Planning Of Development Projects Research Articles

A Critical Assessment of Poverty Reducing Employment Strategies for Africa

This paper critically assessed some employment poverty reducing strategies put in place in Africa. From the assessment, it was realized that the strategies did not adequately contribute to generate decent and well remunerating jobs that could substantially curb poverty. As a result of this limited success of the strategies was partly attributed to limited public investments, inadequate planning and execution of development projects, dreadful mismanagement and poor allocation of resources, etc. Consequently, Africa habours about half of the world’s poor, vulnerable and underprivileged population. Thus, in an effort to reverse the situation, it is recommended that African countries should: provide professional and scientific training and education which is relevant to the needs of their economies; put in place a range of incentives which would attract foreign investments that will transform their primary and agricultural products locally; promote the intensive use of labour in implementing sustainable projects; and increase their investment in Science, Technology and Innovation. Keywords: Employment; Decent Jobs; Strategies; Poverty Alleviation; African Economies DOI: 10.7176/JESD/12-3-01 Publication date: February 28 th 2021

Dynamics of land use and land cover changes in Huluka watershed of Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia

BackgroundLand use and land cover changes in urbanized watersheds of developing countries like Ethiopia are underpinned by the complex interaction of different actors, driving forces, and the land itself. Land conversion due to residential development, economic growth, and transportation is identified as the most serious environmental pressure on urbanized landscapes of the world. It results in the degradation of natural vegetation and significant increases in impervious surfaces. The purpose of the study was to analyze spatio-teporal changes in land use and land cover in the Huluka watershed with implications to sustainable development in the watershed.ResultsForest land, cultivated land, urban built-up, bush/shrub land, bare land, grassland, and water body were identified as the seven types of land use and land cover in the Huluka watershed. Forest land decreased by 59.3% at an average rate of 164.52 ha/year between 1979 and 2017. Bush/ shrub land decreased by 68.2% at an average rate of 318.71 ha/year between 1979 and 2017. Grassland decreased by 32.7% at an average rate of 228.65 ha/year between 1979 and 2017. Water body decreased by 5.1% at an average rate of 1.06 ha/year between 1979 and 2017. Urban built-up area increased by 351% at an average rate of 16.20 ha/year between 1979 and 2017. Cultivated land increased by 105.3% at an average rate of 692.76 ha/year between 1979 and 2017. Bare land increased by 41.9% at an average rate of 4.00 ha/year between 1979 and 2017. Infrastructural and agricultural expansion, increased demand for wood, local environmental and biophysical drivers, rapid human population growth, economic drivers, technological drivers, policy and institutional drivers, and local socio-cultural drivers were perceived by residents as drivers of land use and land cover changes. Increased flooding risk, increased soil erosion, increased sedimentation into water resources like lakes and rivers, decrease in soil fertility, loss of biodiversity, loss of springs, decrease in annual rainfall, and increase in heat during the dry season were perceived by residents as negative local effects of land use and land cover changes.ConclusionsChanges in land use and land cover in the study water shade imply the need for integrating sustainable watershed planning and management into natural resources management strategies. In other words, practices of appropriate land use planning and management, family planning, participatory planning and management, appropriate environmental impact assessment (EIA), and proper planning and management of development projects and programmes are of paramount importance to promote sustainable development in the Huluka watershed and beyond.

Drylands rainwater harvesting: a community-based management approach

This study's objectives were to identify issues concerning natural resource use and identify management options for natural resources from the local community's perspective. The research methodology is based on an integrated application of field interviews with individuals, focus groups, and feedback from key informants. The results showed that less than 1% of the local community supports the construction of Earth dams on rangeland reserves. Land donation and sharing by the landowners is a possible proposal for selecting potential sites for Earth dams. The lack of active participation of local communities during the planning and execution of natural resources development projects led to project failure to secure water resources in the study area. We recommend policymakers and water resources managers seriously consider active community involvement in water harvesting programs. Hence, the present top-bottom approach should be replaced by the bottom-up approach to provide sustainable assurances to water development programs.

О стратегических эффектах односторонних санкций: российский опыт

Much of the academic debate about the consequences of sanctions has been focused on their direct impact or on collateral damage to the bilateral relationship between the issuer of sanctions and the target of sanctions, reflecting the understanding of sanctions as a foreign policy tool. However, an analysis of the Russian experience allows one to raise new questions about the role of sanctions instruments in international affairs. Of course, in the short term, the priority is a policy aimed at minimizing the risks of direct sanctions. Nevertheless, Russia has been under extensive US and EU sanctions for more than seven years, and began to face individual restrictions even earlier. In this regard, the analysis of sanctions reactions can clearly be transferred to the mid- and long-term plane. The analysis of the regulatory legal acts and particular regional and sectoral strategies of Moscow shows that the target countries have been rearranging their international priorities under the threat of further sanctions pressure, both formal and informal. Thus, sanctions are serving not only as a tool of punishment or deterrence, but also as a signaling function in a new meaning — not only demonstrating disapproval of the target country’s policy, but signaling that the planning of long-term development projects is associated with increased risks. Therefore, the complex consequences of sanctions go far beyond the immediate response of the target countries, which is reflected in the industry overview of Russian sanctions pressure adaptation strategies. A particular example of such a transformation, considered in this article, is the sanctions policy in the post-Soviet space—both on the part of individual countries of the region in relation to Russia, and in terms of countermeasures on the part of the Russian Federation.

فعالیة مشروعات تنمیة المرأة الریفیة من أجل التخطیط لتمکینها اقتصادیاً واجتماعیاً

الملخص: تناول البحث قضية مشروعات تنمية المرأة الريفية من أجل التخطيط لتمکينها اقتصاديا واجتماعيا وقد تمثلت أهدافه في: قياس مستوى فعالية تمکين المرأة الريفية نتيجة تخطيط مشروعات تنمية المرأة، ويمکن قياسه من خلال الأبعاد التالية:قياس مستوى تزويد المرأة الريفية بالمهارات المختلفة نتيجة تخطيط مشروعات تنمية المرأة، وقياس مستوى إحداث تغييرات اقتصادية لدى المرأة الريفية نتيجة تخطيط مشروعات تنمية المرأة، وقياس مستوى إحداث تغييرات اجتماعية لدى المرأة الريفية نتيجة تخطيط مشروعات تنمية المرأة. ثم قياس مستوى الصعوبات التي تواجه تمکين المرأة الريفية الخاصة بتخطيط مشروعات تنمية المرأة. ثم التوصل إلى مقترحات لتمکين المرأة الريفية. کما تمثلت تساؤلات البحث في: ما مستوى فعالية تمکين المرأة الريفية نتيجة تخطيط مشروعات تنمية المرأة، ويمکن قياسه من خلال ما يلي: ما مستوى تزويد المرأة الريفية بالمهارات المختلفة نتيجة تخطيط مشروعات تنمية المرأة، وما مستوى إحداث تغييرات اقتصادية لدى المرأة الريفية نتيجة تخطيط مشروعات تنمية المرأة، وما مستوى إحداث تغييرات اجتماعية لدى المرأة الريفية نتيجة تخطيط مشروعات تنمية المرأة. بالإضافة إلى ما مستوى الصعوبات التي تواجه تمکين المرأة الريفية نتيجة تخطيط مشروعات تنمية المرأة، وکذلک ما المقترحات والتوصيات لتمکين المرأة الريفية نتيجة تخطيط مشروعات تنمية المرأة. وفيما يخص نتائج البحث فقد أوضحت نتائج المحور الأول: قياس مستوى تمکين المرأة الريفية نتيجة تخطيط مشروعات تنمية المرأة: وفقا لأبعاده کالتالي: أن قياس مستوى تزويد المرأة الريفية بالمهارات المختلفة نتيجة تخطيط مشروعات تنمية المرأة تم الموافقة عليه بنسبة متوسطة، وأن قياس مستوى إحداث تغييرات اقتصادية لدى المرأة الريفية نتيجة تخطيط مشروعات تنمية المرأة تم الموافقة عليه بنسبة کبيرة، وأن قياس مستوى إحداث تغييرات اجتماعية لدى المرأة الريفية نتيجة تخطيط مشروعات تنمية المرأة تم الموافقة عليه بنسبة کبيرة. کما أوضحت نتائج المحور الثاني: أن قياس مستوى الصعوبات التي تواجه تمکين المرأة الريفية نتيجة تخطيط مشروعات تنمية المرأة، تم الموافقة عليه بنسبة کبيرة. بالإضافة إلى أنه أوضحت نتائج المحور الثالث: أن التوصل إلى مقترحات لتمکين المرأة الريفية تم الموافقة عليه بنسبة کبيرة. Abstract: The research deals with the issue of of rural women development projects for planning for their economic and social and its objectives are: Measuring the level of effectiveness of empowering rural women as a result of planning women's development projects, and it can be measured through the following dimensions: Measuring the level of providing rural women with different skills as a result of planning projects Women development, measuring the level of economic change in rural women as a result of planning women’s development projects, and measuring the level of social change in rural women as a result of planning women’s development projects. Then, measure the level of difficulties facing rural women empowerment in planning women's development projects. Then come up with proposals to empower rural women. The research questions were also represented in: What is the level of effectiveness of empowering rural women as a result of planning women’s development projects, and it can be measured through the following: What is the level of providing rural women with various skills as a result of planning women’s development projects, and what is the level of economic changes in rural women as a result of planning development projects Women, and what is the level of social change in rural women as a result of planning women’s development projects. In addition to what level of difficulties facing rural women empowerment as a result of planning women’s development projects, as well as what are the proposals and recommendations for empowering rural women as a result of planning women’s development projects. Concerning the results of the research, the results of the first axis were clarified: Measuring the level of empowerment of rural women as a result of planning women’s development projects: according to its dimensions as follows: that measuring the level of providing rural women with various skills as a result of planning women’s development projects has been agreed upon in a moderate percentage, and that measuring the level of creating economic changes In rural women, the result of planning women’s development projects has been widely approved, and that measuring the level of social change in rural women as a result of planning women’s development projects has been approved by a large percentage. The results of the second axis also made it clear that measuring the level of difficulties facing rural women empowerment as a result of planning women’s development projects has been approved by a large percentage. In addition, the results of the third axis clarified: that arriving at proposals to empower rural women was largely approved.

Conservation policy under a roadless perspective: Minimizing fragmentation in Greece

Land use change poses as the top threat for biodiversity decline, and road sprawl as a key driver behind it globally. According to the recent Landscape Fragmentation Indicator (LFI), Greece is less fragmented than the rest of Europe but presents higher rates of fragmentation increase. We developed the Roadless Fragmentation Indicator (RFI) to monitor fragmentation in more natural ecosystems. The RFI calculates the percentage of land that is covered by roadless areas (RAs), defined as land patches over 1 km2 that are over 1 km away from the nearest road. We produced the roadless map of Greece, concluding to 1115 RAs ranked by size (1–256 km2) and to a national RFI of less than 5%. The RFI reflected naturalness, was significantly higher in the Natura 2000 network, and was more sensitive in less fragmented zones. Six mountains (0.51% of Greek land) have remained largely roadless (RAs ≥ 50 km2) and should be protected as such. We call for a straightforward roadlessness policy under a “European Roadless Rule” that would legally protect at least 2% of European land as road-free area. We also call for no further unjustified road sprawl in more natural and least fragmented ecosystems, as a measure to be integrated in all sectors of EU policy and particularly in the spatial planning of development projects. We recommend a five-step roadlessness guideline to be implemented in the European Union, including Greece, as a measure to effectively address biodiversity decline.

FEASIBILITY STUDY OF A RAILWAY CONSTRUCTION PROJECT AS INTERMODAL TRANSPORTATION IN TANJUNG PERAK PORT

The growth of container flows that is not supported by infrastructure needs has caused goods congestion at Tanjung Perak Port. The situation has an impact on the flow of goods and makes container mobilization stop flowing. Railway infrastructure construction is expected to overcome the problem of goods congestion, especially because this project will be integrated with other transportation at the Port in an intermodal transportation system. The Delphi method is used as an approach to get the dominant aspect to be analyzed in a feasibility study of a railway construction project at the Port of Tanjung Perak. Delphi method results show that the financial aspect and market aspect are the dominant parameters to be analyzed in the feasibility study of a railway construction project. The results of the market feasibility analysis showed that 87.67% of stakeholders agreed with the railway development project plan, with a target market of 19.99% of the number of containers and absorption of around 84% of the target market. The results of the financial feasibility analysis are obtained, the Net Present Value (NPV) is 1,184,370> 0 (profitable project), the Benefit-Cost Ratio (BCR) is 1.39 ≥ 1 (the project is feasible), and the value of the Internal Rate of Return (IRR) is 13%> MARR, (investment is feasible). From the results of the financial feasibility analysis, the railway construction project is categorized as possible. Meanwhile, the break-even point for this project is in the 12th year with the results of a profit-loss analysis showing that in the fourth year, the railway operational activities have shown a positive trend/profit.

Influence of Customs and Traditions on the Process of Community Development Among Rural Communities in Enugu State, Nigeria

This study examined the influence of customs and traditions on the process of community development among rural communities in Enugu state, Nigeria. Three research questions guided the study. The study adopted a descriptive survey design with a target population of 847 adults comprising 379 traditional rulers and 468 town union presidents in all the 468 communities in the 17 LGAs of Enugu State. The population was taken as a census with no sampling. The study used a self- designed questionnaire and a Focus Group Discussion Guide for data collection which were validated by experts. The internal consistency of the questionnaire was determined using the Cronbach Alpha statistics. The quantitative data collected were analysed using mean statistics and standard deviation while the qualitative data collected via Focus Group Discussion were analysed using content analysis. From the analysed qualitative and quantitative data, the findings of the study among others showed that the existing customs and traditions prevalent among the various communities in Enugu State, Nigeria are Adult circumcision (Ibe-Epi or Ibe-ugwu) Masquerade (Mmanwu), Age grade grouping (Uro-Ogbor or Otu-Ogbor), pouring of libation (Igor-Ofo) , homage to the ancestral fathers’ graves (Igba-Aju), the new yam festival (Iriji or Iwaji), Women August Meeting (Ogbako Umunwanyi Na-August), Soil festival-No farming sacred week (Oriri-Ani Na Nso-Ani), practice of caste system (Ohu or Osu), among others. It was also revealed that the influence of customs and traditions on the planning of community development programmes in Enugu State is evident in the fact that women were excluded from the decision making process in planning community development projects, community members reject projects to be sited in places the people consider forbidden, development programmes are not planned during festivals and the Women August meeting tradition is used as an avenue for planning of community development programmes. Based on the findings of the study, it was recommended among other things that traditional rulers should engage all the organized traditional structure (Igwe in-council, Elders council, women through August meeting platform, age grades and others) to do periodic planning of self-help development projects in their respective communities. Keywords: Customs, Traditions, Community Development DOI: 10.7176/JEP/11-32-08 Publication date: November 30 th 2020

An Assessment of Rural Youth Participation in Community Development Projects in Turkana South Sub-County: An Approach to Community Development and Sustainable Development

The integration of local and international cultures enhances people’s ability to adapt to external influences of sustainable aid and sustainable development programs and processes. The study was conducted in Turkana, where government intervention on projects was made with deliberate efforts to implement inclusive development projects. Traditionally Turkana society has well-defined gender roles that appear to contradict inclusive and participatory approaches determined by government projects and interventions. The study sought to establish a legitimate influence on youth participation and to assess the impact of cultural norms on youth participation in community projects. The study used a descriptive design and targeted 47,359 young people. The study used Krejecie and Morgan’s table and an equally divided sample procedure to obtain a sample of 381 respondents in the study. Research has shown that educated youth will speak well and seek citizenship, and show that the standard of formal education is negatively correlated (-0251) with youth participation in project planning and community development projects (-0.094) respectively, barriers to youth participation in project planning are not limited to learning and training. Therefore political, institutional, financial and technical factors played out in determining whose voice is heard and which decisions are acceptable. There was an inconsistent balance (-0.109) between gender roles and participation in community project planning meetings and gender issues consideration in community projects, respectively. A negative correlation (-0.14) between age and meeting planning has been revealed which means that the patriarchal values ​​system in rural areas favours gender roles and traditional cultural practices ​​that oppose the development, advancement and participation of women in community development.

DESIGN TOOLS FOR OFFSHORE RENEWABLE ENERGY

The crisis caused by the COVID-19 has awakened the fear of forgetting the fight against Climate Change coming up with a number of initiatives demanding to accelerate the European Green Deal, as the best way out of the crisis. Offshore renewable energy sources, including offshore wind, wave power and tidal streams, might play a crucial role in meeting low-carbon energy scenarios, which is one of the six key principles of the Green Recovery, contributing at the same time to economic growth and job creation. However, continuous cost reduction is needed to achieve more efficient and competitive technologies in comparison to other energy sources. Design tools can help to accelerate cost reduction in early stages of technology development or deployment project planning. This article shows some examples of design tools developed within four European funded R&D projects: • DTOcean and DTOceanPlus provide advanced design tools for ocean energy systems innovation, development and deployment • LIFES50+ proves cost effective technology for floating substructures for 10MW wind turbines at water depths greater than 50 m • OPERA collects, analyses and shares open-sea operating data and experience to validate and de-risk several industrial innovations for wave energy The design tools presented in this article cover different stages of technology or project development: • Multi-physics numerical modelling tools for the design of floating offshore wind turbines • Decision-making tools during the planning phase of offshore wind or ocean energy farms • Structured innovation and stage gate tools for the evaluation of innovations for offshore renewables at early stages of development The reader will be able to find out references to useful open source tools and public documents produced by these projects. Keywords: design tools, offshore wind, wave power, tidal energy, numerical modelling, structured innovation, deployment project planning

The Impact of Road Infrastructure Development Projects on Local Communities in Peri-Urban Areas: the Case of Kisumu, Kenya and Accra, Ghana

Large-scale spatial planning and urban development projects have gained popularity in cities of the Global South. Such projects are being used to improve connectivity, scale up cities’ competitiveness, and in return, attract investments. However, while road development changes peri-urban environments in the Global South cities, little attention is given to the consequences of road infrastructure in those areas. The objective of this paper is to investigate how the implementation of road infrastructure projects is transforming the socio-spatial landscapes and economic development, and how they affect social groups within the peri-urban areas of Kisumu (Kenya) and Accra (Ghana) cities, focusing on effects at the community level. The research employed a case study approach, using qualitative, quantitative and spatial methods to examine these socio-spatial and economic development dynamics. The findings show that, on the one hand, road infrastructure projects scaled up residential development, both in Kisumu and Accra, as the roads contributed to housing rents and land prices to increase and rendered peri-urban communities along them as attractive zones for real estate developers. Furthermore, accessibility to facilities and services improved. Also, in both cities, the road improvements fuelled employment opportunities. Conversely, in both cities, the road infrastructure projects led to gentrification and therefore to the displacement of poor residents into the hinterlands, which changed the social fibre and integration to a certain degree. The road infrastructure projects benefitted the rich, who own land at the expense of the poor. The findings that the impacts of road infrastructure appear to differ in locational context and class of individuals within peri-urban areas make us suggest that place-based and people-based policies need to be combined to address the consequences of road infrastructure projects.

Enhancing software development through project‐based learning and the quality of planning

R&D plays a crucial role in developing new products, the commercialisation of which can drive corporate growth. Over three decades, research has focused the new product development (NPD) process and it is known that developing new products is a knowledge‐intensive, risky activity. Since industry surveys show that many NPD projects, particularly software‐based ones, fail to meet their schedules and objectives. Consequently, today’s R&D managers still need ways to plan and conduct NPD more effectively. Project‐based Learning (PBL) – the generation of specific technical and process knowledge during and after a project – is a potential way to improve NPD. Therefore, this paper investigated the research question: Does PBL enhance the quality of planning in subsequent software development projects? The study used a sample of 47 software development projects at three multinational organisations. Significantly, the findings show that PBL does enhance the quality of planning of subsequent software development projects. In particular, the quality of planning is increased in projects with high levels of uncertainty; where team members work in a project‐based structure with strong collaboration; and when the pressure to deliver projects is high. The contribution of the research at a theoretical level is that it identified an important link between learning and the quality of planning in subsequent NPD projects. At a practical level, the study identifies specific steps R&D managers can take to improve the performance of software development projects, with all their associated challenges.

POTENTIAL FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF SEAFOOD PROCESSING INDUSTRY IN TRA VINH PROVINCE

Based on indicators of the number of production establishments, production value and the existing export markets, this paper aims to describe the situation of the development of seafood processing industry in Tra Vinh Province. At the same time, the potential of this industry development were also surveyed, analyzed and evaluated through raw materials, infrastructure, human resources, policies and export markets. Then, the limitations of seafood processing industry compared with the existing development potential of this industry in the locality have been analyzed and discussed. Results of the study could be used as a reference for planning development projects of the seafood processing industry and related supporting industries.

The Cost Estimation Model of Real Estate Development in Small-medium Cities in Coastal Province

Zhu, L., 2020. The cost estimation model of real estate development in small-medium cities in coastal province. In: Yang, Y.; Mi, C.; Zhao, L., and Lam, S. (eds.), Global Topics and New Trends in Coastal Research: Port, Coastal and Ocean Engineering. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 103, pp. 15–18. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.In this work, an estimation model of real estate development cost for small-medium cities in coastal provinces is proposed. The paper analyzes the problems in the cost management of development project positioning, planning and design, completion settlement. Taking the establishment process of target cost of a real estate enterprise B as an example, this paper investigates the weak links in the implementation process of target cost management. Through the systematic analysis of the basic theory and outstanding problems of the target cost management, this paper provides a reference for the target cost management of the real estate development project.

More Traffic, Less Bat Activity: The Relationship between Overnight Traffic Volumes and Chalinolobus tuberculatus Activity along New Zealand Highways

Despite a growing body of evidence worldwide that bats are affected by roads, there has been little research into the effects of traffic volume on bat activity. In New Zealand, there is considerable uncertainty over whether, or to what extent, roads affect New Zealand's endemic bat populations, and this has resulted in uncertainty during the planning and consent phases of road development projects. This research investigated whether Chalinolobus tuberculatus (long-tailed bat) activity correlates with night-time traffic volume on New Zealand's highways. Bat activity was monitored at 57 traffic monitoring sites throughout New Zealand using pairs of bat detectors, with one placed beside the highway (highway) and one placed ≥ 200 metres from the highway (distant). Generalised linear mixed effects models were used to investigate the relationship between bat detections, position in relation to the highway, and various measures of traffic volume. The model that best explained the variation in bat detections was the interaction effect between bat detector position (highway, distant) and night-time traffic volume (volume). Outputs from this model show a negative relationship between bat activity and night-time traffic volume for highway bat detector units, while distant bat detector units had no discernible relationship with night-time traffic volume. These results indicate that night-time traffic volume affects the use of roads by bats, i.e. when overnight traffic increased, the probability of detecting bats decreased. Whether or to what extent this will affect the long-term viability of New Zealand's C. tuberculatus populations is a high priority for further investigation.

An Integrated Methodological Analysis for the Highest Best Use of Big Data-Based Real Estate Development

This study investigates the integration of methods for real estate development planning and feasibility studies in the changing business environments of emerging big-data. It examines high-rise mixed-use development projects for the highest best use by combining fuzzy theory; thus, it identifies a big data-based innovative decision-making method for systemizing the various factors expected to influence real estate development. In this context, the study creates new evaluation fields and factors by integrating both conventional and big-data based high-rise mixed-use projects. The weight of each value was calibrated by relative significance and fuzzy measure using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method. A measuring technique that applies analysis methodology to the evaluation areas was developed for more objective and clearer evaluation, and its application in the field was proposed. Evaluators can systematically assess the concerned evaluation areas during development project planning by examining the process. The findings also provided implications for the evaluation system’s operation by reflecting the variability of specific conditions of the varying projects in real estate and urban and land use planning.

Breeding objectives and selection criteria of a participatory community-based breeding programme of goats and sheep.

The absence of formal markets and the large variability of genetic groups and production systems of goats and sheep in developing countries hinder the implementation of traditional breeding programmes. Community-based breeding programmes (CBBP) for these species have been shown to be effective in these countries. In these programmes, the definition of the objectives and criteria of selection is done in a participatory way, which takes into account the desires and needs of the local farmers. We aimed to define the objectives and criteria of a CBBP for goats and sheep in the Inhamuns region, Ceará, Brazil, using a participatory rural appraisal (PRA). This methodology, which consist in an approach that aims to incorporate the knowledge and opinions of rural people in the planning and management of development projects and programmes, was performed in seven districts of two towns of the region (Tauá and Parambu). One hundred twenty-two farmer families participated in the survey. The PRA was able to provide important information, and its results showed that breeders of this region keep flocks of goats and sheep for social, economic and cultural benefits. In order of importance, the main objectives for goat farming were personal fulfilment (PERF), food source for family (FSF), income generation (INCG), savings (SAV) and cultural/family traditions (CULT), while for sheep farming were CULT, FSF, SAV, PERF and INCG. Disease resistance (RDI), adaptability (ADP), fertility (FERT), growth rate (GRA), host resistance of worms (HRW), body conformation (BC), temperament (TEM), longevity (LONG), body size (BSIZ), age at first kidding (AFK) and milk yield (MIY) were the main selection criteria that farmers use for goats. The most important selection criteria used for selecting sheep were ADP, RDI, HRW, GRA, FERT, LONG, BC, BS and age at first lambing. According to these objectives and criteria, the CBBP must consider the adaptation of the animals to the climate and management conditions of the region, the resistance to diseases and productive performance.

Archives and planning for sustainable development models of reality: case study in the archival service of the wilaya of Constantine

Interest in archives emerged mainly since the French Revolution. Much more attention was paid to historical documents, especially for their cultural and historical role. In the United States, during the Second World War, attention was much more focused on administrative archives, thanks to Schellenberg's theory of the three ages (1956), which gave a wider opportunity to the application of Archives.In addition, the archive centers have an important role in the administrative processes and in the planning of the various development projects based on the new technologies.On the other hand, sustainable development is defined as development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It is based on a long-term vision that takes into account the indivisibility of the environmental, social and economic dimensions of development activities. And archives are an indispensable tool for improving the political, economic and administrative management of a country.The adoption of good archival management systems makes it possible to quickly find the documents needed to make decisions in an appropriate time, thus improving the efficiency of the administration. Accordingly, the good management of archival documents has a financial impact on administrative efficiency, highlighting the studies and experiments already carried out, rather than repeating them. This saves time, money and work. In contrast, Loss or destruction of archival documents can cause political, administrative, or legal management difficulties and thus harm the state.We adopted the descriptive method in addition to conducting interviews with officials in the department in the purpose of collecting the necessary data to discover the extent to which archives contribute in planning sustainable development. We reached,at the end, the conviction that the creation of guidance documents is vital to activate the role of archives in this context.

Developing digital audience frameworks for Oxford’s GLAM

Purpose In order to develop a common framework for strategic planning and evaluation, the Gardens, Libraries and Museums (GLAM) of Oxford undertook a process for defining digital audiences, undertaking user research to inform a new audience framework, which, in turn, is feeding a new approach and the application of the research across the Libraries’ web redevelopment. The paper aims to discuss this issue. Design/methodology/approach GLAM used qualitative and quantitative techniques to understand how visitors engaged with GLAM digitally: visitor shadowing, exit interviews, diary studies, remote interviews, social media and data evaluation. From these, GLAM focussed on motivational archetypes that apply to visitors across the institutions as well as pen portraits to support those archetypes, and a template for creating new portraits. Findings The framework helped GLAM develop digital priorities and outline how digital output met the needs of all audiences from a bottom-up user perspective, rather than only through top-down institutional decision making. Most relevant here, learning from the user research hugely informed the Bodleian Libraries’ website redevelopment. The Bodleian Libraries’ work within that framework shows that such a body of research is not solely high level; it can be applied on an institutional and project level to great effect. Originality/value Focussing on motivations rather than demographics is a less common way to approach digital audiences. Developing such a cohesive framework for digital audiences before undertaking strategic planning and specific development projects proved a valuable piece of work from which other institutions can learn.

Cartografía, corredores y cooperación: la búsqueda de soluciones transfronterizas en las fronteras amazónicas

Implementar la conservación y el desarrollo en las fronteras políticas de la Amazo- nía requiere de una coordinación transfronteriza efectiva. En la Amazonía Sud Oc- cidental, contar con una cartografía actualizada, entendible y compartida a través de fronteras es cada vez más esencial para mitigar las problemáticas, impactos y desa- fíos socio-ambientales de las zonas fronterizas de la región. La falta de actualiza- ción de la cartografía de estas zonas fronterizas impacta proyectos de desarrollo, integración y conservación planeados desde distintas escalas. El Grupo Geográfico Transfronterizo de la Amazonía Sud Occidental (GTASO) ha creado una red trans- fronteriza de intercambio continuo de información geográfica, resultando en la elaboración de cinco mapas temáticos transfronterizos de las regiones Ucayali y Madre de Dios (Perú), Acre (Brasil) y Pando (Bolivia) en junio del 2013. Dichos productos permiten visualizar la dinámica socio-ambiental y los diversos proyectos que actualmente se formulan sobre este territorio de alta sensibilidad física, social, económica y ambiental. Esta iniciativa entre los estados amazónicos mencionados ha permitido identificar los desafíos cartográficos a superar en el camino hacia la integración transfronteriza amazónica.