Plant Auxin Research Articles

Auxin-Producing Bacteria from Duckweeds Have Different Colonization Patterns and Effects on Plant Morphology.

The role of auxin in plant–microbe interaction has primarily been studied using indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)-producing pathogenic or plant-growth-promoting bacteria. However, the IAA biosynthesis pathway in bacteria involves indole-related compounds (IRCs) and intermediates with less known functions. Here, we seek to understand changes in plant response to multiple plant-associated bacteria taxa and strains that differ in their ability to produce IRCs. We had previously studied 47 bacterial strains isolated from several duckweed species and determined that 79% of these strains produced IRCs in culture, such as IAA, indole lactic acid (ILA), and indole. Using Arabidopsis thaliana as our model plant with excellent genetic tools, we performed binary association assays on a subset of these strains to evaluate morphological responses in the plant host and the mode of bacterial colonization. Of the 21 tested strains, only four high-quantity IAA-producing Microbacterium strains caused an auxin root phenotype. Compared to the commonly used colorimetric Salkowski assay, auxin concentration determined by LC–MS was a superior indicator of a bacteria’s ability to cause an auxin root phenotype. Studies with the auxin response mutant axr1-3 provided further genetic support for the role of auxin signaling in mediating the root morphology response to IAA-producing bacteria strains. Interestingly, our microscopy results also revealed new evidence for the role of the conserved AXR1 gene in endophytic colonization of IAA-producing Azospirillum baldaniorum Sp245 via the guard cells.

Functional Antagonism of WRI1 and TCP20 Modulates GH3.3 Expression to Maintain Auxin Homeostasis in Roots.

Auxin is a well-studied phytohormone, vital for diverse plant developmental processes. The GH3 genes are one of the major auxin responsive genes, whose expression changes lead to modulation of plant development and auxin homeostasis. However, the transcriptional regulation of these GH3 genes remains largely unknown. WRI1 is an essential transcriptional regulator governing plant fatty acid biosynthesis. Recently, we identified that the expression of GH3.3 is increased in the roots of wri1-1 mutant. Nevertheless, in this study we found that AtWRI1 did not activate or repress the promoter of GH3.3 (proGH3.3) despite of its binding to proGH3.3. Cross-family transcription factor interactions play pivotal roles in plant gene regulatory networks. To explore the molecular mechanism by which WRI1 controls GH3.3 expression, we screened an Arabidopsis transcription factor library and identified TCP20 as a novel AtWRI1-interacting regulator. The interaction between AtWRI1 and TCP20 was further verified by several approaches. Importantly, we found that TCP20 directly regulates GH3.3 expression via binding to TCP binding element. Furthermore, AtWRI1 repressed the TCP20-mediated transactivation of proGH3.3. EMSAs demonstrated that AtWRI1 antagonized TCP20 from binding to proGH3.3. Collectively, we provide new insights that WRI1 attenuates GH3.3 expression through interaction with TCP20, highlighting a new mechanism that contributes to fine-tuning auxin homeostasis.

Auxin Response Factors Are Ubiquitous in Plant Growth and Development, and Involved in Crosstalk between Plant Hormones: A Review

Auxin response factors (ARFs) are an important family of transcription factors involved in the exertion of auxin in plants and play a key role in regulating the growth and development of plant nutritional and reproductive organs such as roots, stems, leaves, flowers, fruits, and seeds. Foods of plant origin occupy an important place in the nutritional structure of the human diet, and the main edible parts of different plants vary. In this paper, we review recent research reports on ARFs and summarize its role in the regulation of leaf, flower, root, and fruit growth, as well as other important life activities. We also present the challenges and opportunities that ARFs will present in the future. It will be important to deepen our understanding of the mechanisms by which ARFs interact with other proteins or genes. In addition, it is worth considering that more technical tools should be put into the study of ARFs and that the research should be oriented towards solving practical problems. In the future, it is expected that the nutrition and function of plant-derived foods can be improved through gene editing and other means.

What Can We Learn from The Hormonal Mechanisms and Tumor- Inducing Bacteria That Regulate Vascular Differentiation and Cancer in Plants?

Plants and human beings develop vascular tissues that enable their growth and function. Auxin (IAA) in plants, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in humans, are the major signaling molecules that induce and regulate vascular development in both normal and cancer tissues. Mechanisms that induce vascular tissues in plants are discussed, aiming to stimulate similar advanced medical research in the human body. The focus is on organized and cancerous vascular differentiation, regulation of vein pattern formation, and the control of vessel diameter by hormonal gradients. Moreover, to understand the involvement of bacteria in cancer development in both plants and humans, for developing combined novel cancer therapy treatments in human beings with antibiotics and jasmonates.

Small molecules mediate cellular reprogramming across two kingdoms.

The fertilized egg is the single totipotent cell from which multicellular organisms arise through the processes of cell division and differentiation. While animals typically lose their capacity to redifferentiate cells that are already fully differentiated, plant cells are thought to remain totipotent (Su et al., 2020). Every gardener knows well that plants can regenerate a full array of plant tissues from already differentiated organs. This also seems to be true for single plant cells such as protoplasts, which, under proper in vitro culture conditions, served as the initial source for generation of transgenic plants (Skoog and Miller, 1957; Birnbaum and Sánchez Alvarado, 2008). However, the mechanisms behind the totipotency of plant cells remain elusive, with the exception of the knowledge that the developmental fate of regenerating tissues can be directed by the ratio of two plant hormones, auxin and cytokinin (Skoog and Miller, 1957).

An improved auxin-inducible degron system for fission yeast.

Conditional degron technologies, which allow a protein of interest to be degraded in an inducible manner, are important tools for biological research, and are especially useful for creating conditional loss-of-function mutants of essential genes. The auxin-inducible degron (AID) technology, which utilizes plant auxin signaling components to control protein degradation in nonplant species, is a widely used small-molecular-controlled degradation method in yeasts and animals. However, the currently available AID systems still have room for further optimization. Here, we have improved the AID system for the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe by optimizing all three components: the AID degron, the small-molecule inducer, and the inducer-responsive F-box protein. We chose a 36-amino-acid sequence of the Arabidopsis IAA17 protein as the degron and employed three tandem copies of it to enhance efficiency. To minimize undesirable side effects of the inducer, we adopted a bulky analog of auxin, 5-adamantyl-IAA, and paired it with the F-box protein OsTIR1 that harbors a mutation (F74A) at the auxin-binding pocket. 5-adamantyl-IAA, when utilized with OsTIR1-F74A, is effective at concentrations thousands of times lower than auxin used in combination with wild-type OsTIR1. We tested our improved AID system on 10 essential genes and achieved inducible lethality for all of them, including ones that could not be effectively inactivated using a previously published AID system. Our improved AID system should facilitate the construction of conditional loss-of-function mutants in fission yeast.

Micrococcus luteus LS570 promotes root branching in Arabidopsis via decreasing apical dominance of the primary root and an enhanced auxin response.

The interaction of plant roots with bacteria is influenced by chemical signaling, where auxins play a critical role. Auxins exert positive or negative influences on the plant traits responsible of root architecture configuration such as root elongation and branching and root hair formation, but how bacteria that modify the plant auxin response promote or repress growth, as well as root structure, remains unknown. Here, we isolated and identified via molecular and electronic microscopy analysis a Micrococcus luteus LS570 strain as a plant growth promoter that halts primary root elongation in Arabidopsis seedlings and strongly triggers root branching and absorptive potential. The root biomass was exacerbated following root contact with bacterial streaks, and this correlated with inducible expression of auxin-related gene markers DR5:GUS and DR5:GFP. Cellular and structural analyses of root growth zones indicated that the bacterium inhibits both cell division and elongation within primary root tips, disrupting apical dominance, and as a consequence differentiation programs at the pericycle and epidermis, respectively, triggers the formation of longer and denser lateral roots and root hairs. Using Arabidopsis mutants defective on auxin signaling elements, our study uncovers a critical role of the auxin response factors ARF7 and ARF19, and canonical auxin receptors in mediating both the primary root and lateral root response to M. luteus LS570. Our report provides very basic information into how actinobacteria interact with plants and direct evidence that the bacterial genus Micrococcus influences the cellular and physiological plant programs ultimately responsible of biomass partitioning.

In vivo detection of L-tryptophan in tomatoes using multi-walled carbon nanotubes and poly (sulfosalicylic acid) film modified graphite rod electrode

L-tryptophan (L-Trp) is an important precursor for the synthesis of auxin in plants, which can regulate plant growth via a series of life activities. The rapid quantitative detection of L-Trp is of great significance for the study of plant growth and development activities. The most-reported electrochemical methods for the determination of L-Trp are only limited to in vitro measurement due to the large dimension of the sensing electrode, which will inevitably damage the plants and hinder their growth. Here we report the method of constructing a miniature electrochemical sensor for the in vivo detection of L-Trp. A graphite rod electrode (GRE) modified with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and poly (sulfosalicylic acid) film (PSA) as sensing electrode could greatly reduce the oxidation potential and prevent the interference, resulting in the L-Trp sensor with the linear range of 10–110 μM and limit of detection (LOD) as low as 0.037–0.121 μM. The successful measurement of L-Trp in tomato juice/fruit reveals the applicability of the sensor in the in vivo detection of tryptophan. More importantly, the monitoring of the L-Trp level at different growth stages may be a great help to understand the growth process of tomatoes. We expect that the as-developed L-Trp sensor will exhibit significant potentials in intelligent agriculture.

The creation of a Taraxacum kok-saghyz high frequency regeneration system

The aim of this research was to study the morphogenetic ability of Taraxacum kok-saghyz root tissues and to optimize the culture medium for the subsequent genetic transformation of plants. The effects of exogenous hormone exposure on survival, in vitro shoot induction, and root formation were studied by using root tissues. For the cultivation the samples of kok-saghyz, the Murashige-Skuga nutrient medium was used as the basis, supplemented with sucrose 20 g/l, vitamins B5 1 mg/l, and also containing agar 5.5 g/l. The pH value is 5.7. For the plant regeneration induction, growth regulators, auxins and cytokinins were added in culture media. In this study, the roots of D 1 mm and two media variants were used for comparison: variant 1. MS + 6-BAP 1 mg/l; variant 2. MS + 6-BAP 1 mg/l + IAA 0.2 mg/l. An effective protocol for the regeneration of kok-saghyz explants was developed. There was a high percentage of regeneration of 87.6% on the medium containing a combination of cytokinin and auxin, as well as a high percentage of direct shoot formation, which was 65.1%, the degree of rooting was 100%, the resulting cultured plant tissues grew well and had a high survival rate after transplantation.

HOMEOBOX PROTEIN 24 mediates the conversion of indole‐3‐butyric acid to indole‐3‐acetic acid to promote root hair elongation

Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) is a predominant form of active auxin in plants. In addition to de novo biosynthesis and release from its conjugate forms, IAA can be converted from its precursor indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). The IBA-derived IAA may help drive root hair elongation in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings, but how the IBA-to-IAA conversion is regulated and affects IAA function requires further investigation. In this study, HOMEOBOX PROTEIN 24 (HB24), a transcription factor in the zinc finger-homeodomain family (ZF-HD family) of proteins, was identified. With loss of HB24 function, defective growth occurred in root hairs. INDOLE-3-BUTYRIC ACID RESPONSE 1 (IBR1), which encodes an enzyme involved in the IBA-to-IAA conversion, was identified as a direct target of HB24 for the control of root hair elongation. The exogenous IAA or auxin analogue 1-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) both rescued the root hair growth phenotype of hb24 mutants, but IBA did not, suggesting a role for HB24 in the IBA-to-IAA conversion. Therefore, HB24 participates in root hair elongation by upregulating the expression of IBR1 and subsequently promoting the IBA-to-IAA conversion. Moreover, IAA also elevated the expression of HB24, suggesting a feedback loop is involved in IBA-to-IAA conversion-mediated root hair elongation.

Double agent indole-3-acetic acid: mechanistic analysis of indole-3-acetaldehyde dehydrogenase AldA that synthesizes IAA, an auxin that aids bacterial virulence.

The large diversity of organisms inhabiting various environmental niches on our planet are engaged in a lively exchange of biomolecules, including nutrients, hormones, and vitamins. In a quest to survive, organisms that we define as pathogens employ innovative methods to extract valuable resources from their host leading to an infection. One such instance is where plant-associated bacterial pathogens synthesize and deploy hormones or their molecular mimics to manipulate the physiology of the host plant. This commentary describes one such specific example—the mechanism of the enzyme AldA, an aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) from the bacterial plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae which produces the plant auxin hormone indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) by oxidizing the substrate indole-3-acetaldehyde (IAAld) using the cofactor nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) (Bioscience Reports (2020) 40(12), https://doi.org/10.1042/BSR20202959). Using mutagenesis, enzyme kinetics, and structural analysis, Zhang et al. established that the progress of the reaction hinges on the formation of two distinct conformations of NAD(H) during the reaction course. Additionally, a key mutation in the AldA active site ‘aromatic box’ changes the enzyme’s preference for an aromatic substrate to an aliphatic one. Our commentary concludes that such molecular level investigations help to establish the nature of the dynamics of NAD(H) in ALDH-catalyzed reactions, and further show that the key active site residues control substrate specificity. We also contemplate that insights from the present study can be used to engineer novel ALDH enzymes for environmental, health, and industrial applications.

Auxin and its role in plant development: structure, signalling, regulation and response mechanisms.

Auxins are plant hormones that play a central role in controlling plant growth and development across different environmental conditions. Even at low concentrations, auxins can regulate gene expression through specific transcription factors and proteins that are modulated to environmental responses in the signalling cascade. Auxins are synthesized in tissues with high cell division activity and distributed by specific transmembrane proteins that regulate efflux and influx. This review presents recent advances in understanding the biosynthetic pathways, both dependent and independent of tryptophan, highlighting the intermediate indole compounds (indole-3-acetamide, indole-3-acetaldoxime, indole-3-pyruvic acid and tryptamine) and the key enzymes for auxin biosynthesis, such as YUCs and TAAs. In relation to the signalling cascade, it has been shown that auxins influence gene expression regulation by the connection between synthesis and distribution. Moreover, the molecular action of the auxin response factors and auxin/indole-3-acetic acid transcription factors with the F-box TIR1/AFB auxin receptors regulates gene expression. In addition, the importance of microRNAs in the auxin signalling pathway and their influence on plant plasticity to environmental fluctuations is also demonstrated. Finally, this review describes the chemical and biological processes involving auxins in plants.

Climate Change and Salinity Effects on Crops and Chemical Communication Between Plants and Plant Growth-Promoting Microorganisms Under Stress

During the last two decades the world has experienced an abrupt change in climate. Both natural and artificial factors are climate change drivers, although the effect of natural factors are lesser than the anthropogenic drivers. These factors have changed the pattern of precipitation resulting in a rise in sea levels, changes in evapotranspiration, occurrence of flood overwintering of pathogens, increased resistance of pests and parasites, and reduced productivity of plants. Although excess CO2promotes growth of C3plants, high temperatures reduce the yield of important agricultural crops due to high evapotranspiration. These two factors have an impact on soil salinization and agriculture production, leading to the issue of water and food security. Farmers have adopted different strategies to cope with agriculture production in saline and saline sodic soil. Recently the inoculation of halotolerant plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) in saline fields is an environmentally friendly and sustainable approach to overcome salinity and promote crop growth and yield in saline and saline sodic soil. These halotolerant bacteria synthesize certain metabolites which help crops in adopting a saline condition and promote their growth without any negative effects. There is a complex interkingdom signaling between host and microbes for mutual interaction, which is also influenced by environmental factors. For mutual survival, nature induces a strong positive relationship between host and microbes in the rhizosphere. Commercialization of such PGPR in the form of biofertilizers, biostimulants, and biopower are needed to build climate resilience in agriculture. The production of phytohormones, particularly auxins, have been demonstrated by PGPR, even the pathogenic bacteria and fungi which also modulate the endogenous level of auxins in plants, subsequently enhancing plant resistance to various stresses. The present review focuses on plant-microbe communication and elaborates on their role in plant tolerance under changing climatic conditions.

Toxicity and Bio-Efficacy of Indole-3-Acetic Acid, A Plant Growth Regulator, Against the Greater Wax Moth, Galleria mellonella Linnaeus (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

The greater wax moth Galleria mellonella L. is a dangerous pest for the apiculture industry in the world. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the insecticidal activity of the auxin plant growth regulator, Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), against G. mellonella and its effect on the growth, development, metamorphosis and morphogenesis of this insect pest. The 3rd instar larvae were force-fed on an artificial diet supplemented with six concentrations, viz., 100, 10.0, 1.0, 0.1, 0.01 & 0.001ppm of IAA. The most important results could be summarized as follows. IAA exhibited the strongest acute toxicity on larvae at the higher two concentrations. At other concentrations, various degrees of toxicity on larvae were found in a dose-dependent course. No pupae or adults were produced at the higher two concentrations. IAA failed to display chronic toxicity on the developed pupae. All emerged adults died at 1.00ppm of IAA but no adult mortality was observed at the three lower concentrations. LC50 value was calculated in 0.24 ppm. IAA enhanced the treated larvae to grow with increasing weight gain. Also, it promoted the treated larvae, since the growth rate increased with the increasing concentration. IAA exhibited a retarding effect on the pupation, only at the higher two concentrations. The larval and pupal durations were significantly prolonged, in a dose-dependent manner. On the other hand, IAA failed to disturb the hormonal regulation of the development program, since no intermediate creatures were produced. Also, it failed to disrupt the pupal morphogenesis, since no pupal deformities had been observed.

Aux/IAA and ARF Gene Families in Salix suchowensis: Identification, Evolution, and Dynamic Transcriptome Profiling During the Plant Growth Process.

The phytohormone auxin plays a pivotal role in the regulation of plant growth and development, including vascular differentiation and tree growth. The auxin/indole-3-acetic acid (Aux/IAA) and auxin response transcription factor (ARF) genes are key components of plant auxin signaling. To gain more insight into the regulation and functional features of Aux/IAA and ARF genes during these processes, we identified 38 AUX/IAA and 34 ARF genes in the genome of Salix suchowensis and characterized their gene structures, conserved domains, and encoded amino acid compositions. Phylogenetic analysis of some typical land plants showed that the Aux/IAA and ARF genes of Salicaceae originated from a common ancestor and were significantly amplified by the ancestral eudicot hexaploidization event and the “salicoid” duplication that occurred before the divergence of poplar and willow. By analyzing dynamic transcriptome profiling data, some Aux/IAA and ARF genes were found to be involved in the regulation of plant growth, especially in the initial plant growth process. Additionally, we found that the expression of several miR160/miR167-ARFs was in agreement with canonical miRNA–ARF interactions, suggesting that miRNAs were possibly involved in the regulation of the auxin signaling pathway and the plant growth process. In summary, this study comprehensively analyzed the sequence features, origin, and expansion of Aux/IAA and ARF genes, and the results provide useful information for further studies on the functional involvement of auxin signaling genes in the plant growth process.

Plant cell biology: PIN polarity maintained

PIN-FORMED (PIN) polar protein localization directs transport of the growth and developmental regulator auxin in plants. Once established after cytokinesis, PIN polarity requires maintenance. Now, direct interactions between PIN, MAB4/MEL and PID proteins suggest self-reinforced maintenance of PIN polarity through limiting lateral diffusion.

Different pH levels medium effects in IAA production of phylloplane bacterium Serratia plymuthica strain UBCF_13

Indole-3-acetic acid [IAA] is the main source of auxin in plants that plays a major role in controlling various physiological processes. The ability of bacterium in IAA biosynthesis depends on several environmental factors, usually triggered by acidic stresses. This study was aimed to optimize the IAA production by phylloplane bacterium Serratiaplymuthica strain UBCF_13 with various pH levels. Optimization was carried out by using 0.2% L-Tryptophan in Luria Bertani[LB] media with various pH levels namely pH 4.0; 4.5; 5.0; 5.5; 6.0; 6.5; 7.0 and 9.0. UBCF_13 showed the best IAA production at pH 6.0 and 0.2% L-Tryptophan exhibited IAA concentration in the amount of 24.13 ppm. The UBCF_13 extracellular protein profile analysis showed that at pH 6.0 induced L-Tryptophan 0.2% produced protein bands of 60.8 kDa and 45 kDa in size. These protein bands are assumed to be ipdC and nitrilase proteins which are involved in the IAA biosynthesis. The application of IAA was carried out using chili peppers [Capsicum annuum L.] germination of the Lotanbar genotype. The application was using supernatant produced from media of pH 6.0 and 0.2% L-Tryptophan. The results show that root and hypocotyl lengths were 4.10 cm and 2.90 cm, respectively. Meanwhile, root and hypocotyl lengths in the control sample only 2.78 cm and 1.88 cm. The results indicated that the IAA production of UBCF_13 can promote the growth of chili seedling. A further detailed study on the visualization of protein profiles at the optimum treatment needs to be done. Two-DimensionalElectrophoresis is recommended to be applied so that protein bands can be accurately separated to identify detailed proteins involved in the IAA biosynthesis.

RNA-sequencing for transcriptomic analysis of chili peppers induced by Serratia plymuthica strain UBCF_13

Non-pathogenic bacteria are used as biocontrol agents in plants because of their capability to induce the plant’s resistance system through the ISR [Induction Systemic Resistance] mechanism. Rhizobacteria are known for their ability to signal the biosynthesis of jasmonic acid and ethylene, also stimulate an increased expression level of resistance genes and auxin in plants. RNA-sequencing can be used to analyze the transcriptomic profile of plants. In this study, we used the bacteria Serratia plymuthica strain UBCF_13 to induce the resistance system of chili plants. This study aimed to obtain information on the transcriptome level of chili after being induced by the bacteria. This study is expected to be a useful reference for generating transcriptome data of bacteria UBCF_13 as a biocontrol agent. For RNA sequencing, we used two different plants, namely plants without and with the induction of bacteria UBCF_13. The bacteria UBCF_13 [OD600 1] was applied 12 days after planting in the root area. Total RNA was isolated from plant roots after 14 days of treatment. Differential gene expression, GO enrichment, and KEGG analysis showed that the resistance genes expression increases. Genes involved in hormone signal transduction like tryptophan metabolism is affected by the induction of bacteria UBCF_13. The AUX1 [Auxin Influx Carrier], SAUR [Small Auxin Up RNA], and GH3 [Gretchen Hagen 3] genes family in the tryptophan metabolism become upregulated.

Synthesis of Al(III), Bi(III), Sb(III), Sn(II) and Pb(II) Complexes Based on a Plant Auxin Hormone: Characterization; DFT, Pharmacokinetics and MOE‐Docking with Plant‐Cell Proteins

AbstractSeries of complexes was prepared from some p‐block elements and indole‐3‐acetic acid (HIAA) as a plant hormone categorized from auxin class. Trivalent [Al(III), Bi(III)& Sb(III)] and divalent [Sn(II) & Pb(II)] ions, were used for complexation with indole‐3‐acetic acid. These complexes were analytically (elemental & EDX), spectrally (IR, Raman, UV‐Vis, SEM & XRD) and theoretically characterized. All complexes proposed having 1 : 2 molar ratio (M : L) through mono‐negative bi‐dentate binding mode. A tetrahedral geometry was proposed for Al(III) complex. While, the other complexes were suggested to be in distorted octahedral geometry due to presence of five bonds only and the sixth site inhabits by lone pair of electrons. Hirshfeld surface properties were obtained through Crystal explorer 3.1 software over structures oriented by VESTA package. The 3D‐crystals of Bi(III) and Sb(III) complexes displayed a noticeable red spots which point to the best contact site on their surfaces. Also, the conformational study reveals many physical characteristics that suggest the superiority of some complexes than the original ligand. Also, drug‐likeness outcomes clarify the lipophilic feature of Sn(II) and Pb(II) complexes. This feature may play a well bioactive behavior within living cells. Furthermore, pharmacokinetics as well as MOE‐docking simulation, were carried out versus 1lr5 & 3c6p proteins. Such proteins, were the co‐crystal forms of auxin‐class that act as hormone receiver inside plant cells. This study proposed the priority of Al(III), Sn(II) and Pb(II) complexes than the free hormone itself in the interaction with selected auxin proteins. We recommend these complexes for practical application in the field from specialist, they will improve the vital process within plant cells based on in‐silico results in this research.

Evaluation of the Isotopic Abundance Ratio of Consciousness Energy Healing Treated L-Tryptophan Using LC-MS Spectrometry

L-tryptophan is an essential α-amino acid, necessary for the normal growth in newborns, nitrogen balance in adults, protein synthesis, precursor of serotonin, melatonin, niacin, and albeit inefficiently in human, also the precursor of indole alkaloids and auxins in plants. This current study was designed to investigate the impact of the Trivedi Effect®-Biofield Energy Healing Treatment (Blessing) on the structural properties and the isotopic abundance ratio of L-tryptophan using LC-MS analytical technique. L-tryptophan sample was divided into two parts, one part of L-tryptophan was considered as the control sample (no Biofield Energy Treatment was provided), while the second part was treated with the Trivedi Effect®-Consciousness Energy Healing Treatment/Blessing remotely by a renowned Biofield Energy Healer, Dahryn Trivedi and termed as the treated sample. The mass spectra of both the control and treated samples with respect to the chromatographic peak at retention time (Rt) 2.1 minutes exhibited the mass of the molecular ion peak adduct with hydrogen ion at m/z 205.08 (calcd for C11H13N2O2+, 205.1), along with low molecular fragmented mass peaks at m/z 188, 159, and 102 for C11H12N2O2+, C10H11N2+, and C8H6+, respectively were also observed. The isotopic abundance ratio of PM+1/PM (2H/1H or 13C/12C or 15N/14Nor17O/16O) in the treated L-tryptophan was significantly increased by 35.93% compared with the control sample. Hence,the 13C, 2H, 15N, and 17O contributions from C11H13N2O2+ to m/z 206.08 in the treated L-tryptophan was significantly increased compared to the control sample. It could be hypothesized that the changes in the isotopic abundance and mass peak intensities due to the modification in nuclei possibly through the interference of neutrino particles using the Trivedi Effect®-Consciousness Energy Healing Treatment. The Biofield Energy Treated/Blessed L-tryptophan with increased stable isotopic abundance ratio might have changed the physicochemical properties with higher force constant in the molecule. The new form of treated L-tryptophan would be a better and more stable in the supplements, nutraceutical, and pharmaceutical formulations, which would be advantageous for the prevention and treatment of pellagra, depression, kynurenine. It could also maintain the normal label of tryptophan and avoid increase of its metabolite, lower the neurotoxin and a metabotoxin behavior, glutaric aciduria type I (glutaric acidemia type I) disorder, eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome (EMS), incurable and sometimes fatal flu-like neurological condition, etc. As tryptophan is the precursor for the plant hormones like indole alkaloids and auxins, hence, this treated L-tryptophan would be advantageous for the improvement of yield, productivity, and quality of crops and other plants.