Piston-cylinder Arrangement Research Articles

Synergistic corrosion protection of stir-cast hybrid aluminum composites reinforcing CeO2 and GNPs nano-particulates

PurposeThis study aims to investigate the corrosion behavior of stir-cast hybrid aluminum composite reinforced with CeO2 and graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) nanoparticulates used as cylinder liner material in the engines (automotive, aerospace and aircraft industries).Design/methodology/approachThe composites were prepared using the stir-casting technique, and their microstructure and corrosion behavior was evaluated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and potentiodynamic polarization test, respectively.FindingsThe results showed that the addition of CeO2 and GNPs improved the corrosion resistance of the composites, and the optimal combination of these two nanoparticles was found to be 3 wt.% CeO2 and 3 wt.% GNPs. The enhanced corrosion resistance was attributed to the formation of a protective layer on the surface of the composite, as well as the effective dispersion and uniform distribution of nanoparticles in the matrix. The 0.031362 was noted as the lowest corrosion rate (mmpy) and was noticed in 94% Al-6061 alloy + (3 Wt.% CeO2 + 3 Wt.% GNPs) sample at room temperature and at elevated temperatures; the corrosion rate (mmpy) was observed as 0.0601 and 0.0636 at 45 °C and 75 °C, respectively.Originality/valueIn the vast majority of the published research publications, either cerium oxide or graphene nanoplatelets were utilized as a single reinforcement or in conjunction with other types of reinforcement such as alumina, silicon carbide, carbon nano-tubes, tungsten carbide, etc., but on the combination of the CeO2 and GNPs as reinforcements have very less literatures with 2 wt.% each only. The prepared hybrid aluminum composite (reinforcing 1 wt.% to 3 wt.% in Al-6061 alloy) was considered for replacing the cylinder liner material in the piston-cylinder arrangement of engines.

Processing and Advancements in the Development of Thermal Barrier Coatings: A Review

Thermal barrier coating is critical for thermal insulation technology, making the underlying base metal capable of operating at a melting temperature of 1150 °C. By increasing the temperature of incoming gases, engineers can improve the thermal and mechanical performance of gas turbine blades and the piston cylinder arrangement. Recent developments in the field of thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) have made this material suitable for use in a variety of fields, including the aerospace and diesel engine industries. Changes in the turbine blade microstructure brought on by its operating environment determine how long and reliable it will be. In addition, the effectiveness of multi-layer, composite and functionally graded coatings depends heavily on the deposition procedures used to create them. This research aims to clarify the connection between workplace conditions, coating morphology and application methods. This article presents a high-level overview of the many coating processes and design procedures employed for TBCs to enhance the coating’s surface quality. To that end, this review is primarily concerned with the cultivation, processing and characteristics of engineered TBCs that have aided in the creation of specialized coatings for use in industrial settings.

Innovations in Different Abrasive Flow Machining Processes: A Review

With advent of need for fast productivity in terms of material removal and surface roughness of the workpiece, abrasive flow machining (AFM) process is gaining rapid importance in the industries. In this process, the fine finishing of the internal surfaces is done that are difficult to reach spaces using abrasive laden polymer media. The media is extruded past the surface under high pressure with the help of two sets of extrusion piston cylinder arrangements. In this paper, various innovations done in the field of abrasive flow machining have been studied in detail in a tabulated form. It included the applications of the process and the different variant forms of AFM process. Due to addition of external forces in variant of AFM process, high speed machining is obtained with smoother surface integrity. Hence it can be concluded that this form of non-conventional machining process is efficient both in terms of surface roughness and material removal.

Experimental investigation of a nonspherical water droplet falling in air

We experimentally investigate the shape oscillations of an initially nonspherical water droplet falling in air using high-speed imaging. We design a customized experimental setup that allows us to study the freely falling droplets of initially oblate/prolate/tilted configurations. The setup uses a pneumatic piston-cylinder arrangement and a superhydrophobically coated plate to propel a droplet upwards in air whose motion is then recorded using a high-speed camera. Due to the propulsive force imparted to the droplet, it undergoes oblate–prolate oscillations and eventually comes to rest at a maximum height, at which time the droplet has a zero vertical velocity and a nonspherical shape with an inclination to the horizontal. We study the effect of the initial aspect ratio and size of the droplet on its shape oscillations during its downward motion.

Effects of Frequency and Jet to Surface Spacing on Synthetic Jet Impingement Heat Transfer

Synthetic jet is a new technique for electronic chip cooling, which combines stagnant air to form a jet resulting from periodic diaphragm oscillations in a cavity. In this work, the heat transfer characteristics of a synthetic jet are investigated experimentally and numerically. A Piston-cylinder arrangement powers the synthetic jet through a circular orifice for the impingement of jet on the heated surface. Air is considered as the cooling medium. The major parameters identified to describe the impinging jet heat transfer are Reynolds number, frequency, ratio of jet spacing to diameter(Z/D) and nozzle geometry. Numerical studies have been carried out using the finite volume based commercial software ANSYS Fluent. The turbulent model used is k-ω model. The dimensionless distance between the nozzle and plate surface is in the range 2 to 16. Numerical results are in fair agreement with experimental results. As the frequency increases the average Nusselt number increases. High frequency synthetic jets were found to remove more heat than low frequency jets for small Z/D ratio, while low frequency jets are more effective at larger Z/D ratio. Nusselt number is maximum at the stagnation point and there occurs a secondary peak at lower Z/D ratios. Synthetic jet with rectangular orifice is more effective as compared to circular and square geometries.

Digital Autolocking Handbrake Securitysystem

With the emerging technology the auto region is likewise evolving. Since previous couple of years, it has been found that various advancements were made concerning the security of the car. To boom the safety degree and to combat the robbery instances this assignment has been proposed. The predominant concept at the back of this mission is to install a safety device for an automobile handbrake which can be operated digitally to guard motors from being stolen. Apart from introducing new techniques of engaging the handbrake there has been no predominant improvement on this place of automobiles. The operation will remain identical as the handbrake is operated; the exchange could be made inside the working mechanism i.e. The twine that transmits the force to the brake pads of the rear wheels. A safety module could be installed surrounding the wire in which the twine can be locked through a piston cylinder arrangement. When the fingerprint matches with the registered one it'll actuate the piston cylinder sensor giving it sign to lock or release the handbrake twine. Both the sensors could be monitored via the ECU. With the introduction of such kind of system the safety of the automobile will be progressed as much as higher degree.

Design and Fabrication of Pneumatic Can Crushing Machine

This paper is based on the design and fabricate of a pneumatic can crusher that will reduce to the smallest possible amount of the volume of aluminum cans by 70%. The can crusher is made up of various parts containing parts such as a lever, base frame, can bin, piston cylinder arrangement, chain sprocket mechanism and bearing. The inspiration behind this design came from the wastages in eateries, canteens of big companies where people gather and consume a lot of canned beverages. Thus, it makes sense that there should be an easy way to dispose of used cans properly during large social gatherings. The Can Crushing machine works with the help of pneumatic single acting cylinder. The machine is portable in size, and as such is easily transportable. Most companies find it difficult to dispose of their used cans in hotels and canteens and to create enough storage space that is required. This paper deals with the operations, the design and structural analysis of can crusher. A Can crusher is a device to reduce large material object into a smaller volume. The crusher reduces the size or change the form of waste materials so that they can be disposed off or recycled easily. The Can crushing machine is designed to crush aluminum waste cans by 80%. reduction in volume. It is used primarily to ease transportation of aluminum waste for recycling purposes. The machine is designed to smash an empty can of diameter 65mm and height 120mm to height of between 25mm to 30mm. It uses compressed air for its operations with the following component parts: pneumatic cylinder, solenoid valve, control unit and hoses. The cans are fed into the hopper and the cans travel in an orderly manner through the chute into the crushing chamber. The air compressor through the pneumatic cylinder supplies the required crushing force. The crushed cans drop through the created space into the collection tray below the crushing chamber Keywords: Belt Pulley, Cans Components, crushing machine, Quick return mechanism

Effect of Controllable Parameters on the Tribological Behavior of Ceramic Particulate Reinforced Aluminium Metal Matrix Composites: A Review

The inherent properties of ceramic type of reinforcements such as high fracture toughness, high corrosive resistance, improved wear resistance make it suitable as reinforcements inMetal Matrix Composites (MMC).This review article summarizes the wear behavior of ceramic particulate reinforced Aluminium Metal Matrix Composites (Al-MMC). The influence of material factors such as type of ceramic reinforcement, size and volume fraction; mechanical parameters such as sliding velocity, sliding distance and applied load on the wear behavior of Al-MMC have been discussed. The reduction in wear rate due to formation of tribolayer between the contact surfaces has been reviewed in the current study.Literature revealed that uniform distribution of hard ceramic particles (B4C, SiC) and solid lubricants (Gr, MoS2, Boron Nitride) as hybrid reinforcements can adequately enhanced the wear behavior of mating surfaces. The study illustrates that Al-MMC exclusively hybrid MMC can be treated as preeminent material for design of brake discs, piston-cylinder arrangements which require high specific strength and wear resistance.

Effect of Piston Diameter on Internal Combustion Engine Having Six Cylinders

Earlier as in the case of petrol or diesel engine when more power is required or if there are some kind of unwanted exhaust emission then oversized pistons are used which are generally larger in diameter as compared to standard one. This paper mainly based on change in performance of the internal combustion engine having six cylinders by changing the diameter of piston. This paper compares various piston diameter performance in which we keep the friction power constant. This IC engine is work on 4-stroke diesel engine having 6 number of piston cylinder arrangement and for supply of diesel, rotary fuel injection system with KBS for cold start is use.

Experimental and Numerical Investigations of Synthetic Jet Used for Electronic Cooling

Cooling of electronics and micro-electronics devices is an important task in our present world. Synthetic jet is a relatively new technique for electronic chip cooling which synthesizes stagnant air to form a jet resulted from periodic oscillations of a diaphragm in a cavity. Synthetic jet cooling increases the rate of heat transfer as compared to other cooling techniques. The impingement heat transfer characteristics of a synthetic jet is studying in this work. Synthetic jet is driven by a piston-cylinder arrangement a through circular nozzle for the impingement of jet on the heated surface. Air is considered as the cooling medium. Heat flux is taken as 8000W/m2. Numerical simulations and experimental methods are conducted to study the effect of various distance between the orifice and the heated plated(Z). A circular orifice is used to study the characteristics of convective heat transfer. The results are verified by the time history of convective heat transfer characteristic and validated with experimental results. The model was simulated to investigate the dispersion of heat flow on the walls using a mathematical turbulent model of k- ω SST. The Reynolds number (Re) is in the range of 4000-8000 based on average velocity, while the normalized impinging distance varies between 2D to 10 D The results shows the significant influence of Z/D ratio and sinusoidal wave frequencies to the heat transfer rate obtained. Experimental and numerical investigations is carried out to study the variation of Nusselt number with jet velocity. It is found that the Z/D ratio at 6 gives the maximum amount of cooling for a flat plate.

Electrochemo-magneto abrasive flow machine setup fabrication and experimental investigation of the process alongwith mathematical modeling and optimization

In abrasive flow machining, there are two sets of piston-cylinder arrangements, i.e. machine and media. the machine ram pushes the media piston two and fro so that media filled inside it flows past the inner wall of workpiece and the material is removed. The extrusion pressure is the main mechanism of material removal. Various authors have made the process more effective in terms of material removal and surface roughness by providing rotational and magnetic force.

Effect of cylinder-liner rotation on wear rate: An experimental study

In rotating cylinder-piston system, the largest losses source is frictional losses, accounting for 50% of the total frictional losses, thus it is important to optimize. Effect of incremental rotation of a cylinder liner on its wear rate was investigated. The engine speed, load and the cylinder rotating angle were the main parameter. The results showed that the wear rate may be reduced to the half simply by rotating cylinder liner every six hours’ time interval of working. The test was carried out in pairs using a piston cylinder with movable liner and compared to a standard cylinder liner (fixed liner). Angles of 60o, 120o, 180o, 240o, and 300o were used for incremental movement. The same operating conditions for two cylinders were maintained for the purpose of comparison. Beneficial effects of reducing the wear rate for all components of the piston-cylinder arrangement associated with incremental rotational movement of a cylinder linear were noticed. A decrease in wear rate was obvious in the cylinder liner in rotation angles of 120o and 240o and it is almost one-fourth of the wear that occurs in the stationary cylinder liner.

Wear Characteristics and Temperature Analysis of Alloy Steel Using Self-Developed Wear Testing Machine

Much mechanical equipment/components are subjected to sliding and rolling contact in real-time applications. Automobile components, railways, gears manufacturing industries, valves, belt drives, bearings, machinery guideways, piston-cylinder arrangements, etc. are the few critical sliding and rolling components which are continuously subjected to sliding wear. Much mechanical equipment’s failure occurred due to wear-related problems. Therefore, we have developed a new type of machine for both types of wear failure. In this paper, various wear mechanisms have been discussed with the help previous published research works and textbooks. The wear testing machine is useful for studying the effect of different heat treatments such as shot peening on the surface of alloy steels, and composite materials wear behaviors.

Experimental analysis of turbine-chamber coupling for wave energy conversion

A bidirectional axial-flow impulse turbine installed in an oscillating water column raises the question of damping at different wave conditions. This article reports unsteady performances of such a turbine in an airflow test rig. The rig has a piston-cylinder arrangement, and the piston, when reciprocating, generates the oscillatory airflow. At a very low wave height (piston stroke length, <0.4 m), the turbine speed is very low. Time series analysis of pressure drop and speed are reported for higher stroke lengths, which shows the rate of increase and decrease in velocity of the turbine. Furthermore, the turbine pressure coefficient and the damping characteristics of the test rig chamber were estimated. Finally, the chamber damping verifies that the turbine-chamber coupling effect is reciprocal.

Design and Analysis of Powered Ankle-Foot Mechanism Using Hydraulic System

Currently available foot prosthesis model are more than 50 in number. In order to perform some extraordinary errands, for example, strolling, moving, cycling, golfing, swimming, snow skiing or running they are employed. Many are waterproof and made of lightweight materials, for example, plastic, metal combinations and carbon-fiber composites. Prosthetic feet can be essential (unmoving), explained (moving in at least one bearings), or element reaction (putting away and returning vitality when strolling, giving a feeling of "pushing off," much like the human foot). However there are certain problems which are not completely tackled by the currently available prosthesis for which the walking pattern remains strongly disturbed. Today's prosthetic feet may have toe and heel springs to permit more lower leg development and movable heel statures, and to assimilate stun but the load distribution is not proper which leads to fatigue. In this paper, a powered ankle-foot prosthesis mechanism that aims at the equal distribution of the load using a hydraulic system in order to store the energy in the spring over the movement of prosthetic ankle was presented. Although the prosthetic foot presented in this paper is driven by an electric-motor it is made lighter and robust than the currently available ones. Some primary experiments were conducted by taking the forces acting to account. A 3-D model of the proposed design was made using piston cylinder arrangement in order to get a real ankle like movement, thereafter the stress analysis of the same was done and results were discussed.

Characterization and tracking control of a nonlinear electrohydraulic valve-cylinder system

It is well known that simple proportional, integral, and derivative control yields poor tracking performance due to the friction- and flow-related nonlinearities in electrohydraulic servo-systems. Nonlinear effects are more significant in proportional valve having deadband and non-matched ports with potential application in systems with complex ground friction in off-road vehicles or complex inertia loads in simulators meant for pilot training. A feedforward-based controller has been designed here by performing a number of characterization experiments for achieving good tracking performance overcoming severe nonlinearities. An algebraic model of friction has been developed for including hysteresis beyond the static friction zone in a double-rod piston-cylinder arrangement. A proportional valve with non-matched ports and large deadband has been characterized in terms of command signal to flow gains for each metered port and a leakage coefficient. Also, a dynamic model for the valve with embedded control has been constructed. All these models have been integrated together to predict the piston-motion dynamics. A simple theoretical analysis with a fixed command excitation revealed that following the initial transients a sustained oscillation over a constant mean piston velocity could exist for low pump pressure and valve damping due to the flow-motion coupling. The bandwidth and damping coefficient of the valve flow have been estimated through a comparison between the predicted and experimentally measured piston displacement variation with time. Besides evaluating the feedforward using the algebraic friction model along with assuming incompressible flow and negligible valve leakage, the predictions of the complete model were used to ascertain the proportional, integral, and derivative gains to be implemented in real-time control. Up to 0.5 Hz sinusoidal excitation, the proposed control revealed excellent tracking performance. Controls with only proportional, integral, and derivative and proportional, integral, and derivative together with feedforward exhibited noticeable phase shifts, respectively, from frequencies 0.0625 Hz and 0.6 Hz. Hence, the proposed controller can be useful in low-cost, low-power, precision applications up to 0.5 Hz input excitations.

Effect of operating frequency and phase angle on performance of Alpha Stirling cryocooler driven by a novel compact mechanism

Amongst the mechanical cryocoolers in use, Stirling cycle cryocoolers exhibit the desirable features such as high efficiency, low specific power consumption, small size and mass and large mean time before failure. Stirling cycle cryocooler of Alpha configuration exhibits better theoretical performance as compared to Gamma. However, the theory could not be put into practice due to unavailability of compatible drive mechanism for Alpha cryocooler providing large stroke to diameter ratio. The concept of novel compact drive mechanism can be made functional to operate miniature Alpha Stirling cryocoolers. It allows the use of multicylinder system while converting rotary motion to reciprocating. This permits the drive mechanism to be employed for driving different configurations of Stirling cryocooler simultaneously. This drive is capable of providing large stroke to diameter ratio compared to other drive mechanisms generally in use for the purpose. A stroke to diameter ratio of three is chosen in the present work and the drive dimensions are calculated for four piston-cylinder arrangements with 90° phase difference between adjacent arrangements providing two Alpha Stirling cryocoolers working simultaneously. It has to be noted that the coolers operate at half the frequency of the motor used. As the two coolers operate at phase difference of 180°, during compression stroke of one unit, the suction stroke occurs for the other unit. Due to power output of second unit, the combined peak torque requirement falls by 26.81% below the peak torque needed when one unit is operated separately. This allows for use of a comparatively lower torque motor. The practicability of the drive ensuring smooth operation of the system is decided based on comparison between torque availability from the motor and torque requirement of the complete unit.The second order method of cyclic (or thermodynamic) analysis provides a simple computational procedure useful for the design of Stirling cryocooler and is adopted for the present theoretical investigations. An appropriate choice of the equations to compute different losses, from available co-relations, is made in accordance with the conditions existing in the present system. The effects of operating frequency and phase angle between compressor and expander pistons are presented in this paper. The cryocooler performance enhances with increase in operating frequency. However, cryocooler operation at 24 Hz (motor operation at 48 Hz) is considered for theoretical performance prediction. The maximum net refrigeration effect as well as COP is available at phase angle of 81° However, it is essential to fix the phase angle at 90° for both the cryocoolers for the positive functioning of drive mechanism.

Experimental Investigation of the Evolution and Head-On Collision of Elliptic Vortex Rings

The head-on collision process of elliptic vortex rings was experimentally investigated using flow-visualization technique as well as particle image velocimetry (PIV). Elliptic vortex rings were generated by the movement of a free moving elliptic piston–cylinder arrangement. It was found that the Q value is positive in the vortex core region while negative in the regions around the vortex core, which indicates the rotational effect is dominated in the vortex core and strain effect is dominated around the vortex core. When two elliptic vortex rings move toward each other, both rings slow down and expand in diameter direction until they merge and expand in diameter direction rapidly. The collision process of two elliptic vortex rings and the newly generated vortex structure after collision are dominated by the elliptic vortex ring with larger aspect ratio and the trajectories of vortex core almost coincide in different Reynolds numbers.

Negative vortices: The formation of vortex rings with reversed rotation in viscoelastic liquids

The formation process of vortex rings in a viscoelastic liquid is studied experimentally considering a piston-cylinder arrangement. Initially, a vortex ring begins to form as fluid is injected from the cylinder into the tank in a manner similar to that observed for Newtonian liquids. For later times, when the piston ceases its motion, the flow changes dramatically. A secondary vortex with reversed spinning direction appears and grows to be as large in size as the original one. The formation process is studied by contrasting the evolution with that obtained for Newtonian liquids with equivalent Reynolds numbers and stroke ratios. We argue that the reversing flow, or negative vortex, results from the combined action of shear and extension rates produced during the vortex formation, in a process similar to that observed behind ascending bubbles and falling spheres in viscoelastic media.

A Cost-Effective Wind Power-Driven RO Plant for Treatment of Brackish Water

Desalination has often been perceived as a high cost means of producing water. Reason being that some of the water treatment methods use electricity to run a pump as in Reverse Osmosis system and some uses thermal energy to produce steam as in Multi Effect Distillation. High cost and less availability of conventional fuels has attracted the focus of researchers to explore other unconventional means and methods to purify water. This paper explores the possibility of using wind power for water treatment. In costal countries, tremendous wind power is available at the coastline which may be used to drive a RO plant. In India particularly, the average wind speed calculated along the coastlines of Gujarat state gives a fair idea about potential of energy that can be generated. This energy can be harnessed to run a rotating pump, or a piston-cylinder arrangement coupled with RO module to provide the necessary pressure required to push saline water through the membrane. Along the western coast of India there is an abundance of wind energy to capitulate high amount of energy in terms of electrical Power. If the rotor diameter is 4 feet (1.3 m) and located at a height of 8 feet (2.5 m), each wind turbine may produce power of around 2 KW. This power may be used to run the reciprocating pump which provides pressure to the RO Apparatus. The paper describes recent advancements in the wind industries technology to produce electrical energy at low cost but it concentrates more on coupling wind energy directly with RO module to save energy conversion cost which is a seldom or different approach than converting electrical energy to mechanical energy for running of RO system.