Piper Trilinear Diagram Research Articles

Hydrogeochemical processes in the groundwater environment of Batlagundu block, Dindigul district, Tamil Nadu: conventional graphical and multivariate statistical approach

Water quality assessment is essential to ensure viable safe use of the resources for drinking, agricultural and industrial purposes. Deterioration of groundwater quality due to anthropogenic activities is increasing at an alarming rate in most parts of Dindigul district, but limited work has been carried out on groundwater quality and monitoring. This paper highlights the groundwater quality and compares its suitability for drinking and irrigation purpose of Batlagundu block in Dindigul district of Tamil Nadu. Eighteen groundwater samples were collected systematically in triplicates during the year 2013–2014. The physical and chemical parameters of the analytical results of groundwater were compared with the standard guideline values recommended by the Bureau of Indian Standards and World Health Organization for irrigational suitability, domestic usage. Further hydrogeochemical data have been plotted in standard graphs such as Piper trilinear diagram, US Salinity Laboratory (USSL), Giggenbach triangle diagram and Schoeller diagram. The mathematical models are used to estimate water quality parameters and to describe realistic water situations. It is proved that electrical conductance is an important water quality parameter. Hydrofacies diagram reported that alkaline earths (Ca2+ and Mg2+) significantly exceed the alkalis (Na+ and K+), while acids of (Cl− and HCO3−) exceed the acids of (SO42− and CO32−). Therefore, the chemical compositions of the study area were characterized by the Ca–Mg–HCO3 water type and Na–Cl type. USSL diagram of the study area revealed that most of the sampling sites possess high salinity and low-to-medium sodium hazard indicated that water samples are poorly suitable for usual agropurposes. Giggenbach triangular diagram indicated that the samples have not gained equilibrium with their host rocks, presumably due to fact circulation of fluid through the rock features. The present research work thus concludes that groundwater in the study area is chemically unsuitable for domestic and agricultural uses. It is recommended to carry out a continuous water quality monitoring program and development of effective management practices for utilization of water resources.

Applying multivariate statistics for identification of groundwater resources and qualities in NW Turkey.

This study, performed in Çanakkale-Ezine in NW of Turkey, analyzes the physicochemical properties of 37 groundwater wells. These 37 wells were chosen to represent each geological unit in the study area. The main purpose of the study and its contribution to the literature is to produce information about the resources and availability of groundwater by using multivariate statistical methods and lithology. For determination hydrochemical facies of groundwater, Piper trilinear diagram was used. Gibbs diagram was applied for determining the mechanism of groundwater chemistry and diagram showed that the interaction of rock-water is more dominant in the study area. Multivariate statistics were applied to physicochemical properties for identification origins of waters. According to the Piper diagram, 16 of the wells were identified as Ca-HCO3 type, 13 of them as Ca-Cl type, 5 of them as mixed Ca-Mg-Cl type, 2 of them as Na-Cl type, and 1 as Ca-Na-HCO3 type. In the study with the purpose of determining the resources of groundwater, the physicochemical properties of the wells are analyzed with hierarchical cluster (HCA) and non-hierarchical cluster (K-means) methods, and the resources are associated with the lithology based on these methods. A total of 37 wells are divided into five different clusters through the HCA method. Further, for the interpretation of the resources of the groundwater, the facies of the waters on the Piper diagram are evaluated based on the five clusters generated through the HCA method and on the lithology. In the study, the results obtained from the K-means method are not significant and in line with the lithology for the interpretation of the resources of the groundwater. In conclusion, this study with limited dataset reveals that using HCA method is very effective to identify the origins of groundwater and present the association with lithology.

Hydrochemical characterization of groundwater to align with sustainable development goals in the Emirate of Dubai, UAE

The Emirate of Dubai is facing ongoing challenges in managing its limited groundwater resources which are mainly used for irrigation and commercial uses whilst domestic supply is largely met by desalinated water. A groundwater investigation was carried out in the emirate with the objective to establish baseline data for the implementation of groundwater management policy. Seventy groundwater samples were collected from a sandy unconfined aquifer in the emirate during March–April 2016, a season which corresponds with post-rain time. The samples were analyzed for 26 physico-chemical, major ions, trace elements and biological parameters. The analysis help classifying groundwater quality into different zones varying from fresh to brackish and saline towards the shoreline sabkhas. The graphical assessment confirmed groundwater to be highly mineralized due to increased resident time, rock–water interaction, irrigation returns and lack of replenishment due to rainfall. Graphical plots and statistical analysis techniques were employed to infer the basic characteristic and genesis of the groundwater. Chemical classification of groundwater was carried out using a Piper trilinear diagram which classified groundwater into predominantly Na–Cl facies type. Various graphs suggest ion-exchange, reverse ion-exchange and evaporation processes drive within groundwater environment. The suitability of groundwater for drinking and irrigation usages was tested using standard techniques. Finally, GIS techniques were employed to process the data and subsequently employed in groundwater management issues such as setting groundwater protection zones, a groundwater monitoring plan and a public awareness program. The hydrogeological investigation coupled with GIS technique gives more insight and reliable information which paved the way to implement various government policies for priority-wise sustainable groundwater management with high accuracy.

Assessment of water quality in and around Jia-Bharali river basin, North Brahmaputra Plain, India, using multivariate statistical technique

The present study envisages the application of multivariate analysis, water utility class and conventional graphical representation to reveal the hidden factor responsible for deterioration of water quality and determine the hydrochemical facies of water sources in Jia-Bharali river basin, North Brahmaputra Plain, India. Fifty groundwater and 35 surface water samples were collected and analyzed for 15 parameters viz pH, TDS, hardness, COD, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, Fe, HCO3−, Cl−, SO42−, NO3−, PO43− and F− for a period of 3 hydrological years (2009–2011) in six different seasons (three wet and three dry). The results were evaluated and compared with WHO and BIS water quality standards. Except Fe (> 0.3 mg/L), all parameters were found well within the desirable limit of WHO and BIS for drinking water. Ca2+ and HCO3− were dominant ions among cations and anions. The piper trilinear diagram classified majority of water samples for both seasons fall in the fields of Ca2+–Mg2+–HCO3− water type indicating temporary hardness. Varimax factors extracted by principal component analysis indicates anthropogenic (domestic and agricultural runoff) and geogenic influences on the trace elements. Hierarchical cluster analysis grouped water sources into three statistically significant clusters based on the similarity of water quality characteristics. This study illustrates the usefulness of multivariate statistical techniques for analysis and interpretation of complex datasets, and in water quality assessment, identification of pollution sources/factors and understanding temporal/spatial variations in water quality for effective water quality management.

Analysis of the hydro-chemical characteristics and origin of the karst groundwater, East Jinan city

Understanding of the hydrochemical characteristics of the groundwater provides insight into the interaction of water with the environment. In this study, twenty-four groundwater samples were collected from study area analysed for various chemical parameters such as pH, K+, Na+, Ca1+, Mg2+, SO42−, HCO3−, Cl−, TDS, TH. The objective of the study was to determine the groundwater hydrochemical facies and the main hydrochemical processes of governing the groundwater chemistry. The groundwater samples fall within the Ca-Mg-HCO3 and Ca-Mg-Cl type in Piper trilinear diagram. Water-rock interaction and anthropogenic activities appear to be the major processes controlling the groundwater chemistry.

Hydrogeophysical and hydrochemical characteristics of Pliocene groundwater aquifer at the area northwest El Sadat city, West Nile Delta, Egypt

Due to the overpopulation in the main cities and shortage of water in Egypt, finding new possible reclamation areas becomes an urgent necessity. The area northwest of El Sadat city can be considered one of the most promising new reclamation areas. This study focuses on detecting the groundwater aquifers, delineating the best localities to drill groundwater boreholes, and evaluation of the groundwater quality. To achieve these goals, an integrated study of vertical electric sounding (VES), time domain electromagnetic (TEM) sounding, and hydrochemical analyses has been executed. The results show that the Pliocene aquifer is the main groundwater aquifer in the survey area where it is divided into two sub-aquifers. The first aquifer is encountered at depth ranging from 30 m to 70 m, where it's thickness range is 20–60 m and its resistivity is varying from 28 to 70 Ωm. The second aquifer is recorded at depth range from 95 m to 135 m with resistivity values of 33–57 Ωm.Moreover, the suitability of 57 groundwater boreholes for drinking and irrigation purposes was assessed as they were compared with the known standard guidelines values. Piper's tri-linear diagram shows the dominance of Alkaline earth (Ca2++Mg2+) and strong acids (SO42− + Cl−) in most of the water samples. According to the concentrations of major ions, the water types in the area are: CaHCO3 (22.8%), CaSO4 (17.5%), NaSO4 (15.8%), NaCl (14.0%), CaCl (14.0%), NaHCO3 (10.5%), MgHCO3 (3.5%), and MgSO4 (1.8%). The electric conductivity (EC) and the total dissolved solids (TDS) values suggest fresh to brackish water. The groundwater is classified according to its total hardness (TH) based on the calcium carbonate concentration into moderately hard, hard and very hard water. Water quality indices such sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), sodium content (SC), permeability index (PI), and residual sodium carbonate (RSC) were considered to evaluate the groundwater quality for agricultural activities. These parameters suggest a safe and suitable groundwater for agricultural activities. Before exploitation further studies are however essential in order to establish a sustainable level of abstraction from the aquifer, as well as assessing the vulnerability to protect it from pollution.

Hydrogeochemical characterization and evaluation of groundwater quality in Kangayam taluk, Tirupur district, Tamil Nadu, India, using GIS techniques

The main objective of the present study is to evaluate the hydrogeochemical characteristics of groundwater and its suitability for drinking water supply in Kangayam taluk, Tirupur district, Tamil Nadu, India. To achieve this objective, seventy-eight groundwater samples were collected from the wells spread over the study area during December 2016. The collected groundwater samples were tested in the laboratory for various hydrogeochemical parameters such as hydrogen ion concentration (pH), electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, total hardness, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate, carbonate, nitrate, sulphate and fluoride. The analytical results were compared with WHO drinking water standards to assess the suitability of groundwater for drinking purposes. To understand the spatial variation of hydrogeochemical parameters over the study area, choropleth (zonation) maps were prepared using geographical information system (GIS). Overall groundwater quality zones were demarcated by overlaying and integrating all the spatial plots using GIS. Three groundwater quality zones such as (1) most desirable, (2) maximum allowable and (3) not permissible were demarcated based on the limits prescribed by the WHO for drinking purposes. This study indicates that 49% of the study area does not possess potable groundwater. About 21% of the area represents "most desirable" category, and the remaining 30% area represents "maximum allowable" category for drinking purposes. The Piper's trilinear diagram indicates that groundwater of this region is Mixed CaMgCl type. As the groundwater quality is poor nearly 49% of the total area, it is necessary to go for treatment before drinking water supply. It is also essential to recharge the aquifer artificially to improve the quantity and quality of groundwater.

Shallow alluvial aquifers for drinking and agricultural purposes: a case study from Jia Bharali River Basin, North Brahmaputra Plain, India

A preliminary assessment of groundwater quality for drinking and irrigational purposes in the lower Jia Bharali river catchment and adjoining areas of North Brahmaputra Plain, India, was carried out with respect to major cations, anions, and trace elements. Water samples from 50 shallow alluvial dug wells were collected in wet and dry seasons for a period of 3 hydrological years (2008–2011). Seasonal analysis showed major cation and anion contents in a definite trend across the basin as Ca: 4.2–68.9 mg/L > Na 1.9–62.5 mg/L > Mg:1.0–29.2 mg/L > K (1.3–26.1 mg/L) and HCO3 (16–118 mg/L) > Cl (2.8–138.3 mg/L) > SO4 (1.2–99.5 mg/L) > PO4 (BDL—1.50 mg/L) > NO3 (BDL—1.20 mg/L) within WHO acceptable limit for drinking water in all the seasons. Low SAR ( 60% and Kelly’s Index > 1. However, majority of the wells were found not suitable for drinking as well as irrigational purposes due to the presence of trace elements Cd (BDL—0.070 mg/L), Cr (BDL—0.24 mg/L), Fe (0.10–11.76 mg/L), Mn (BDL—1.37 mg/L), Ni (BDL—0.18 mg/L), and Pb (BDL—0.22 mg/L) beyond their respective standard limits. Piper trilinear diagram identified the major hydrochemical facies of the groundwater as alkaline earths (Ca, Mg) and weak acids (HCO3) over alkalis (Na, K) and strong acids (SO4, Cl).

Hydrogeochemical evolution of groundwater in a Quaternary sediment and Cretaceous sandstone unconfined aquifer in Northwestern China

A better understanding of the hydrogeochemical evolution of groundwater in vulnerable aquifers is important for the protection of water resources. To assess groundwater chemistry, groundwater sampling was performed from different representative aquifers in 2012–2013. A Piper trilinear diagram showed that the groundwater types can be classified into Na–SO4 and Na–Cl types. Only one groundwater sample was Na–HCO3 type. The dominant cations for all samples were Na+. However, the dominant anions varied from HCO3− to SO42−, and as well Cl−. The mean total dissolved solid (TDS) content of groundwater in the region was 1889 mg/L. Thus, only 20% of groundwater samples meet Chinese drinking water standards (< 1000 mg/L). Principal component analysis (PCA) combined with hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and self-organizing maps (SOM) were applied for the classification of the groundwater geochemistry. The three first principal components explained 58, 20, and 16% of the variance, respectively. The first component reflects sulfate minerals (gypsum, anhydrite) and halite dissolution, and/or evaporation in the shallow aquifer. The second and third components are interpreted as carbonate rock dissolution. The reason for two factors is that the different aquifers give rise to different degree of hydrogeochemical evolution (different travel distances and travel times). Identified clusters for evolution characteristic and influencing factors were confirmed by the PCA–HCA methods. Using information from eight ion components and SOM, formation mechanisms and influencing factors for the present groundwater quality were determined.

Hydrogeochemical characterization and assessment of water suitability for drinking and irrigation in crystalline rocks of Mothkur region, Telangana State, South India

The present study confers the chemical quality of groundwater and surface water of Mothkur region, Telangana State, for drinking and irrigational purposes. Mothkur region is geologically occupied by the Archaean crystalline terrain. Most of the population depends on groundwater for their daily needs especially for drinking, house needs and irrigation purposes. For this reason, twenty-five groundwater and five surface water samples were collected and analysed for pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids (TDS), total hardness (TH) bicarbonate (HCO3−), chloride (Cl−), sulphate (SO42−), fluoride (F−), calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+), sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+). The results are evaluated and compared with WHO and BIS water quality standards. Based on obtained results 32%, 20%, 28% and 4% of groundwater samples are not recommended for drinking with reference to the concentrations of fluoride, TDS, TH and Cl−, respectively. Base-exchange indices and meteoric genesis indices classified 67% and 33% of the water sources as the Na+–HCO3− type and deep meteoric water percolation type, respectively. Piper trilinear diagram for geochemical classification indicates 44% and 60% of groundwater and surface water samples of Ca2+–Na+–HCO3− type and 29% belong to Na+–HCO3− types. Multivariate graphical methods have been carried out using the United States Salinity Laboratory diagram, Wilcox diagram, sodium adsorption ratio, per cent sodium (%Na), residual sodium carbonate and permeability index which indicate that majority of groundwater samples are useful for irrigation purposes.

Assessment of groundwater facies in Wates Coastal Area, Kulon Progo, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

The groundwater quality in Wates coastal area is generally a good category but there are high salinity values at some locations. The chemical quality of groundwater from place to place is different. The difference of water quality is a major problem in the study area. A total of 27 groundwater samples were collected in August, 2017. Geochemical signatures of groundwater were used to analyze the major ionic concentrations in the groundwater, to identify the dominant hydrogeochemical processes, and to determine the relationship between groundwater flow and spatial distribution of water types. Hierarchical Cluster analysis and Schoeller diagram, Gibbs plots, Scatter diagrams, and Piper Trilinear diagram were employed to evaluate the hydrogeochemical evolution of groundwater. In Schoeller diagrams, the relative tendency of ions in meq/L shows Na + > Mg 2+ > Ca 2+ > K + and HCO 3 - >Cl - > SO 4 2- trends, typically in saline water. Gibbs diagram reveals that the groundwater chemistry is mainly controlled by rock weathering with secondary contribution from evaporation source. Based on the results of Hierarchical Cluster analysis and Piper diagram, dominant hydrogeochemical facies in the study area are Ca-HCO 3 , Na-Cl, and Ca-Na-HCO 3 types. Ca-HCO 3 facies are almost throughout the study area and the evolution of groundwater was mainly controlled by the silicate weathering process. Na-Cl water types are grouping in the study area influenced by cation exchange and evaporation processes, while Ca-Na-HCO 3 types are locally grouping with silicate weathering and cation exchange processes. The geology implies that common silicate minerals are found everywhere in the study area. In fact, the distributions of groundwater facies are related to the local geology, which may result in different hydrochemical processes. In addition, lithology is very influential on the existence of groundwater in the study area

Assessment of groundwater quality with special emphasis on nitrate contamination in parts of Varanasi City, Uttar Pradesh, India

In the current study, an effort was made to assess the geochemistry of groundwater by random collection of the samples from 15 different borewells located in various parts of Varanasi City, Uttar Pradesh, India. Geology of the study region is dominated by Quaternary alluvial sediments of Pleistocene to recent times where the younger alluvium receives fresh deposits of silt, clay and loam from periodic flood events. Ca–Mg–HCO3was inferred as major hydrogeochemical facies from Piper trilinear diagram. Ca–Mg type and HCO3− type were the dominating cation and anion facies, respectively. Hydrogeochemistry reveals that the cation abundance follows the order Na+> Mg2+ > Ca2+ > K+ and anion abundance HCO3− > Cl− > NO3− > SO42− > F−. As per Gibb’s plot, chemical weathering of rock minerals is affecting the quality of groundwater. Overall, most of the samples for majority of parameters lie within the allowable limits as set by WHO (guideline for drinking water quality, fourth edn, WHO, Geneva, p 340, 2004) except nitrate, which varied in the range of 40.32–78.97 mg/l. 80% of the groundwater samples in which nitrate exceeded beyond acceptable limit (50 mg/l), as per WHO standard, which may be due to poor sewerage, human excreta leakage from septic tanks, poorly maintained disposal of solid waste locally, agricultural activities, wastewater irrigation and irrigation runoff. The Water quality index (WQI) value of the study region depicts that 93% samples lie in the category of excellent water and 7% in good water category. Good positive correlation of NO3–Cl (r = 0.60) and Na–NO3 (r = 0.55) signifies an anthropogenic input of these ions into the subsurface water of the study region. The various indices such as electrical conductivity (EC), salinity, percent sodium, sodium absorption ratio (SAR), residual sodium carbonate (RSC), permeability index (PI), Kelly’s ratio and magnesium ratio are used to check the fitness of ground water for irrigation uses which shows that groundwater samples of the study region is good to permissible for agricultural uses.

Monitoring and assessment of groundwater quality in a khondalitic terrain, Andhra Pradesh, India.

The groundwater quality assessment for the drinking and irrigation purpose is carried out in the Kandivalasa River Sub Basin covered with khondalitic suite (Garneti ferrous, Sillimanite, Gneiss) of rocks, near Cheepurupalli town of Vizianagaram district, Andhra Pradesh, India. The analysis for the groundwater quality for drinking has shown the slightly alkaline nature and high values of alkalinity in the study area. A very high concentration of total dissolved solids value is observed at one pocket where there has been contaminationby many fertilizer industries located nearby the study area. The groundwater is highly affected by the nitrate. Higher fluoride values are obtained at few pockets. Most of the samples in the study area are categorized as very hard category. According to the Piper trilinear diagram, it can be observed that the carbonate hardness and secondary salinity have occupied at major part of study area. From the analysis of sodium adsorption ratio, salinity hazard, sodium percentage, residual sodium carbonate, and Kelly's ratio, all the groundwater samples except at few locations fell under the category of good to excellent for irrigation. The prepared integrated groundwater quality maps for the drinking purpose and agricultural purposes are indicating that, by and large, the low-lying areas are having poor groundwater quality than the uplands for drinking as well as agricultural needs which means that the groundwater quality of the basin is following the topography.

Groundwater salinization process in the coastal aquifer Sidi Abed-Ouled Ghanem (Province of El Jadida, Morocco)

In this work, the salinization mechanisms were highlighted in the coastal area between Sidi Abed and Ouled Ghanem (El Jadida Province, Morocco). This study was based on analyzing and discussing the physicochemical data of water samples from 73 wells distributed in the whole studied region. Firstly, the results of the principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) showed that the study area is composed of three main groups. This classification is firstly based on the proximity of the wells to the seawater. In fact, it was found that the first and second groups of wells which are located in the coastal fringe are characterized by high concentration of sodium and chloride and EC values whereas lower values are found in the third group that is located in upstream. Moreover, the results also showed the influence of the hydrogeological characteristics of the area where the wells are located on the composition of the water samples. The evaluation of the hydrochemical facies using Piper trilinear diagram have also confirmed these results and showed the probable contribution of seawater intrusion in the modification of wells composition by ion exchange process and by increasing the concentration of sodium and chloride. Then, the groundwater quality were assessed using Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) and sodium percentage (Na %) parameters. In order to define the salinization processes occurring in the aquifer, the binary diagrams between chloride and the other elements were plotted. It was found that the groundwater is contaminated by seawater intrusion which is accompanied by ions exchange depending on the hydrogeological characteristics of the area.

Groundwater quality mapping using geographic information system in Trichy district, Tamilnadu, India

Abstract Aquifers in general are prone to contamination due to various factors including anthropogenic activities; monitoring the water quality by cost-effective techniques is of great significance and use. To study the water quality of around 100 open wells in Trichy district, Tamilnadu, India, the analytical tool ‘geographical information system’ (GIS) was applied and the outcome analyzed. The district, based on the soil type, is categorized into three regions viz: unconsolidated (Recent), semi consolidated (Cretaceous to Miocene) and consolidated (Archaean), and this technique was applied for the water samples collected in those regions. A spatial variation in well waters in the district was studied using GIS based on 15 physico-chemical parameters. For the three regions in the district, the water quality information maps of the entire district have been prepared using a spatial interpolation technique for these parameters. Statistical analyses carried out for the parameters and the character of water related to source of supply and changes in water qualities are discussed. Also the Piper tri-linear diagram is plotted, which shows the essential chemical character of the groundwater in these open wells. The condition of the groundwater has been categorized as good, moderate and poor in the respective maps for the pre and post-monsoon seasons, with the perspective of location of the site as well as in the nature of aquifer formation. Suggestion is given for the strategies for the development and preservation of the groundwater condition in this region.

Hydrochemical characteristics and spatial analysis of groundwater quality in parts of Bundelkhand Massif, India

The tribulations of water quality have become more serious than the quantity, as the environmental evils are getting more severe day by day in different parts of the world. Large number of components like soil, geology, sewage disposal, effluents and other environmental conditions in which the water tends to reside or move and interact with ground and biological characteristics, greatly persuade the groundwater quality. Therefore, hydrochemical study has been carried out graphically and spatially in GIS environment in part of Bundelkhand Massif. The hydrochemical study exposes the water quality by measuring the concentration of parameters and comparing them with the drinking water and irrigation standards. Groundwater samples have been collected and analysed for physiochemical characteristics in order to understand the hydrochemistry of the water. The results revealed that ground water is alkaline in nature and total hardness observed in all samples falls under moderately hard to very hard category. At some places higher concentration of Cl− could be dangerous from health point of view. Major hydrochemical facies were identified using Piper Trilinear diagram and Durov diagrams, etc. Analysis of different determinations such as sodium adsorption ratio, residual sodium carbonate and per cent sodium revealed that most of the samples are unsuitable for irrigation. It was also observed that the quality of groundwater was not suitable for drinking purpose in industrial and irrigation area. In the area, few sampling sites showed unsuitability because of influences of urban and industrial waste discharge, aquifer material mineralogy, other anthropogenic activities and increased human interventions.

Geoinformatics based groundwater quality assessment for domestic and irrigation uses of the Western Doon valley, Uttarakhand, India

Hydrogeochemical investigation was carried out in the Western Doon valley, to understand the geochemistry of the groundwater and to assess the overall physic-chemical characteristics. To attempt this goal, 50 groundwater samples of dug well and tube well were collected using pre-cleaned polyethylene containers from the different geological formations of the study area. The physical and chemical parameters of the analytical results of groundwater samples were compared with the standard guideline values recommended by the World Health Organization for drinking and public health standards. Thematic layers pertaining to Ca2+, Mg2+, NO3- and total hardness (TH) were generated using GIS platform. The hydrochemistry of groundwater quality for drinking purpose was evaluated by plotting the cations, anions in the Piper's Trilinear diagram, which indicates the alkaline and weak acids dominance, and carbonate hardness exceeds 50%. Expanded durov diagram implies Ca2+–HCO3- dominance, indicating recharging of water in sandstone aquifer. Based on the hydrogeochemical analysis for irrigation quality, certain parameters like carbonate hardness, sodium adsorption ratio, sodium percent, salinity hazard, residual sodium carbonate, Kelley's ratio, index of base exchange and permeability index were calculated. Besides this, a comparison of the groundwater quality in relation to drinking water quality standards shows that most of the groundwater samples are good for drinking as well as irrigation purposes and controlled by lithology apart from other local environmental conditions as the concentration of the cations and anion increases in the post-monsoon season. The results of hydrogeochemical are helpful to generate the baseline information and roadmap for future research on groundwater resources to assess the water quality in relation to agricultural and domestic uses in the Western Doon valley.

Piper-PCA-Fisher Recognition Model of Water Inrush Source: A Case Study of the Jiaozuo Mining Area

Source discrimination of mine water plays an important role in guiding mine water prevention in mine water management. To accurately determine water inrush source from a mine in the Jiaozuo mining area, a Piper trilinear diagram based on hydrochemical experimental data of stratified underground water in the area was utilized to determine typical water samples. Additionally, principal component analysis (PCA) was used for dimensionality reduction of conventional hydrochemical variables, after which mutually independent variables were extracted. The Piper-PCA-Fisher water inrush source recognition model was established by combining the Piper trilinear diagram and Fisher discrimination theory. Screened typical samples were used to conduct back-discriminate verification of the model. Results showed that 28 typical water samples in different aquifers were determined through the Piper trilinear diagram as a water sample set for training. Before PCA was carried out, the first five factors covered 98.92% of the information quantity of the original data and could effectively represent the data information of the original samples. During the one-by-one rediscrimination process of 28 groups of training samples using the Piper-PCA-Fisher water inrush source model, 100% correct discrimination rate was achieved. During the prediction and discrimination process of 13 samples, one water sample was misdiscriminated; hence, the correct prediscrimination rate was 92.3%. Compared with the traditional Fisher water source recognition model, the Piper-PCA-Fisher water source recognition model established in this study had higher accuracy in both rediscrimination and prediscrimination processes. Thus it had a strong ability to discriminate water inrush sources.

Impact of Domestic and Industrial Waste on Surface and Ground Water Quality Within Slaughter Area, Trans-Amadi Industrial Layout, Port Harcourt, Nigeria

This study aims at evaluating and assessing the impact of domestic and industrial wastes on surface and groundwater quality within the Slaughter area, Trans Amadi industrial layout, Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Standard sampling techniques where adopted. Twenty (20) water samples comprising of ten (10) boreholes and ten (10) surface water samples collected from the study area. Results reveaed slightly acidic water for both the surface and bore water in the area. These parameters were compared with the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines for drinking water quality. The results from the analyses of the borehole samples yielded parameters that met the requirements by WHO, with exception of Iron (Fe) that had values at some locations above the maximum 0.3 mg/l. This was considered to probably be as a result of corrosion from pipes used in water distribution or dissolution arising from high fabrication activities with in and around the study area. None of the surface water samples met the WHO requirments for drinking water quality. The hydrochemical facies of the water samples were identified by plotting the results of the major cations and anions in milliequivalent per litre in the Piper Trilinear diagram. All the analysed water samples of both the borehole and surface water samples plotted within the Na+ - K+ - Cl- - SO42+ hydrochemical facies, indicating origin from halite dissolution (Saline). The surface water samples were tested against their suitability for irrigation purposes by plotting electrical conductivity which is a measure of the salinity hazard in the use of water for irrigation against Sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) expressed in milliequivalent per litre, in water classification diagram for irrigation. The result yielded high salinity water (C3) - Medium sodium water (S2) and Very high salinity water (C4) - High sodium water (S3) suggesting that adequate care is required in the use of the surface water for the purposes of irrigation. It is therefore recommended that regular water quality monitoring in the area be carried out for proper environmental protection and sustainability.

Hydrogeochemistry and Groundwater Quality Evaluation in a Part of Ratnagiri District Maharashtra

In the present work attempt has been made to determine the groundwater quality in four talukas of Ratnagiri district: Chiplun, Khed, Guhagar and Dapoli. Total 60 groundwater samples were collected from borewells and handpumps in premonsoon and postmonsoon season. The groundwater samples were analyzed for pH, EC, TDS, Ca, Na, Mg, K, HCO3, Cl, SO4, NO3, Fe and F to comprehend the hydrogeochemistry of the study area. The spatio temporal variation of the major cations and anions has been shown in interpolation maps. The groundwater has concentration of iron above permissible limit in the industrial area of LoteParshuram. Piper trilinear diagram has been plotted to understand the hydrochemical facies that showed that water is mainly Ca-Cl-HCO3 type. Durov diagram was used to know the hydrogeochemical nature of the groundwater. The scatter plot diagram of concentration of calcium and magnesium against bicarbonate and sulfate of groundwater indicates that silicate weathering is dominating the area. Chloro Alkaline Indices showed that there is direct exchange of ions in most of the samples. Trends in mineral saturation indices have been studied by the PHREEQC. The groundwater showed oversaturation of iron. Water quality index based on WHO parameters has been calculated which showed that majority of water samples are recommended for drinking purpose except few samples which have very high iron concentration. The suitability of groundwater for the purpose of Irrigation has been determined by evaluating parameters Sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), sodium percent (% Na), Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC), Magnesium Ratio, Kelley Ratio and Permeability Index. The results showed that most of the groundwater samples are suitable for irrigation.