Pine Cone Extract Research Articles

Facile green synthesis of a novel NiO and its catalytic effect on methylene blue photocatalytic reduction and sodium borohydride hydrolysis

NiO nanoparticles were synthesized from pine cone extract by green synthesis method, which is a simple, cost-effective, environmentally friendly and sustainable method. The particle size of NiO nanoparticles was determined to be in the range of 10–25 nm by X-diffraction differential and transmission electron microscope analysis, and the bandgap energy of NiO nanoparticles was determined to be 2.66 eV. The catalytic effect of NiO nanoparticles in both microwave-assisted sodium borohydride hydrolysis and photocatalytic reduction of methylene blue was examined and it was determined that they had a high catalytic effect in both applications. It was determined that the hydrogen production rate in sodium borohydride hydrolysis was 1135 mL/g/min. The activation energy of sodium borohydride hydrolysis is 29.69 kJ/mol and 29.59 kJ/mol for the nth-order and Langmuir Hinshelwood kinetic models, respectively. In the photocatalytic reduction of methylene blue with NaBH4, it was determined that the reduction did not occur in the absence of a catalyst, but in the presence of the catalyst, the reduction occurred 98% in 3 min. It was determined that NiO nanoparticles were used five times in the photocatalytic reduction of methylene blue and the reduction efficiency for the fifth time was 93%. It was determined that the photocatalytic reduction of methylene blue was pseudo-first order and the rate constant was 1.63 s−1. It was determined that NiO nanoparticles synthesized by the environmentally friendly green synthesis method can be used as catalysts for two different applications.

UV blocking edible films based on corn starch/moringa gum incorporated with pine cone extract for sustainable food packaging

Corn starch (CS) is a good alternative to synthetic polymers due to its sustainability; nevertheless, because of its weak tensile strength, the matrix requires another polymer. Therefore, 0.5 % (w/v) moringa gum (MG) was added. The purpose of this study was to assess how pine cone extract (PCE) affected the physiochemical and mechanical properties of corn starch and moringa gum (CS/MG) films and their use as UV-blocking composites. The findings suggest that the PCE improved the elongation at break from 3.27 % to 35.2 % while greatly reducing the tensile strength. The hydrogen bonding between CS/MG and PCE was visible in the FTIR spectra. The XRD graph indicated that the films were amorphous. In comparison to CS/MG films, PCE-incorporated edible films demonstrated significant UV-blocking ability indicating their potential as sustainable packaging material for light-sensitive food products.

The Use of Pine Cone Extract in the Production of Albumen Curd

Due to a lack of protein in the human diet, dairy products made from milk proteins have increased in production. The proposed new product was made from cheese whey and curds. The main ingredients were whey proteins and pine cone extract as a natural additive. The relevance of making albumen curd with vegetable extract is scientifically and experimentally justified. Based on this study, the optimal dose of pine cone extract was determined which results in imparting a distinctive taste and aroma characteristic of pine cone, improving the chemical composition, and extending the product’s shelf life.

Изучение состава фенольных соединений, антирадикальной активности и влияния на фагоцитоз сухого водного экстракта шишек сосны обыкновенной

Pine cone is a new promising type of plant raw material for using in a medical practice. Objective: determination of the phenolic compounds composition of pine cones dry aqueous extract, research of its toxicity, antiradical activity and effect on phagocytosis. Materials and methods. The research object was a collection of pine cones gathered in October 2020. A dry aqueous extract was obtained from the cones by extraction with hot water. The phenolic compounds composition of the pine cones dry aqueous extract was determined by ultra-efficient liquid chromatography/MS on a Waters Acquisition chromatograph with a diode-matrix UV detector and a tandem quadrupole MC detector TQD (Waters). To determine the antiradical activity, a reaction with a stable free radical, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), was used. The acute toxicity of the pine cones dry extract was researched by the V.V. Prozorovsky express method on white non-linear mice. The phagocytic activity of peripheral blood leukocytes was determined in vivo by a modified method. Results. The phenolic compounds composition of the extract was analysed. The research identified 12 substances present in the extract, representing at least 1% of the total area on the chromatogram. The following procyanidins were found in the pine cones extract: procyanidin B2, procyanidin B3, procyanidin C1, procyanidin D1. Additionally, flavonoids and phenolic carboxylic acids were identified. The pine cones dry extract demonstrated pronounced antiradical activity, comparable to that of ascorbic acid. The acute toxicity determination revealed that the LD50 of the researched compounds is in doses greater than 1260 mg/kg. Upon examination of the effect of pine cone extract on the phagocytic activity of peripheral blood leukocytes, an increase in the phagocytic index was observed, yet no change was noted in the activity of total leukocyte phagocytosis. Conclusion. The dry aqueous extract of pine cones contains biologically active components of phenolic nature, which suggests that further research into its pharmacological activity may be promising.

Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities of Methanol Extracts from Various Plant Parts of Pomegranate and Anatolian Black Pine

Oxidative stress and bacterial infections threaten human and animal health. Different parts of the plants have a great potential to be used as a source of antioxidant and antibacterial agents for human or animal welfare, because of their active metabolites. This study was conducted to assess the antioxidant and antibacterial activities of methanolic extracts from the leaves, flowers, whole fruits, and woods of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.), and the leaves, cones, and woods of Anatolian black pine [Pinus nigra Arn. subsp. pallasiana (Lamb.) Holmboe]. Antioxidant activity was screened by DPPH and CUPRAC assays. Antimicrobial activity was examined by disc diffusion test against fish pathogens, Aeromonas hydrophila, Vibrio anguillarum, Yersinia ruckeri and Lactococcus garvieae.
 Pomegranate whole fruit extract possessed superior antioxidant activity even higher than ascorbic acid. All parts of pomegranate, except wood, also exhibited significant antibacterial activity against fish pathogens. Black pine cone extract slightly inhibited the growth of fish pathogens while other pine extracts were inactive. This study reveals that the whole fruit of pomegranate is a prominent source of antioxidant and antibacterial metabolites. Cones of Anatolian black pine also seem to be a source of antibacterial compounds against fish pathogens.

Photocatalytic activity of biogenic zinc oxide nanoparticles: In vitro antimicrobial, biocompatibility, and molecular docking studies

Abstract The biogenic synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) with pinecone extract (PCE) as a reducing agent and antibacterial agent was explored. The current study aims to investigate the biosynthesis of ZnO NPs and their effect on photocatalytic dye degradation and antimicrobial properties. The physical, chemical, and morphological properties of biogenic ZnO NPs synthesized using PCE were investigated using advanced spectroscopy techniques such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), UV-visible spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis, selected area electron diffraction (SAED), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. The photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue was measured spectrophotometrically using biogenic ZnO NPs as nanocatalysts, and decolonization of solution indicates dye degradation gradually as exposure duration increases. The antimicrobial properties of ZnONPs against the tested pathogenic strains were demonstrated using the disc diffusion method. The antimicrobial efficacy of ZnONPs was further explained using molecular docking analysis. Confirmation of the lowest binding energy was used to predict receptor binding site with NPs in order to understand the mechanistic approach. ZnONPs are likely to interact with pathogens via mechanical enfolding, which could be one of the major toxicity actions of ZnONPs against strains. Furthermore, the nontoxicity and biocompatibility of ZnO NPs were studied, revealing impressive hemocompatibility with red blood cells (RBCs) and no significant toxicity to Brine shrimps at lower ZnONP concentrations.

Effect of the Pine Cone Extract Phytochemical and Physiological activity on HaCaT Cells

Purpose: This study examines the properties and potential commercial value of the pine cones extract when used as bioactive and cosmetics ingredients. Methods: Pine cones were extracted with hot water (WE), 70% ethanol (EE), and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) to examine their antioxidant properties on the basis of their total polyphenol content, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. The antibacterial properties of the pine cone extract were also studied on 2 types of bacteria. In addition, this study examined the nitric oxide (NO) inhibition effect using RAW 264.7 cells, in which the inflammatory reaction was induced by lipopolysaccharides (LPS), and cell migration activity in the HeCaT cells. Results: The extract obtained with SFE exhibited high antioxidative ability even at low concentration (0.125%). The antimicrobial activity of the of SFE pine cone extract was 12.1±1.04 mm for Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus ) and 11.8±0.45 mm for Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis ). Cytotoxicity evaluation showed cell viability above 80% in all extracts. During the antiinflammatory test, the nitric oxide expression level was low, and it was confirmed by the antiinflammatory effect. The results of the stability test showed that emulsions containing SFE extract were very stable. The pH and high temperature (40℃) of each emulsion containing SFE extract did not considerably change for 30 days. Conclusion: These findings suggest that SFE extract is a possible cosmeceutical material with potent skin regeneration and antiinflammatory properties.

Effects of Pine Cone Extract on Serum IgE Levels in Perennial Rhinitis

Effects of Pine Cone Extract on Serum IgE Levels in Perennial Rhinitis

Pine cone extract as natural coagulant for purification of turbid water

Turbidity is a characteristic impurity of groundwater in Pakistan. Turbid water is not suitable for drinking purposes. The main objective of this study is to reduce water turbidity using natural coagulant, extracted from pine cones. The coagulation activity of coagulant is tested using synthetic turbid water. Coagulant activity is affected by various factors such as coagulant dose, water turbidity, pH, extract density and settling time. The optimum coagulant dose and water turbidities are fixed; 0.5 ml/L, 67, and 75 NTU, respectively. The highest coagulation activities are observed at pH values 2 and 12. Further, coagulation activity of pine cone extract is maximized to 82% when its density is 1.8 g/cm3. Moreover, most of the coagulation activity takes place in the first hour. The results recommend the potential use of pine cone extract for turbid water purification.

Colorimetric assay and deodorizing/antibacterial performance of natural fabrics dyed with immature pine cone extract

To examine the deodorizing function and antibacterial activity of fabrics dyed with the extract of immature pine cone, a natural dyeing aqueous solution (the extract of immature pine cone, a natural colorant) was prepared. The colorimetric assay and deodorizing/antibacterial performance of fabrics (cotton, silk and wool fabrics) dyed with immature pine cone extract without/with mordant (aluminum sulfate) were evaluated. The components in the aqueous extract of immature pine cone were found to be hemicellulose, lignin, cellulose and tannin. The yellow color of fabrics dyed with immature pine cone extract might be attributed to the lignin component. The K/ S values of dyed fabrics with mordant showed higher values than those without mordant. The color fastness (washing, water and acid/alkaline perspiration fastness) of fabrics dyed without/with mordant was found to be very good (grade 4–5). All of the fabrics dyed without/with mordant also showed good deodorizing function and excellent antibacterial performance. These results demonstrate the strong potential of even natural fabrics dyed with immature pine cone extract without mordant as a functional material with both high antibacterial activity and deodorizing function.

Effects of Direct-fed Microbial and Pine Cone Extract on Carcass Traits and Meat Quality of Hanwoo (Korean Native Cattle).

The carcass traits and meat quality of Hanwoo (Korean native cattle) whose diets were supplemented with direct-fed microbial (DFM) and pine cone extract (PCE) were evaluated. Twenty head of Hanwoo steers were divided equally into four groups and for a period of 6 months were given different diets: One group was fed a basal diet as control (CON), the other three groups were fed a basal diet supplemented with DFM-1%, DFM+PCE-1% and DFM+PEC-3%, respectively. DFM+PCE3% diet resulted the lowest carcass quality grade. The loins of DFM-1% contained higher moisture and lower fat than did the loins from the CON group. The crude protein content of DFM+PCE-3% group was significantly higher than that of the other groups. The water holding capacity and Warner-Bratzler shear force of the DFM+PCE-1% and 3% groups were lower than those of the CON and DFM-1% groups. The DFM-1% and 3% groups contained lower saturated fatty acid, higher unsaturated fatty acid, mono-unsaturated fatty acid, and poly-unsaturated fatty acid than did CON and DFM+PCE 1% group. Moreover, the n6:n3 ratios of DFM-1% and DFM+PCE-1% and 3% groups were slightly lower than that of the CON group. Thus we concluded that DFM and PCE supplementation resulted healthier Hanwoo beef with lower fat content and n6:n3 ratio.

Phytofabrication of bioinspired zinc oxide nanocrystals for biomedical application

In the present study, we investigated a novel green route for synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) using the extract of young cones of Pinus densiflora as a reducing agent. Standard characterization studies were carried out to confirm the obtained product using UV–Vis spectra, SEM–EDS, FTIR, and XRD. TEM images showed that various shapes of ZnO NPs were synthesized, including hexagonal (wurtzite), triangular, spherical, and oval-shaped particles, with average sizes between 10 and 100 nm. The synthesized ZnO NPs blended with the young pine cone extract have very good activity against bacterial and fungal pathogens, similar to that of commercial ZnO NPs.

Synthesis and characterization of nanosilver with antibacterial properties using Pinus densiflora young cone extract

This study describes an eco-friendly, rapid method for green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) from an aqueous solution of silver nitrate using Pinus densiflora for. multicaulis Uyeki young cone extract in a single-pot process. Color changes, ultraviolet–visible spectra (444.5nm), X-ray diffraction peaks (2θ=39.68, 46.92, 68.12, and 79.10), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) confirmed the presence of Ag NPs and phytochemicals. Transmission electron microscopy showed that the nanoparticles were mostly oval in shape, with a few triangular-shaped particles. Average particle size was 30–80nm. Phytochemicals present in the young pine cone extract were likely responsible for the reduction of Ag+ ions. The synthesized Ag NPs (40μg) had a 7mm larger zone of inhibition against the skin pathogen Brevibacterium linens than commercial Ag NPs, Propionibacterium acnes (14mm), Bacillus cereus (9mm) and Staphylococcus epidermidis (10mm).

분화된 3T3-L1 세포에서 잣송이 초임계 추출물의 지방분해 효과

Seeds of Korean pine cone (Pinus koraiensis) have long been consumed as an edible food in countries located in North-East Asia, On the other hand, Korean pine cone, containing various polyphenols, is discarded as a useless garbage after removing seeds. This study investigated the lipolytic effects of pine cone extract in differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Intracellular lipid accumulation was measured by Oil red O staining, free glycerol release by colorimetric reaction, and expression of genes related to lipid metabolism by real-time PCR. Compared to control, pine cone extract reduced intracellular lipid accumulation by 8.8% and increased free glycerol release by 8.2% a concentration of 5 μg/mL in differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes. mRNA levels of fatty acid synthesis were not significantly different between control and pine cone extract, but mRNA levels of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) significantly increased by 38.7% and 94.1% at a concentration of 5 μg/mL, respectively. Thus, pine cone extract is suggested to have lipolytic effects through induction of LPL and HSL gene expression.

미성숙 솔방울 열수추출물의 항균성

Red pine (Pinus densiflora) is widely used traditional medicine, pharmacological and nutritional values from which the phytochemical compounds are derived. The present study was aimed to examine the antibacterial effects in the absence and presence of a immature red pine cone extract against 13 microorganisms. The components in the aqueous extract from immature red pine cone were identified by GC-MS. About 1.4% of total polyphenolic compound was measured in aqueous extract collected from immature red pine cone. Also, the high concentration of <TEX>${\beta}$</TEX>-phellenandrene, <TEX>${\alpha}$</TEX>-pinene, limonene, bornyl acetate and aldehyde was detected in total ion chromatograms. Of total 13 microorganisms, 4 microorganisms including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Vibrio cholera, Listeria monocytogenes, Klebsiella pneumonia were effectively killed by aqueous extract of immature red pine cone. The highest anti-bacterial effect was detected in P. aeruginosa, followed by V. cholera, L. monocytogenes and K. pneumonia. In case of P. aeruginosa, the largest diameter of inhibition zone was maintained to 1/2 solution treated cells and slightly decreased at 1/4 and 1/8 solution treated cells. Also, in test used V. cholera and L. monocytogenes, the inhibition zone was strongly formed in only 1 and 1/2 solution treated cells, while K. pneumonia showed the very small diameter of inhibition zone in all concentrations. Therefore, these results suggested that the aqueous extracts of immature red pine cone should be considered as a new and potentially important anti-bacterial substrate to effectively prevent the microbial infection and penetration.

Potent Anti-HIV Activities and Mechanisms of Action of a Pine Cone Extract from Pinus yunnanensis

The anti-HIV activities of a pine cone extract (YNS-PY-F) from Pinus yunnanensis have been evaluated, and its mechanisms of action were also explored. The pine cone extract, YNS-PY-F, potently inhibited HIV-1IIIB, HIV-1RF, HIV-1A17, HIV-1AO18 and HIV-2ROD and induced cytopathic effect in C8166 cells with EC50 values of 0.96 μg/mL, 1.53 μg/mL, 0.88 μg/mL, 7.20 μg/mL and 6.17 μg/mL, respectively. The quantification of a p24 production assay showed that YNS-PY-F significantly inhibited the acute replication of HIV-1IIIB, HIV-1RF, HIV-1A17 and HIV-1AO18 in C8166 cells. An MTT assay showed that YNS-PY-F also significantly inhibited the HIV-1IIIB induced cytolysis in MT-4 cells with an EC50 value of 2.22 μg/mL. The mechanism assays showed that YNS-PY-F had potent inhibitory effects on the fusion between infected cells and uninfected cells, and the activity of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, with EC50 values of 7.60 μg/mL and 4.60 μg/mL, respectively. Overall, these data suggest that the pine cone extract from Pinus yunnanensis has potent inhibitory activities against HIV-1IIIB, HIV-1RF, RT inhibitor-resistant strains HIV-1A17 and HIV-1AO18, and HIV-2ROD, and its anti-HIV mechanisms include inhibition of HIV entry and inhibition of reverse transcriptase activity.

Pine cone-mediated green synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their antibacterial activity against agricultural pathogens

The medicinal and physicochemical properties of nanoscale materials are strong functions of the particle size and the materials used in their synthesis. The nanoparticle shape also contributes significantly to their medicinal properties. Several shapes ranging from oval, spherical, rods, to teardrop structures may be obtained by chemical methods. Triangular and hexagonal nanoparticles have been synthesized by using a pine cone extract (PCE). Here, we report the discovery that PCE, when reacted with silver nitrate ions, yields a high percentage of thin, flat, single-crystalline nanohexagonal and nanotriangular silver nanoparticles. The nanohexagonal and nanotriangular nanoparticles appear to grow by a process involving rapid reduction with assembly at room temperature at a high pH. The nanoparticles were characterized by UV–Vis absorption spectroscopy, SEM-EDS, TEM, FTIR, and X-ray diffraction analyses. The anisotropy of the nanoparticle shape results in large near-infrared absorption by the particles. Highly anisotropic particles are applicable in various fields, including agriculture and medicine. The obtained silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) had significant antibacterial action on both Gram classes of bacteria associated with agriculture. Because the Ag NPs are encapsulated with functional group-rich PCE, they can be easily integrated in various applications.

The Effects of Poly-phenylpropanoid-polysaccharide (PPC) on OVA-sensitized Balb/cJ Mice

S A T U R D A Y 5 The Effects Of Poly-phenylpropanoid-polysaccharide (PPC) On OVAsensitized Balb/cJ Mice R. D. Pesek, D. K. Ledford, A. Tanaka, W. G. Bradley; University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, Tampa Bay Research Institute, St. Petersburg, FL. RATIONALE: Pine cones are used in the Far East to treat a variety of illnesses. PPC, a pine cone extract, is believed to mediate these medicinal properties and may reduce IgE mediated inflammation. The effect of PPC on OVA sensitization and responsiveness to OVA challenge in Balb/ cJ mice was studied. METHODS: Female BALB/cJ mice were divided into 3 groups of 5 mice each. Group 1 was inoculated with phosphate buffered saline (PBS); groups 2 and 3 were sensitized with ovalbumin, 10 mcg, by subcutaneous injections on day 0 and 14. Only group 3 received PPC, 200 mcg/ml, ad lib in drinkingwater from day 0 to 28. All groups were challenged intranasally with ovalbumin, 500 mcg, on days 21 to 25 and then sacrificed on day 28. On day 28, serumwas obtained for IgEmeasurement (ELISA) and lung tissue was harvested for histology and scored for inflammation (0 to 3) by a blinded, independent examiner. RESULTS:Total serum IgE levels were significantly decreased in the PPC treated, OVA sensitized mice, 239 6 41.3 ng/ml versus 323.5 6 18.9 ng/ ml (p 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: PPC treatment of Balb/cJ mice prior to OVA sensitization reduced IgE levels and led to a non-statistical reduction in bronchial inflammation following OVA challenge. Larger murine trials are needed to confirm these findings.

A Heat-Stable Extract From Mucuna Stimulates the Differentiation of Bone Marrow Cells Into Dendritic Cells and Induces Apoptosis in Cancer Cells

Pine cone extract is known to induce differentiation of human mononuclear cells into dendritic cells (DCs) and also to induce apoptosis in human cancer cells. In the present study, we screened edible plants that contain components with biological activities similar to or more potent than those of pine cone extract. We found that Mucuna (Mucuna pruviens var. utilis) contains a DC differentiation/maturation-inducing activity and a component that induces apoptosis in human cancer cell lines. Mucuna extract specifically stimulated differentiation of BM cells to immature DCs. Marked production of IL-6 was observed by sequential treatment with at least 10 μg/mL of Mucuna extract followed by LPS. The sequential treatment with Mucuna extract followed by LPS produced a much higher ratio of IL-12 to IL-6 and a lower ratio of TNF-α to IL-6 than that obtained by sequential treatment with a medicinal mushroom Phellinus linteus extract and then LPS. The DC differentiation/maturation activity and the component inducing apoptosis in cancer cells were separable by column chromatography.

Interaction between Influenza Virus Proteins and Pine Cone Antitumor Substance That Inhibits the Virus Multiplication

Fractions obtained from pine cone extract (PCE) of Pinus parviflora Sieb. et Zucc. have been shown to suppress the growth of influenza virus. The inhibitory effects of one of the fractions, Fraction VII, on the formation of RNA-viral protein complex and synthesis were investigated. The formation of M1-RNA or NP-RNA complex was inhibited when M1 or NP was preincubated with the PCE fraction. The in vitro viral RNA synthesis was inhibited by the PCE fraction, while this inhibitory effect was titrated out by the increasing concentration of M1 protein. These results suggest that the major target of the PCE fraction was M1 protein.