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Pitch Differences Research Articles

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539 Articles

Published in last 50 years

Related Topics

  • Musical Pitch
  • Musical Pitch
  • Pitch Height
  • Pitch Height
  • Pitch Intervals
  • Pitch Intervals
  • Relative Pitch
  • Relative Pitch
  • Melodic Contour
  • Melodic Contour

Articles published on Pitch Differences

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Tonotopic effects on temporal-based pitch perception of transposed tones: Insights from Holo-Hilbert Spectral Analysis.

Tonotopic effects on temporal-based pitch perception of transposed tones: Insights from Holo-Hilbert Spectral Analysis.

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  • Journal IconBiological psychology
  • Publication Date IconJul 1, 2025
  • Author Icon Chao-Yin Kuo + 1
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Linking Tone Frequency and Modulation Discrimination to Formal Music Education: An Exploratory Study

ABSTRACT Discerning a difference or change in pitch varies amongst individuals. Musicians require keen pitch discrimination to tune and play their instruments or sing in tune with others. To what extent are these abilities trainable? Is there an innate element involved that might influence the outcome of such training? This study investigates links between frequency discrimination (FD), frequency modulation discrimination (FMD), working memory capacity (WMC), and formal music education in the Western art music tradition. Previous research has shown that superior FD exists in musicians when compared to that of non-musicians and may be improved with targeted training. However, FD and FMD have yet to be compared within the same group of research subjects in a controlled experimental setting. FD and FMD have also not been considered in conjunction with non-domain specific WMC, which is known to be a feature of expertise in the visual processing domain. The present exploratory study suggested a significant difference between expert and non-expert musicians in WMC. It was also found that the FMD threshold and WMC of expert pianists (experts) was significantly better than non-expert pianists (non-experts). However, in non-musicians, there was a significant negative correlation between WMC and FMD but that the musician groups were not significant but were positive. The functional role of WMC, however, remains unclear in terms of its effect on the processing of each of these individual attributes, but it is shown to vary according to expertise.

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  • Journal IconAuditory Perception & Cognition
  • Publication Date IconJun 28, 2025
  • Author Icon Patricia Arthur + 1
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Pitch characteristics of real-world infant-directed speech vary with pragmatic context, perceived adult gender, and infant gender.

Children's everyday language environments can be full of rich and diverse input, especially adult speech. Prosodic modifications when adults speak to infants are observed cross-culturally and are believed to enhance infant learning and emotion. However, factors such as what and why adults are speaking as well as speaker gender can affect the prosody of adults' speech. This study asks whether prosodic modifications to infant-directed speech depend on perceived adult speaker gender, assigned infant gender, and the perceived pragmatic function of an utterance. We examined 3,607 adult speech clips from daylong home audio recordings of 60 North American, English-speaking, 3- to 20-month-old infants (28 female). Adult speakers used significantly more imperatives and questions and sang more frequently to infants than other adults. While infant-directed speech tended to have greater mean pitch and pitch modulation than adult-directed speech overall, these patterns were modulated, sometimes in complex ways, by pragmatic function, perceived adult gender, and infant gender. For example, we found that female-sounding adult speakers exhibited greater IDS-ADS mean pitch differences than male-sounding adult speakers when providing information or engaging in conversational niceties. An additional example is that male-sounding adults used higher pitch when singing to male infants compared to female infants. These findings invite further research on how individual, demographic, and situational factors affect speech to infants and possibly infant learning. The study's pragmatic context tags are added to an existing open dataset of infant- and adult-directed speech.

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  • Journal IconPloS one
  • Publication Date IconJun 25, 2025
  • Author Icon Emily M Neer + 3
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Contemporary Art of Dubbing in Pakistan: A Case Study of Suprasegmental Translation of Turkish Serials into Urdu

This research examines the suprasegmental adaptation of Turkish television series in Urdu dubbing, focusing on measurable differences in pitch, intonation, and rhythm, and their implications for technical synchrony and cultural-ideological mediation. By employing a mixed-methods design, 18 scenes from six Turkish dramas and their Urdu-dubbed counterparts were analyzed. Praat software had been employed to quantify acoustic features (intensity, pitch, syllable duration) and qualitative integrated frameworks (Audiovisual Translation Theory, Relevance Theory, Prosodic Phonology). Results revealed systematic divergences: Urdu dubs compressed intensity ranges (46.73–100 dB vs. Turkish 1.74–100 dB), elevated pitch peaks (e.g., 172–800 Hz), and adopted stress-timed hybridity to prioritize lip-sync accuracy and cultural resonance. These shifts reflected a strategic negotiation between technical constraints (e.g., isochrony) and ideological imperatives, amplifying Islamic themes for Pakistani audiences while disrupting Turkish’s syllable-timed prosody. The study highlighted Urdu dubbing’s role as a cultural filter, balancing transnational storytelling with local conservatism. The analysis acknowledged reliance on manual acoustic data extraction, which may introduce human error, and an exclusive focus on standardized Urdu dubbing practices, neglecting regional dialectical influences Future research should leverage machine-learning algorithms to automate prosodic alignment in Urdu dubbing workflows. This research advances audiovisual translation scholarship by modeling a tripartite framework for non-European language pairs, emphasizing the interdependence of technical precision, cognitive pragmatics, and cultural authenticity in media localization.

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  • Journal IconJournal of Arts and Linguistics Studies
  • Publication Date IconJun 13, 2025
  • Author Icon Huda Noor + 3
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Rivalry between pitch and timbre in auditory stream segregation.

Two rapidly alternating tones with different pitches may be perceived as one integrated stream when the pitch differences are small or two separated streams when the pitch differences are large. Likewise, timbre differences between two tones may also cause such sequential stream segregation. Moreover, the effects of pitch and timbre on stream segregation may cancel each other out, which is called a trade-off. However, how timbre differences caused by specific patterns of spectral shapes interact with pitch differences and affect stream segregation has been largely unexplored. Therefore, we used stripe tones, in which stripe-like spectral patterns of harmonic complex tones were realized by grouping harmonic components into several bands based on harmonic numbers and removing harmonic components in every other band. Here, we show that 2- and 4-band stimuli elicited distinctive stream segregation against pitch proximity. By contrast, pitch separations dominated stream segregation for 16-band stimuli. The results for 8-band stimuli most clearly showed the trade-off between pitch and timbre on stream segregation. These results suggest that the stimuli with a small number ([Formula: see text]4) of bands elicit strong stream segregation due to sharp timbral contrasts between stripe-like spectral patterns, and that the auditory system looks to be limited in integrating blocks of frequency components dispersed over frequency and time.

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  • Journal IconPloS one
  • Publication Date IconJun 5, 2025
  • Author Icon Geng-Yan Jhang + 4
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Voice register in Mon: experiments in production and perception

Register is a two-way contrast realized through a bundle of phonetic properties which may include phonation type, vowel quality, and differences in pitch. Mon, an Austroasiatic language spoken in Myanmar and Thailand, is often described as a prototypical register language. However, reports differ as to which acoustic properties of register are dominant or even present in Mon, and no studies have investigated the extent to which they cue the register contrast in perception. A functional principal component analysis of acoustic and electroglottographic data from seventeen speakers of Burma Mon varieties shows that registers are acoustically differentiated primarily by covarying differences in fundamental frequency (f0) and voice quality. The results of a forced-choice identification study show that listeners are also sensitive to these phonetic properties in perception, but that f0 was the most robust cue to the register contrast. Individual variation is observed in both production and perception, but there is not a straightforward correlation between the two at the individual level. Our analysis suggests that although fundamental frequency is a highly salient cue to register in Burma Mon, it is likely a manifestation of a more general laryngeal configuration rather than a specific acoustic target.

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  • Journal IconPhonetica
  • Publication Date IconMay 28, 2025
  • Author Icon Sireemas Maspong + 2
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Body maps of sound pitch and relevant individual differences in alexithymic trait and depressive state

Sound perception extends beyond the boundaries of auditory sensation, encompassing an engagement with the human body. In this study, we examined the relationship between our perception of sound pitch and our bodily sensations, while also exploring the role of emotions in shaping this intriguing cross-modal correspondence. We also compared the topography of pitch-triggered body sensations between depressive and non-depressive groups, and between alexithymic, and non-alexithymic groups. Further, we examined their associations with anxiety. Our findings reveal that individuals with alexithymic trait and depressive state experience a less localized body sensations in response to sound pitch, accompanied by heightened feelings of anxiety and negative emotions. These findings suggest that diffuse bodily sensations in response to sound may be associated with heightened feelings of anxiety. Monitoring pitch-triggered body sensations could therefore serve as a potential indicator of emotional tendencies linked to disorders such as depression and alexithymia. Our study sheds light on the importance of bodily sensation in response to sounds, a phenomenon that may be mediated by interoception. This research enhances our understanding of the intricate relationship between sound, emotions, and the human body, offering insights for potential interventions in emotional disorders.

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  • Journal IconBMC Psychology
  • Publication Date IconMay 22, 2025
  • Author Icon Tatsuya Daikoku + 2
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The Production and Perception of Japanese Accent by Native Mandarin Speakers: A Study of Three-Mora Word Sequences Containing Devoiced Vowels

A growing number of native Chinese speakers are enrolling in Japanese language programs, rendering the acquisition of Japanese pitch accent a significant topic in linguistics. Despite extensive research on the perception and production of devoiced vowels, studies on Chinese learners perception and production of Japanese pitch accent remain limited. This study examines the perception and production of three-mora Japanese word sequences with devoiced vowels by Chinese native learners of Japanese. The results reveal that learners made fewer perceptual than articulatory errors, who tend to pronounce P0 as P3 and P1 as rising-falling type. Further analysis indicates that compared to native speakers, there is no significant difference in the pronunciation of P0, while the pitch frequency difference for P1 is smaller and for P2, it is larger. In terms of perception, learners are able to recognize the most natural pitch differences, but the perceptual difference for P0 is smaller. Moreover, no significant correlation is found between pitch accent perception and pronunciation in these sequences.

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  • Journal IconCommunications in Humanities Research
  • Publication Date IconApr 18, 2025
  • Author Icon Siyang Li
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Improving Fatigue Resistance of Threaded Fasteners Using a Novel Mathematical Model for Selecting Optimal Nut Pitch Value

ABSTRACTThreaded fasteners are prone to fatigue fracture under axial alternative load conditions. Recent studies demonstrated that the pitch difference between bolt and nut can significantly impact the fatigue life. Currently most standards specify equal nominal pitch for bolt and nut that can be one of the reasons of their low fatigue resistance. Choosing optimal pitch difference value can enhance fasteners durability. However, the exact relationship between the pitch difference and the fatigue life remains unclear. This study analytically demonstrates that the relationship between stress concentration level under static load and the pitch difference follows inverse normal distribution. Then, based on the experiments under alternative load, we divided fatigue life into two stages: the initial fatigue life and the residual fatigue life. The results show that the stress concentration level and initial fatigue life exhibit a geometrically inverse relationship, i.e., when the stress concentration is minimized, initial fatigue life is maximized. Finally, we propose a novel mathematical model based on the pitch difference–stress concentration level–fatigue life relationship. The model offers a practical solution for improving fatigue resistance in engineering applications without incurring any additional cost.

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  • Journal IconFatigue & Fracture of Engineering Materials & Structures
  • Publication Date IconApr 9, 2025
  • Author Icon Xi Liu + 3
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Reproducible Machine Learning-Based Voice Pathology Detection: Introducing the Pitch Difference Feature.

Reproducible Machine Learning-Based Voice Pathology Detection: Introducing the Pitch Difference Feature.

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  • Journal IconJournal of voice : official journal of the Voice Foundation
  • Publication Date IconApr 1, 2025
  • Author Icon Jan Vrba + 12
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Context-dependent modulations in zebra finch distance calls revealed by a novel goal-directed vocalization paradigm

Songbirds are renowned for their complex vocal communication abilities; among them, zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata) are a key species for studying vocal learning and communication. Zebra finches use various calls with different meanings, including the distance call, which is used for long-distance contact. Whether these calls are static with fixed meanings or flexible remains an open question. In this study we aimed to answer this question by designing a novel behavioral paradigm, in which we trained food-restricted zebra finches to use distance calls for food request. Nine out of ten birds learned this association and used their distance calls to obtain food when they were hungry. We then introduced a visually-separated audience and compared the distance calls used for food requests with those used for communication between birds. Our analyses revealed significant acoustic differences in power, pitch, and other spectral characteristics between the distance calls uttered in these two contexts, with calls directed at conspecifics exhibiting higher amplitude. Our findings suggest that zebra finches can use their distance call for different goals and also acoustically modulate it based on the context. Therefore, it demonstrates a level of vocal control thought to be exclusive to songs. This study enhances our understanding of vocal flexibility and its role in vocal communication.

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  • Journal IconScientific Reports
  • Publication Date IconMar 12, 2025
  • Author Icon Zohreh Safarcharati + 5
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Pitch, vowel duration, and phonation in Baima and neighboring languages

Abstract This paper focuses on tonal development in Baima, a little-studied Tibetic (Tibeto-Burman) language of China. Based on newly collected data and an updated phonological analysis, it addresses the phonetic and chronological challenges posited by the previous analysis of tonal developments in Baima by Huang & Zhang (1995). As suggested by historical-comparative evidence (correspondences between Baima and Written Tibetan), the three contrastive tonal categories in Baima have likely arisen through an overlay of the phonation difference in consonants (historically breathy vs. non-breathy) and the phonation difference in vowels (tense vs. lax, with pitch and vowel duration as co-articulated cues). I furthermore argue that the development of a tense/lax distinction is likely broadly shared by the Tibetic languages neighboring Baima. Recognition of such a multidimensional contrast (which may variously implicate differences in phonation, pitch, vowel duration, and vowel quality) provides a unified explanation for a number of seemingly unrelated and unusual characteristics of these Tibetic languages (such as rhyme length and onset aspiration as pathways leading to distinctive low register). The clustering of Tibetic languages with a tense/lax distinction in the historically multilingual area at the border of the present-day Northern Sichuan and Southern Gansu is further brought in connection with local non-Tibetic languages, some of which possibly share a structurally similar voice quality contrast that involves sets of correlated phonetic properties associated with phonatory, tonal, and vowel quality.

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  • Journal IconLanguage and Linguistics
  • Publication Date IconMar 7, 2025
  • Author Icon Katia Chirkova
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Band Tones: Auditory Stream Segregation with Alternating Frequency Bands

Abstract An alternating tone sequence may be perceptually integrated into one stream or segregated into two streams based on pitch and timbre differences between the tones (sequential stream segregation). However, the effect of the spectral dispersion of harmonic complex tones on sequential stream segregation has been largely unexplored. We introduced band tones that were harmonic complex tones divided into several frequency bands, in which frequency components in every other frequency band were removed. Here, we show that segregation was reported more often with fewer frequency bands and larger separation in fundamental frequency. Listeners generally responded to 2–8-band stimuli as segregated most of the time. However, the percentages of segregation responses for 16-band stimuli were generally dominated by fundamental frequency separations and whether the movements of fundamental frequencies and band-like spectral patterns were congruent or incongruent. The results suggest that the auditory system cannot organize rapidly alternating frequency component blocks spanning a wide frequency range into one stream.

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  • Journal IconAcoustics Australia
  • Publication Date IconMar 4, 2025
  • Author Icon Geng-Yan Jhang + 4
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METHODOLOGY OF THE NUMERICAL MODELLING OF PARAMETERS DETERMINATION OF THE RADIOMETRIC IMAGE OF REMOTE EARTH SURFACE SENSING BY BISTATIC RADIOMETER

The on-board bistatic radiometer (BR) provides sufficiently high-quality mapping of various terrestrial surfaces. The subject of study in the article is the determination of parameters of radiometric images (RI) of earth surfaces based on the BR construction options that are technically feasible. The aim of the research is to develop a methodology for numerical modelling of RI parameters calculation during remote sensing of the earth's surfaces by BR. Tasks: To consider the range of the radar, accounting for image bands, detection, and measurement of course difference, and resolution along the carrier's flight path and across its path. The task also includes the calculation of the difference Doppler frequency correction (DDFC) of payload signals, root mean square deviations (RMSD) of pitch difference errors and DDFC errors. Methods used: analysis and synthesis of the obtained output RI parameters according to possible construction options. The following results were obtained. A methodology for numerical modelling of RI parameters determination during remote sensing of a low-contrast payload such as grass-concrete is developed. The AN-14 ‘Bee’ aircraft was chosen as a carrier for the BR, and the 22 GHz bandwidth of the sub-waveband was chosen for the BR 3 mm. The analysis was carried out for six possible variants of the mapping system. The ranges of the systems, the values of image bands, and the DDFC of objects are calculated, considering the accepted technical characteristics of the radar and the influence of the atmosphere. The RI characteristics at a probability of correct detection of 0.5 are presented. The image parameters for measuring the differences in the stroke and DDFC of mapping objects are given. The number of pixels (pitch differences) in the image row, the resolution along the carrier path, across the path, and at the DDFC were calculated. The number of Doppler filters for each pitch difference, the RMSD of the pitch difference measurement, and the RMSD of the object's DDFC measurement were obtained. The values of the fluctuation sensitivity of the BR were calculated for the following design variants. Conclusions. Based on the results of numerical modelling, the analysis of the information capacity per RI during remote sensing of earth surfaces by an onboard system that is spaced apart is carried out. A promising area for further research may be the introduction of a very weak broadband noise sensing signal into the mapping system and the assessment of the impact of interference that is spatially correlated in the BR.

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  • Journal IconAdvanced Information Systems
  • Publication Date IconFeb 24, 2025
  • Author Icon Viktor Kudriashov + 4
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Quantitative Analysis and AI Assessment of Piano Performance Techniques

Abstract Piano performance is a fusion of emotion and art, which needs to be expressed by adopting superior skills, but also to create the corresponding mood atmosphere to comprehensively show the infectious power of piano performance. This paper proposes the application of AI recognition of human bone and joint movements in piano performance, using BP neural network to realize the recognition of human bone and joint movements. The fingering action in piano performance is taken as a case study, and a bidirectional recurrent neural network is used to fit the relationship between pitch difference and fingering. A research paradigm for AI recognition of piano performance hand shape was also designed to map the discrimination of piano performance hand shape into an image recognition problem of hand gesture for fingering evaluation, driven by action data and knowledge of piano hand shape. In this paper, 28 short piano scores of Bach, 5 scores of Cherny 299 and 7 scores from the China Conservatory of Music’s Social Art Level Examination Grade 1-3, totaling 40 scores, are collected as the experimental dataset. In terms of algorithm performance, through experimental verification, the algorithm in the paper compared with the existing annotation model in the consistency rate and two new indicators to improve the effect is significant, the consistency rate can reach 69.7%, the percentage of incorrect fingering is reduced to 0%, and the rate of irrationality is reduced from 19.6% to 3.87%. In addition, this paper proposes a piano fingering evaluation method based on AI action recognition, which can objectively describe the advantages and disadvantages of piano fingering from the overall results, and has the effect of improving the performance skills.

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  • Journal IconApplied Mathematics and Nonlinear Sciences
  • Publication Date IconJan 1, 2025
  • Author Icon Huiming Liu
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Effect of Vocal Loading in Female Bharatanatyam Dance Teachers After an Hour-Long Class.

Effect of Vocal Loading in Female Bharatanatyam Dance Teachers After an Hour-Long Class.

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  • Journal IconJournal of voice : official journal of the Voice Foundation
  • Publication Date IconJan 1, 2025
  • Author Icon Nireeksha Udaya Kumar + 1
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Research on the Application of Artificial Intelligence Technology in Guzheng Music Cultural Inheritance

Abstract Artificial intelligence technology is integrated into guzheng teaching to promote the development of guzheng music and cultural heritage. This paper mainly establishes a fingering annotation method based on pitch difference fingering model and priori fingering knowledge to improve the learning effect of intelligent guzheng teaching. In the process of recognition of fingers, a two-way network is used that can take into account previous information. The Hidden Markov Generative Model enhancement method is added to the training set to enhance the data features. A priori knowledge of fingering is also introduced to correct incorrect transfer relations. The results of the empirical analysis show that the accuracy of the individual fingerings in the audio evaluation exceeds 90%, and the frequency values obtained are compatible with the standard tone (750 Hz). Compared to the control group, the experimental group’s increase in playing accuracy before and after practicing amounted to about 85.87%, and their performance level and mastery were improved. There was a significant increase in the satisfaction of the four users with the model before and after practicing (p<0.01).

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  • Journal IconApplied Mathematics and Nonlinear Sciences
  • Publication Date IconJan 1, 2025
  • Author Icon Jiangli Jia + 1
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Robust text-dependent speaker verification system using gender aware Siamese-Triplet Deep Neural Network

ABSTRACT Speaker verification in text-dependent scenarios is critical for high-security applications but faces challenges such as voice quality variations, linguistic diversity, and gender-related pitch differences, which affect authentication accuracy. This paper introduces a Gender-Aware Siamese-Triplet Network-Deep Neural Network (ST-DNN) architecture to address these challenges. The Gender-Aware Network utilizes Convolutional 2D layers with ReLU activation for initial feature extraction, followed by multi-fusion dense skip connections and batch normalization to integrate features across different depths, enhancing discrimination between male and female speakers. A bottleneck layer compresses feature maps to capture gender-related characteristics effectively. For enhanced speaker verification, separate male and female ST-DNN models are used, each incorporating Individual, Siamese, and Triplet Networks. The Individual Network extracts unique utterance characteristics, the Siamese Network compares speech sample pairs for speaker identity, and the Triplet Network ensures closely grouped embeddings of samples from the same speaker, facilitating precise verification. Experimental results on RSR2015 and RedDots Challenge 2016 datasets demonstrate significant improvements, with reductions in Equal Error Rate (EER) ranging from 32.31% to 54.55% for males and 33.73% to 38.98% for females, and reductions in MinDCF from 53.47% to 86.36% and 39.46% to 71.19%, respectively, validating the efficacy of the ST-DNN in real-world applications.

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  • Journal IconNetwork: Computation in Neural Systems
  • Publication Date IconDec 23, 2024
  • Author Icon Sanghamitra V Arora
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Music perception and its correlation with auditory speech perception in pediatric Mandarin-speaking cochlear implant users

Background Cochlear implants (CI) help regain perception of sound for patients with sensorineural hearing loss. The ability to recognize music pitch may be crucial for recognizing and producing speech for Mandarin. Aims/Objectives This study aims to search for possible influencing factors of music perception and correlations between music perception and auditory speech abilities among prelingually deaf pediatric Mandarin-speaking CI users. Material and Methods Music perception of 24 pediatric CI users and 12 normal hearing children was measured using the MuSIC test. Auditory speech perception of the 24 CI users was also measured and analyzed with their music perception results. Results Pediatric CI users performed worse than normal hearing children in pitch, rhythm and melody discrimination tests (p < .05). Significant difference in pitch and melody discrimination tests between age at implantation <5 and >5 groups was found. There were significant correlations between perception of consonants, tones, and speech in a noisy environment and perception of music pitch and melody. Conclusion and Significance Prelingually deaf pediatric CI users who received implantation before the age of five perform better in music perception tests. Pediatric CI users with better music perception show better auditory speech perception of Mandarin.

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  • Journal IconActa Oto-Laryngologica
  • Publication Date IconDec 12, 2024
  • Author Icon Yunyi Lu + 5
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Multimodal Imaging Unveils the Impact of Nanotopography on Cellular Metabolic Activities.

Nanoscale surface topography is an effective approach in modulating cell-material interactions, significantly impacting cellular and nuclear morphologies, as well as their functionality. However, the adaptive changes in cellular metabolism induced by the mechanical and geometrical microenvironment of the nanotopography remain poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the metabolic activities in cells cultured on engineered nanopillar substrates by using a label-free multimodal optical imaging platform. This multimodal imaging platform, integrating two photon fluorescence (TPF) and stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy, allowed us to directly visualize and quantify metabolic activities of cells in 3D at the subcellular scale. We discovered that the nanopillar structure significantly reduced the cell spreading area and circularity compared to flat surfaces. Nanopillar-induced mechanical cues significantly modulate cellular metabolic activities with variations in nanopillar geometry further influencing these metabolic processes. Cells cultured on nanopillars exhibited reduced oxidative stress, decreased protein and lipid synthesis, and lower lipid unsaturation in comparison to those on flat substrates. Hierarchical clustering also revealed that pitch differences in the nanopillar had a more significant impact on cell metabolic activity than diameter variations. These insights improve our understanding of how engineered nanotopographies can be used to control cellular metabolism, offering possibilities for designing advanced cell culture platforms which can modulate cell behaviors and mimic natural cellular environment and optimize cell-based applications. By leveraging the unique metabolic effects of nanopillar arrays, one can develop more effective strategies for directing the fate of cells, enhancing the performance of cell-based therapies, and creating regenerative medicine applications.

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  • Journal IconChemical & biomedical imaging
  • Publication Date IconNov 18, 2024
  • Author Icon Zhi Li + 5
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