Pig Stomach Research Articles

BIOPHARMACEUTICAL STUDY OF BINARY POLOXAMER SYSTEMS AS IN SITU DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS POLOXAMER POLYCOMPLEXES: THE STUDY

Objective: The article presents the results of studying the parameters of in situ systems based on poloxamers. Methods: Natural, synthetic and semi-synthetic polymers were considered as additional gel-forming agents. The above-mentioned agents were cellulose derivatives, as well as rare-cross-linked acrylic polymers, alginic acid salts, and xanthan gum. The gelation temperature was visually recorded during the gradual heating. Mucoadhesion was determined by measuring the separation force of the sample from the mucosal model using pig stomach mucin. The concentration of gel formation was determined using an Ostwald capillary viscometer. Results: During the experiment, 20 samples based on poloxamer 407 18% were examined with the addition of excipients in concentrations of 0.5-2.0%. It was found that the introduction of additional gel-forming agents has a positive effect on the mucoadhesive properties of poloxamer 407. To increase the temperature of gelation of the binary mixture, it is necessary to take into account the own concentration of gelation of the introduced additional polymer, which was confirmed by capillary viscometry. Also, additional viscometric studies revealed the reasons for the absence of a thermoreversible effect in the composition of a poloxamer with xanthan gum and confirmed its use as an excipient in the thermoreversible matrix of poloxamer 407 is impractical. Composition with the best-investigated biopharmaceutical properties-the composition with HEC in a concentration of 0.5% Conclusion: The obtained results can be explained by the fact that when the concentration of additional polymer was exceeded, binary mixtures showed a decrease in the gel formation temperature up to a complete loss of the ability to temperature-dependent sol-gel transition. The choice of an additional gel-forming agent to improve the properties of the system should be based on some specific properties that affect the thermoreversible properties of the system.

Evaluation of an all-in-one hybrid model (EUS Magic Box) for stepwise teaching and training in multiple interventional EUS procedures.

Background and study aims While multiple interventional endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided procedures have evolved over the past two decades, there is no model that allows for training in all of these procedures. We aimed to develop and validate an all-in-one hybrid model for stepwise learning in multiple EUS interventions. Methods A hybrid model was created utilizing a pig esophagus and stomach, a silicon-based duodenum and pancreato-biliary system, a pseudocyst, and biopsy targets. This model was designed to provide hands-on training in multiple interventional EUS procedures, such as EUS-guided fine-needle biopsy (EUS-FNB), biliary drainage (BD), pancreatic duct drainage (PD), pseudocyst drainage (PSD), and gastro-enterostomy (GE). Thirty-six trainees underwent training on this model over 6 days, in two batches. Lumen apposing metal stents were used for PSD and GE. Trainees were assessed for objective criteria of technical difficulties. Subjective assessment by trainees was done via a questionnaire. Results All the trainees were able to complete the requisite steps for all the procedures under supervision. On subjective assessment, 30 trainees (83 %) graded the model as good or excellent. A total of 107 technical difficulties were noted (scope position 55, duct puncture 27, guidewire-related problems 25). Time taken to complete the requisite steps of biopsy, PSD, and GE (10.5 minutes; range 3.5 to 22) was significantly less than that for BD and PD (28 minutes; range 17 to 40) ( P < 0.001). Conclusions The hybrid model provided training for multiple EUS interventions with good acceptance by trainees. Stepwise mentoring with the possibility of performing multiple procedures in a single model with or without X-ray could prove useful in conference as well as institutional settings.

Immobilization of Antioxidant Enzyme Catalase on Porous Hybrid Microparticles of Vaterite with Mucin

Catalase is one of the crucial antioxidant enzymes with diverse applications in textile, food industries, wastewater treatment, cosmetics, and pharmaceutics, which, however, is highly sensitive to environmental challenges. Resisting the loss of activity and prolongation of formulation storage can be achieved via the catalase entrapment into insoluble carriers. Affordable and degradable vaterite is proposed as amicable material for catalase immobilization. To improve the carrier properties of the vaterite, it was co‐precipitated with mucin from the pig's stomach producing ca 5 μm hybrid mucin/vaterite microparticles. Catalase is impregnated into the crystals by means of adsorption without chemical modifications. The presence of mucin matrix partially hinders catalase penetration into the crystals and reduces the adsorption capacity (for 0.1 mg mL−1 catalase, ca 2.3 vs ca 1.5 mg g−1 for pristine and hybrid microparticles, respectively) but significantly promotes the protection of antioxidant activity upon storage and under the action of temperature, organic solvent (acetonitrile), and proteolytic enzyme (trypsin). Hybrid microcrystals are pH‐sensitive and better retain the enzyme at pH 3–5 due to catalase‐mucin complexation. Immobilized catalase can be used for 5–6 consecutive cycles until it loses catalytic activity. Altogether, these findings indicate promises of hybrid mucin/vaterite microparticles for immobilization of antioxidant enzymes.

Dietary Pharmacological Zinc and Copper Enhances Voluntary Feed Intake of Nursery Pigs

The objective of the three experiments herein were to characterize the effect of pharmacological zinc and copper concentrations on nursery pig feed intake, stomach ghrelin, energy and nutrient digestibility, and mineral retention in post-weaned pigs. In Expt. 1, 300 weaned pigs were allotted across three dietary treatments (n = 10 pens/treatment) and fed in two diet phases (P1 and P2) lasting 7 and 14 days, respectively. Treatments were: (1) Control diet with no pharmacological minerals in P1 and P2, CON; (2) CON + 3,000 mg/kg Zn and 200 mg/kg Cu (P1), no pharmacological minerals in P2, ZC-CON; and (3) CON + 3,000 mg/kg Zn and 200 mg/kg Cu (P1), CON + 2,000 mg/kg Zn and 200 mg/kg Cu (P2); ZC. Over the 21-day test period, ZC pigs had 15% higher ADG and 13–24% ADFI compared to the CON and ZC-CON pigs (P &amp;lt; 0.05). ZC-CON and ZC pig daily feed intakes were 29 and 73% higher by day 5 and 7 post-weaning, respectively, compared to the CON pigs (P &amp;lt; 0.0001). However, removing pharmacological minerals in P2 abruptly decreased ZC-CON daily feed intake within 24 h to similar intakes as the CON compared to the ZC pigs (0.17, 0.14, and 0.22 kg/d, respectively, P &amp;lt; 0.05). Dietary pharmacological minerals increased stomach fundus ghrelin-positive cells than CON pigs at day 7 (P = 0.005) and day 21 (P &amp;lt; 0.001). However, fasting plasma total and acyl-ghrelin concentrations did not differ from a control in response to zinc oxide daily drenching (Expt. 2). Expt. 3 showed that zinc and copper to have moderate to low retention; however, pharmacological zinc and copper diets increased zinc (P &amp;lt; 0.05) and copper retention (P = 0.06) after 28 days post-weaning compared to control pigs. Pharmacological zinc and copper did not improve digestible energy, metabolizable energy or nitrogen balance. Altogether, dietary pharmacological zinc and copper concentrations improve growth rates and mineral retention in nursery pigs. This improved performance may partially be explained by increased stomach ghrelin abundance and enhanced early feed intake in newly weaned pigs fed pharmacological concentrations of zinc and copper.

102 Reduced Caloric Intake Increases the Incidence Rate of Gastric Ulcers in Growing Pigs

Abstract Our objective was to evaluate effects of a disease feed intake pattern on gastric ulcerations. Eighty mixed sex pigs (27.9 ± 1.45 kg BW) were allotted to individual pens and 2 treatments using a complete randomized design. All pigs were fed a 450 µm ground corn-soybean meal diet. Period 1 (d 0-28), all pigs were fed ad libitum. In period 2 (d 29-42), 40 pigs were fed daily based on their individual body weight (averaging 1.45x maintenance) to mimic a disease feed intake (RF) profile. The remaining pigs stayed on ad libitum feed (Ad). Pigs were weighed at d 0, 28 and 42, and feed disappearance measured to calculate ADG, ADFI and G:F within period. At d 42, all pigs were euthanized, stomach pH recorded, and stomach ulcerations scored (0-3 scale, with 0 being normal). Performance, pH and ulceration frequency data were analyzed with pig as the experimental unit and the fixed effect of feeding level. Performance was not different in period 1 (P &amp;lt; 0.05). Compared with the Ad, RF pigs had lower ADG (1.10 vs 0.24 kg/d, P &amp;lt; 0.0001), ADFI (2.15 vs 0.85 kg/d, P &amp;lt; 0.0001) and G:F (0.51 vs 0.28, P &amp;lt; 0.0001) in period 2. Stomach pH was greater in the RF compared with the Ad pigs (P &amp;lt; 0.001). A greater percentage of Ad pig stomachs scored normal to mild on pars oesophagea ulcerations (85 vs 62%), while a greater percentage of RF pigs had a maximum score compared with the Ad (38 vs 15%, respectively). RF pigs had a higher frequency of severe stomach body ulcerations (score 3) compared with the Ad (20.5 vs 15.0%, respectively). These data suggest that a disease feed intake pattern exacerbates the incidence of gastric ulcerations in grower pigs fed a fine micron ground corn.

Evaluation of the prevalence of stomach ulcers in slaughtered pigs in a Swiss ­abattoir

The development of gastric ulcers in pigs has various reasons. In Switzerland, the last survey on the prevalence of gastric ulcers and possible risk factors was performed in 2005. We aimed to reassess gastric ulcers prevalence today, in 2021. A total of 1005 stomachs from fattening pigs from 136 batches and around 87 herds were evaluated at a Swiss abattoir. The Pars oesophagea of the stomach was scored from 0=healthy to 10=severe ulceration and strictures. Scores were compared between pigs produced under the labels «Integrierte Produktion Schweiz» (IPS, n=242 stomachs, 18 farms) and «Qualitätsmanagement-Schweizerfleisch» (QM, n=649, 58 farms) and others (n=114). The results showed a prevalence of 27,2 % mild mucosal changes (Scores 1-3), 14,9 % moderate mucosal changes (Scores 4-6) and 19,1 % severe mucosal changes (Scores 7-10). Only 38,8 % of the stomachs were rated 0 and thus considered healthy. Compared to the results from 2005, there is no difference concerning the lowest scores (0-2) and the highest scores (9-10). However, there was a shift from the medium scores (3-4) to higher scores (5-8). Stomach scores turned out to be herd specific. There were differences (p < 0,01) between labels, indicating that IPS pigs had less affected stomachs. Stomachs that were empty at slaughter showed higher scores (p < 0,001). The mean carcass weight of the pigs in the slaughter groups was negatively correlated (p < 0,05) to their median stomach score. Confiscations were not related to stomach scores. The results suggest that pig stomach health has not improved since 2005. The differences between labels seem to have resulted from different regulations prescribing a minimum particle size of enrichment material in IPS. The reasons for gastric ulcer development, including those on the individual herd within label, still have to be further clarified in order to allow targeted countermeasures. Given apparent farm-specificity, scoring of a limited number of stomachs per herd during the slaughter process could facilitate the establishment of a feedback scheme.

Presence of Helicobacter Species in Gastric Mucosa of Human Patients and Outcome of Helicobacter Eradication Treatment.

The genus Helicobacter is composed of bacteria that colonize both the human and animal gastrointestinal tract. Helicobacter pylori infects half of the world’s population, causing various disorders, such as gastritis, duodenitis and gastric cancer. Additionally, non-Helicobacter pylori Helicobacter species (NHPH) are commonly found in the stomach of pigs, dogs and cats. Most of these species have zoonotic potential and prevalence rates of 0.2–6.0%, and have been described in human patients suffering from gastric disorders undergoing a gastric biopsy. The aim of this study was to determine the occurrence of Helicobacter spp. in the stomach of patients with gastric cancer (n = 17) and obese (n = 63) patients. Furthermore, the outcome of the Helicobacter eradication treatment and the current infection status was evaluated. Overall, based on the genus-specific PCR followed by sequencing, DNA from Helicobacter spp. was detected in 46.3% of the patients, including single infections with H. pylori in 43.8% of the patients and mixed infections with H. pylori and canine- or feline-associated H. felis in 2.5%. About 32.5% of the patients had been subjected to previous Helicobacter eradication therapy and the triple standard therapy was the most frequent scheme (42.3%). In 48.0% of the patients who received eradication treatment, bacteria were still detected, including one mixed infection. In 23.1% of the patients who reported that a subsequent test had been performed to confirm the elimination of the bacteria, Helicobacter were still detected. In conclusion, although in a smaller percentage, NHPH may also be present in the human stomach. Thus, specific NHPH screening should be included in the diagnostic routine. The continued presence of H. pylori in the stomach of patients recently subjected to eradication schemes raises questions about the efficacy of the current Helicobacter treatments.

An In Vitro Study on the Efficacy of Mycotoxin Sequestering Agents for Aflatoxin B1, Deoxynivalenol, and Zearalenone.

Simple SummaryMycotoxins in feeds can cause detrimental effects on the growth performance and health of pigs. One of the methods used to overcome the negative effects of mycotoxins in animal feeds is to add toxin sequestering agents to feed. The present work was conducted to determine the efficacy of mycotoxin sequestering agents using an in vitro method. All mycotoxin sequestering agents effectively bound to aflatoxin B1; only activated charcoal effectively sequestered deoxynivalenol; and a bentonite product, an aluminosilicate product, and activated charcoal effectively sequestered zearalenone.The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of mycotoxin sequestering agents for aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), deoxynivalenol (DON), and zearalenone (ZEA) using an in vitro method. The twelve toxin sequestering agents tested were seven bentonite products (bentonite A, B, C, D, E, F, and G), two aluminosilicate products (aluminosilicate A and B), a heulandite product, an activated charcoal product, and a yeast cell wall product. A two-step in vitro procedure was employed to mimic the conditions of temperature, pH, and digestive enzymes in the stomach and small intestine of pigs. All mycotoxin sequestering agents tested were able to bind to AFB1 with a high efficacy (>92%). The DON sequestering rate of activated charcoal (99.1%) was greater (p < 0.05) than that of other products. The ZEA sequestering rate of bentonite F (97.0%), aluminosilicate A (99.6%), and activated charcoal (100.0%) was the greatest (p < 0.05) among the tested mycotoxin sequestering agents. Overall, most mycotoxin sequestering agents had the ability to bind to AFB1, but most products, except activated charcoal, failed to sequester DON and ZEA.

Влияние Helicobacter suis на морфологические изменения в слизистой оболочке желудка свиней

Among diseases of the gastrointestinal tract of pigs, gastric ulcerative gastritis are the most common. It is generally believed that pigs get sick with peptic ulcer disease and gastritis from poor feeding, housing, and various diseases. The pathogenesis development of ulcer and gastritis in pigs has a multifactorial origin and mostly remains unclear. The assessment of the pathomorphological state of the stomach of pigs admitted for slaughter clinically healthy showed that in 57 % of cases had severe hyperkeratosis, covering more than 50 % of the surface of the stomach, erosions and / or ulcers. The DNA of H. suis bacteria was detected by molecular genetic method in 70 % of the gastric mucosa samples examined. Analysis of pathomorphological changes in the stomach depending on the detection of H. suis in it, showed that changes in case of gastritis with helicobacteriosis were more pronounced. Microscopy revealed structural changes in the gastric mucosa with varying degrees of intensity of fibrosis, atrophy of glandular structures and cell infiltration. The relation between the presence of H. suis in the fundal or pyloric parts of the stomach and the severity of lesions in the stomach of pigs was found and shown.

Digestive Morphology of Native Pig Supplemented by Different Levels of Fermented Vigna radiata L.

Enhancing feed efficiency in converting feed mass into pig body mass is a critical phase for the profit in producing pig. To improve the metabolic utilization of dietary nutrients, it relies heavily on a healthy gut or gastrointestinal tract, and only a healthy digestive can result in better feed digestion and better nutrient absorption. Thus, the study investigates the growth performance, the response of the digestive morphology of native pigs, which treatment will stretch higher output and variations under different levels of fermented mungbean. The experimental research design was employed to determine the response of the three (3) pigs treated with mungbean for 70 days. The growth performance of pigs treated with different levels of fermented mungbean has a total gain weight of 7.50kg for Treatment 1; Treatment 2 is 9.00kg and, Treatment 3 is 6.50kg and is observed no significant difference on the final weight and the total weight with a p-value of &gt; 0. 050; the response on digestive morphology such as small intestine, large intestine, heart, stomach, liver, lungs, esophagus, spleen, and kidney of pigs shows no variations on their length, width, and weight with a p-value of &gt;0.050 under the different level of fermented mungbean; and resulted with high output treated with different level of fermented mungbean is observed on Treatment 2 with a lowest feed conversion efficiency of 3.89 for feeds and 1.39 for mungbean. Treatment 2 has the highest gain weight among the treated sample; the intestinal morphology of pigs was comparable under the three treatments; treatment 2 has the lowest feed conversion efficiency.

Gastric Mucosal Devitalization (GMD): Using the Porcine Model to Develop a Novel Endoscopic Bariatric Approach.

As the pig model has similar gastrointestinal anatomy and physiology to humans, we used pigs to create a gastric mucosal devitalization (GMD) model in preparation for clinical translation of this technique as an endoscopic bariatric therapy (EBT). The aims of this study were to determine the ablation parameters and technique for a successful, safe, and feasible large surface area GMD that produces weight loss. We performed GMD using argon plasma coagulation (APC) in 3 phases. Phase 1 assessed the ablation energy required to accomplish selective mucosal ablation using ex vivo pig stomachs (n = 2). Phase 2 assessed the optimal percentage of mucosal surface area to be treated and was performed on 10 pigs. Phase 3 assessed feasibility, efficacy, and safety with 8 pigs randomized into GMD (n = 4) or sham (SH, n = 4) and survived for 1month. Body weights (GMD, n = 4, SH, n = 4) were measured daily in phase 3 for 1month, and relative body weights were calculated and analyzed using one-tailed Student's t-test. Percent body fat was compared between GMD and SH at baseline and 1month post-GMD. Phase 1 identified the optimal ablation parameters (120W) that were then used in phase 2. Phase 2 revealed a trend that was suggestive that the optimal percent surface area to ablate was similar to that which is removed at laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy. In phase 3, GMD was performed over 70% surface area of the greater curvature of the stomach in four pigs. GMD pigs had significantly lower relative body weight increase compared to SH at 1month (1.375 ± 0.085 vs 1.575 ± 0.047, p = 0.0435). MRI showed a significantly lower body fat mass at 1month in GMD pigs (5.9 ± 0.4% vs 12.7 ± 2.3%, p = 0.026) compared to SH. GMD resulted in decreased weight gain in the GMD group as evidenced by a lower relative body weight at 1month. GMD in an animal model appears to show promise as a potential weight loss therapy.

Digestive Morphology of Native Pig Supplemented by Different Levels of Fermented Vigna radiata L.

Enhancing feed efficiency in converting feed mass into pig body mass is a critical phase for the profit in producing pig. To improve the metabolic utilization of dietary nutrients, it relies heavily on a healthy gut or gastrointestinal tract, and only a healthy digestive can result in better feed digestion and better nutrient absorption. Thus, the study investigates the growth performance, the response of the digestive morphology of native pigs, which treatment will stretch higher output and variations under different levels of fermented mungbean. The experimental research design was employed to determine the response of the three (3) pigs treated with mungbean for 70 days. The growth performance of pigs treated with different levels of fermented mungbean has a total gain weight of 7.50kg for Treatment 1; Treatment 2 is 9.00kg and, Treatment 3 is 6.50kg and is observed no significant difference on the final weight and the total weight with a p-value of &gt; 0. 050; the response on digestive morphology such as small intestine, large intestine, heart, stomach, liver, lungs, esophagus, spleen, and kidney of pigs shows no variations on their length, width, and weight with a p-value of &gt;0.050 under the different level of fermented mungbean; and resulted with high output treated with different level of fermented mungbean is observed on Treatment 2 with a lowest feed conversion efficiency of 3.89 for feeds and 1.39 for mungbean. Treatment 2 has the highest gain weight among the treated sample; the intestinal morphology of pigs was comparable under the three treatments; treatment 2 has the lowest feed conversion efficiency.

Gastric Helicobacter suis Infection Partially Protects against Neurotoxicity in A 6-OHDA Parkinson's Disease Mouse Model.

The exact etiology of Parkinson’s disease (PD) remains largely unknown, but more and more research suggests the involvement of the gut microbiota. Interestingly, idiopathic PD patients were shown to have at least a 10 times higher prevalence of Helicobacter suis (H. suis) DNA in gastric biopsies compared to control patients. H. suis is a zoonotic Helicobacter species that naturally colonizes the stomach of pigs and non-human primates but can be transmitted to humans. Here, we investigated the influence of a gastric H. suis infection on PD disease progression through a 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) mouse model. Therefore, mice with either a short- or long-term H. suis infection were stereotactically injected with 6-OHDA in the left striatum and sampled one week later. Remarkably, a reduced loss of dopaminergic neurons was seen in the H. suis/6-OHDA groups compared to the control/6-OHDA groups. Correspondingly, motor function of the H. suis-infected 6-OHDA mice was superior to that in the non-infected 6-OHDA mice. Interestingly, we also observed higher expression levels of antioxidant genes in brain tissue from H. suis-infected 6-OHDA mice, as a potential explanation for the reduced 6-OHDA-induced cell loss. Our data support an unexpected neuroprotective effect of gastric H. suis on PD pathology, mediated through changes in oxidative stress.

PSIII-21 Efficacy of deoxynivalenol detoxification by sodium metabisulfite (SMBS) containing nanofibrous mats using an in vitro intestinal epithelial cell IPEC-J2

Abstract Deoxynivalenol (DON) occurs in many commonly used cereal grains. Pigs feed with DON concentrations as low as 0.6–2.0 mg/kg can result in reduced feed intake and growth rate, damage to intestinal epithelial cells, and increase susceptibility to enteric pathogens. Sodium metabisulfite (SMBS) can efficiently detoxify DON by converting it 8-DONS or 10-DONS in vitro. However, if SMBS is added directly to the feed, SMBS rapidly degrades under acidic aqueous conditions (e.g. pig stomach) and little SMBS is delivered to the intestinal absorption site where it can effectively detoxify DON. Thus, the objective of this study was to encapsulate SMBS into Eudragit L100-55 nanofibrous mats to deliver intact SMBS to the small intestine and evaluate the efficacy of DON detoxification in the simulated intestine fluid (SIF) using an in vitro intestinal epithelial cell (IPEC-J2) model. Nanofibrous mats were produced by coaxial electrospinning, with peak loading capacity and loading efficiency of SMBS reaching 32.00% and 80.01%. DON-induced cytotoxicity was not observed during in vitro analysis consisting of incubation of DON in the presence of SMBS-containing nanofibers (0.5% w/w) in simulated gastric fluid (SGF) for 2 h followed by incubation in a mixture of SGF and SIF (1:1) for 20 min. Meanwhile, compared to the DON treatment, incubation of DON in the presence of SMBS-containing nanofiber (0.5% w/w) in SGF for 2 h and SIF for 20 min decreased the gene expression of inflammatory cytokines in the IPEC-J2 cells and maintained the cell integrity. To conclude, SMBS released from Eudragit L100-55 nanofibrous mats in the SIF effectively decreased the adverse effects induced by DON in the IPEC-J2 cells. Nanofibrous mats can release a large amount of SMBS in a short time in SIF to achieve the effect of detoxifying DON.

Development of a Gastro-retentive Dosage Form of a New Promising Anti-tuberculosis Drug Macozinone

Introduction. Due to increase in the frequency of detecting cases of tuberculosis caused by strains of mycobacteria with resistance not only to traditional, but also recently introduced into clinical circulation anti-tuberculosis drugs, it is urgent to search for and develop new drugs that can be effective against multidrug-resistant (MDR-TB) and extensively drug resistant (XDR-TB) strains. One of the most promising classes of such compounds are fluorine derivatives of benzothiazinones, and particularly compound PBTZ169 (INN macozinone). This antibiotic has a high specificity against mycobacteria tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis), inhibiting one of the key enzymes of cell wall synthesis. However, macozinone as an active pharmaceutical ingredient has significant features of physical and chemical properties that hinder the development of oral dosage forms based on it. It is classified as class IV by BCS and is characterized by a very low solubility and lipophilicity, a pronounced dependence of dissolution rate on the pH of the medium, and very low bioavailability when taken orally.Aim. To substantiate the target profile, critical quality attributes and to develop a prototype of an oral dosage form with modified release of macozinone, allowing to maximize its pharmacological activity.Materials and methods. Using pharmaceutical substance macozinone hydrochloride and various excipients, experimental tablets with a dosage of 500 mg macozinone were developed. The influence of the composition of the media and the added excipients on the solubility of macozinone in various biorelevant media, the degree of swelling in the liquid and the degree of mucoadhesion of the experimental tablets to the mucus of the pig stomach were evaluated. The HPLC method was used to evaluate the kinetics of the release of the active substance.Results and discussion. In this work, the expediency of creating macozinone-containing gastro-retentive dosage forms with a slow release of the active substance, the delay mechanism of which is provided by swelling and increased adhesion to the gastric mucosa, has been substantiated. Various tablet samples were experimentally tested in which the modification of the release of the active substance and the degree of swelling and mucoadhesion were varied by introducing various excipients into the formulations, including known swelling and bioadhesive matrix agents.Conclusion. According to the results of the experiments, samples of high-dose (500 mg) swellable and mucoadhesive tablets created by the technology of two-stage granulation with the inclusion of macozinone - hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin mixtures in the primary granules and introduction of combinations of soluble and insoluble hydrophilic matrix agents into the intergranular space were recognized as the most promising for subsequent pharmacokinetic studies.

Optimization of Alcian blue pH1.0 histo-staining protocols to match mass spectrometric quantification of sulfomucins and circumvent false positive results due to sialomucins.

Sulfomucins are in some body locations and species a normal occurrence, whereas in other situations, are a sign of pathology. Sulfomucin content on histological sections and isolated material is frequently analyzed with Alcian blue staining at pH 1.0. However, since the stain detects the charge, a high density of other charged molecules, such as sialic acids, has potential to impede specificity. Here, we compared the outcome from four staining protocols with the level of sulfation determined by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometric analysis on samples from various tissues with variable sulfation and sialylation levels. We found that a protocol we designed, including rinsing with MetOH and 0.5 M NaCl buffer at pH 1.0, eliminates the false positive staining of tissues outperforming commonly recommended solutions. In tissues with low-to-moderately sulfated mucins (e.g. human stomach and salmonid epithelia), this method enables accurate relative quantification (e.g. sulfate scoring comparisons between healthy and diseased tissues), whereas the range of the method is not suitable for comparisons between tissues with high sulfomucin content (e.g. pig stomach and colon).

Photoacoustic imaging of fresh human surgically and endoscopically resected gastrointestinal specimens.

ObjectivePhotoacoustic (PA) imaging is a novel noninvasive technique that offers high‐contrast tomographic imaging with ultrasound‐like resolution at depths of centimeters, enabling visualization of deep small vessels. The aim of this pilot study was to survey the characteristics of deep vessel networks in the mucosa of neoplastic gastrointestinal (GI) lesions using PA imaging.MethodsSpecimens of patients who had undergone surgical and endoscopic resection for GI lesions were included in this study. The PA/ultrasound imaging system for clinical research is characterized by a technology that can superimpose a PA image over an ultrasound image. Three‐dimensional PA images were acquired for the resected specimen before fixation. The stomach and colon of live pigs were incised, and the walls were scanned from the mucosa.ResultsA total of 32 specimens (nine esophageal, 12 gastric, 11 colorectal) were scanned. The pathological diagnoses were adenomas (n = 2), intramucosal cancers (n = 14), and invasive cancers (n = 16). The deep vessel networks of all lesions could be visualized. In the intramucosal lesions, the deep vessel network was similar to that of a normal tissue. In invasive cancers, the thick and prominent vessel network was visible in the surface layer of esophageal cancers, infiltrated area of gastric cancers, and surface layer and infiltrated area of colorectal cancers. In the images of living pigs, visualizing the vascular network deeper than the submucosa in both the stomach and large intestine was possible.ConclusionOur study confirmed that the deep vessel networks of neoplastic GI lesions were visible by PA imaging.

The Dietary Risk Factors of Gastric Ulcers in Finishing Pigs from 16 Polish Farms

Sudden death caused by the acute form of gastric ulceration has developed into a widely recognised health and welfare problem. The importance of different triggering factors is poorly understood. The study was carried out on finishers slaughtered in Poland. The collected animal-level data were transformed to a herd-level dataset, which included 27 predictor variables. From a total of 32,264 pig stomachs examined, 23,188 (71.9%) had gastric lesions. Total of 17,703 organs (54.9%) had ulcers. Scores 1 (hyperkeratotic) and 2 (erosions) were observed in 2958 (9.2%) and 2527 (7.8%), respectively. A significant (p &lt; 0.05) association of the ulcer prevalence was found for a number of variables. Raising the level of protein significantly (p = 0.04) increased (ρ = 0.22) the occurrence of gastric ulcers. The addition of wheat bran (p = 0.02) and its growing share in feed composition had the contrary effect (ρ = −0.27). Feeding pelleted feed was significantly associated (p = 0.001) with the higher prevalence of the disease, opposite to liquid feeding (p = 0.0002) and supplementation of a mycotoxin deactivator (p = 0.0008). Although, the immediate transition from one feeding system to another in most of the farms is impossible, the addition of materials such as wheat bran, and routine supplementation with mycotoxin deactivators may be a practical and relatively low-cost solution.

Effects of Weaning Age at 21 and 28 Days on Growth Performance, Intestinal Morphology and Redox Status in Piglets.

Simple SummaryAfter weaning, pigs are subjected to a variety of nutritional, psychological and environmental stresses. Historically, weaning age was determined knowing that antibiotics could be included in postweaning diets for piglets. The use of antibiotic growth promoters to help prevent weaning stress in weaned pigs has been forbidden in Japan, Korea, the European Union and China. In this study, intestinal morphology, pH of the stomach and antioxidant status of pigs weaned at 28 d were better than pigs weaned at 21 d. These results indicated that strategies including enhancing the intestinal absorption function and antioxidant ability in weaned pigs can improve growth performance and decrease diarrhea incidence.The study objective was to assess effects of different weaning ages on growth performance, intestinal morphology and redox status in Duroc × Landrace × Large White piglets (n = 96) fed diets without antibiotic growth promoters. Piglets were selected from 24 litters based on similar body weight at 14 d of age. All piglets were allocated to two groups in a completely random design with six replicates and eight pigs per replicate (four barrows and four gilts), which were weaned at 21 (n = 48; BW = 6.87 ± 0.33 kg) and 28 (n = 48; BW = 8.49 ± 0.41 kg) days of age. After weaning, pigs were fed a corn–soybean meal-based diet. Average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), feed conversion (F:G), diarrhea incidence, gastrointestinal pH, intestinal morphology and redox status were determined. Pigs weaned at 28 d displayed increased ADG from d 8 to 14 (p < 0.01) compared with pigs weaned at 21 d. Pigs weaned at 28 d had a higher ADFI from d 0 to 7 (p < 0.01), d 8 to 14 (p < 0.01), d 15 to 28 (p < 0.05) and during the entire experimental period (p < 0.01) compared with pigs weaned at 21 d. Pigs weaned at 21 d had an improved F:G from d 15 to 28 (p < 0.05) compared with pigs weaned at 28 d. Pigs weaned at 28 d had decreased diarrhea incidence from d 8 to 14 (p < 0.01) and the entire experimental period (p < 0.01) compared with pigs weaned at 21 d. On d 28, the pH of the stomach contents in pigs weaned at 21 d was significantly higher compared with pigs weaned at 28 d (p < 0.01). On d 14, the morphology of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum in pigs weaned at 28 d was improved compared with pigs weaned at 21 d. During the experiment period, the antioxidant abilities of pigs weaned at 28 d of the heart, liver, kidney, intestinal and serum were better than pigs weaned at 21 d. In conclusion, intestinal morphology, pH of the stomach and antioxidant status of pigs weaned at 28 d were better than pigs weaned at 21 d. These factors supported better growth performance and decreased diarrhea incidence.

Effects of increasing dietary rye levels on physicochemical characteristics of digesta and its impact on stomach emptying as well as the formation of 'doughballs' in stomachs of young pigs.

Despite quite similar contents of starch and crude fibre of wheat and rye, the unique non-starch-polysaccharide fraction of rye (e.g. high levels of arabinoxylans and fructans) might have an impact on physicochemical properties of the digesta in pigs. Forty pigs (age: 46.8±5.28days; bodyweight: 16.1±4.13kg) were divided into four treatment groups. During four weeks, the pigs received diets consisting of wheat and/or rye, barley, soy, potato protein and a mineral supplement. The sum of wheat and rye was 69% in all diets, whereby the compound feed of each group was characterized by a different ratio (%) of wheat/rye (69/0; 46/23; 23/46; 0/69, respectively). In the stomach, 'doughballs' occurred more frequently with increasing dietary rye levels (9/10; 69% rye). With higher DM content and extract-viscosity of gastric digesta, the stomach emptying tended to be retarded in rye groups. Compared to the control group (69% wheat), maximum dietary rye levels (69%) resulted in significantly higher concentrations of lactic acid in digesta of the stomach and small intestine. With increasing lactic acid concentrations, the pH tended to be lower in small intestinal digesta. With an intensified formation of lactic acid, effects against Gram-negative bacteria, for example Salmonella, can be expected. Moreover, because of higher viscosity and the retarded stomach emptying, there could be advantages of including rye in compound feeds when a longer lasting satiety is intended, for example when feeding pregnant sows (regularly fed restrictively).