extremely imperative responsibility in various fields, including pharmaceuticals, nuclear energy, fuel and energy, electronics, and bioengineering. Biological processes by green synthesis tools are more suitable to develop nanoparticles ranging from 1 to 100nm compared to other related methods, owing to their safety, eco-friendliness, non-toxicity, and cost-effectiveness. In particular, the metal nanoparticles are synthesized by top-down and bottom-up approaches through various techniques like physical, chemical, and biological methods. Their characterization is very vital and the confirmation of nanoparticle traits is done by various instrumentation analyses such as UV-Vis spectrophotometry (UV-Vis), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), annular dark-field imaging (HAADF), and intracranial pressure (ICP). In this review, we provide especially information on green synthesized metal nanoparticles, which are helpful to improve biomedical and environmental applications. In particular, the methods and conditions of plant-based synthesis, characterization techniques, and applications of green silver, gold, iron, selenium, and copper nanoparticles are overviewed.

Plant-based synthesis of lead oxide nanoparticles using Trigonella feonumgraecum extract and assessment of their cytotoxicity and photocatalytic activity

Plant-based synthesis of lead oxide nanoparticles using Trigonella feonumgraecum extract and assessment of their cytotoxicity and photocatalytic activity