Quality standardization of Indian medicinal plants is crucial for confirming their safety, efficiency, and validity in pharmaceutical applications. The current investigation explores ethnopharmacological perspectives of Allium sativum and Syzygium jambolanum through phytochemical screening using HPTLC and LC-MS profiling, and systems-based pharmacology investigation using network pharmacology and molecular docking studies. The results indicated that both plants are enriched in polyphenols, terpenoids, glycosides, etc., responsible for various biological activities. Invitro antioxidant activity demonstrated significant free-radical neutralization potential. HPTLC showed major and minor metabolites at different Rf values, and LC-MS analysis showed key bioactive substances including ferulic acid, gallic acid, naringenin, catechin, quercetin, and myricetin. The Network pharmacology study identified interactions with key proteins, including IL-1β, TLR4, IL6, NOS3, ABCA1, with prominent interaction of quercetin and kaempferol with the protein IL-1β. The DisGeNET mapping findings point toward their participation in key pathophysiological conditions like inflammation, interstitial inflammation, myofibroblast activation causing tubulointerstitial fibrosis, and microbial infection. The study concludes that A. sativum and S. jambolanum actively play a significant role in inflammation and associated dysfunctions, hence providing novel plant-based therapeutics as A. Sativum and S. jambolanum by highlighting the significance in traditional medicine as well as their potential relevance in contemporary pharmacology.

Gastric acid hypersecretion, oxidative stress, Helicobacter pylori infection, and prolonged use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are the primary etiological factors of peptic ulcer disease, a significant gastrointestinal disorder.This study aimed to investigate the pharmacological antiulcer properties and phytochemical composition of Gardenia latifolia leaves using experimental ulcer models in rats.The pharmacognostic and physicochemical examination demonstrated satisfactory purity and stability, with total ash, acid-insoluble ash, and water-soluble ash values of 9.42 0.18%, 2.06 0.07%, and 4.85 0.11% w/w, respectively.Furthermore, the loss on drying value was 6.12 0.18% w/w.The polar components were identified as the most prevalent in the sequential solvent extractions, producing the maximum yields in the methanolic (14.8 0.6% w/w) and aqueous (11.4 0.5% w/w) extracts, respectively.The extractive value analysis indicated a significant presence of polar and semi-polar phytoconstituents, corroborating the elevated levels of water-soluble (24.18 0.35% w/w) and alcohol-soluble (17.36 0.29% w/w) fractions.Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of several components in the methanolic and aqueous extracts, including tannins, alkaloids, glycosides, saponins, polysaccharides, and steroids.The in vivo examination in gastric ulcer models induced by ethanol and NSAIDs resulted in a diminished ulcer index, mitigation of mucosal damage, elevated stomach pH, reduced acidity, and maintenance of mucosal architecture.The findings demonstrated significant gastroprotection.Histopathological study indicated that extracts administered groups exhibited reduced epithelium degradation and inflammatory infiltration.These findings underscore the scientific legitimacy of G. latifolia's traditional application in ulcer treatment and its potential as a source of natural antiulcer agents.

From the hinterlands of southern Palawan, Philippines, resides one of the oldest tribes in the country, the Palaw’an tribe. As mountain dwellers, they have developed unique healing practices, including the use of the “duro” Nephelium ramboutan-ake (Labill.) Leenh. 1986 plant to treat diarrhea. This study aimed to characterize the leaf morphology of “duro,” screen for the phytochemicals present, and assess the antibacterial properties of the “duro” leaf extract using the Kirby-Bauer test. Leaves of “duro” were collected from Sitio Sumurum, Brgy. Ransang, Rizal, Palawan. Samples were verified, dried, and extracted before being subjected to phytochemical screening and antibacterial susceptibility test. The morphological characteristics of “duro” leaves include smooth, green-colored, paripinnate compound leaves with an oblanceolate shape arranged oppositely. They have entire margins and pinnate venation, are attached through a petiolate, with the leaf base decurrent at the petiole, and have a mean size of 10.33 cm by 5.77 cm. Only alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and tannins were detected among the secondary metabolites tested, while cardiac glycosides and terpenoids were absent. The "duro" leaves extract exhibited moderate antibacterial properties against Escherichia coli (Migula, 1895) Castellani and Chalmers, 1919 and Staphylococcus aureus Rosenbach, 1884, with mean inhibition zones of 12 mm and 10.67 mm, respectively. The antibacterial properties and presence of phytochemicals suggest the therapeutic potential of "duro" leaves for treating diarrhea. This study addresses knowledge gaps regarding "duro," its medicinal use among the Palaw'an tribe, and promotes further research on indigenous plants.

Schistosomiasis, a parasitic disease transmitted by freshwater snails, affects over 251.4 million people globally, with sub-Saharan Africa bearing 95% of the disease burden. This study evaluates the phytochemical composition, characterizes the bioactive secondary metabolites, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and the cercaricidal properties, as well as the biosafety of the methanolic and hexane extracts of Chromolaena odorata. Phytochemical screening of C. odorata extracts identified tannins, flavonoids, and saponins in the methanolic extract and steroids and alkaloids in the hexane extract. LC-MS and HPLC-UVESI-TOF-MS analyses confirmed the presence of polyphenols (flavonoids) and aromatic dicarboxylic acid compounds. Antioxidant analysis revealed strong free radical scavenging potential of the plant extracts. Both extracts demonstrated potent cercaricidal activity against Schistosoma mansoni, with LC50 values as low as 0.2012 and 0.2410 μg/mL, respectively. The anti-inflammatory effects were determined via inhibition of heat-induced albumin denaturation, with plant extracts able to inhibit protein denaturation, particularly the methanolic extract that shows a percentage of inhibition of 73.56% at the highest concentration tested. Cytotoxicity assays on LLCMK2 cells showed low toxicity of the extracts. These findings suggest that crude C. odorata extracts possess antischistosomal, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties, supporting their potential integration into primary healthcare strategies for schistosomiasis control.

Moringa oleifera is a nutrient-rich tropical plant containing bioactive secondary metabolites. While these metabolites provide antioxidant and antimicrobial properties, they may reduce digestibility or palatability when used as animal feed. This study evaluated the impact of Black soldier fly (BSF) larvae on the bulk levels of secondary metabolites and antioxidant activity in M. oleifera leaves. Leaves were incubated with 1500 7-day-old BSF larvae at 27°C and 65% relative humidity for 16 days, with three replicates per treatment. Post-treatment material, consisting of residual substrate and larval excreta (frass), was analyzed using qualitative phytochemical screening and quantitative spectrophotometric assays. Larval treatment was associated with significantly lower levels of total phenols (0.712 ± 0.22 and 0.534 ± 0.34 mg gallic acid equivalents per gram (mg GAE g-1) in treated fresh and dried samples, respectively) compared with untreated controls (1.264 ± 0.18 and 1.05 ± 0.67 mg GAE g-1). Similar reductions were observed for flavonoids and tannins. Antioxidant activity was also reduced, as indicated by values in the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay and lower ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) responses (p ≤ 0.001). These results suggest that BSF larvae feeding alters the chemical profile of M. oleifera residues; however, the compound-specific alteration mechanism or larval accumulation was not assessed. Notably, reductions in secondary metabolites may represent a trade-off between lowering anti-nutritional factors and diminishing beneficial bioactive compounds. Future work employing targeted metabolomics and larval biomass analysis is needed to clarify the fate of individual phytochemicals. This study provides preliminary evidence for the potential use of BSF larvae in modifying plant residues for feed applications.

In-vitro antibacterial activity of methanolic extract of Eucalyptus tereticornis and Ruta chalepensis against selected pathogenic bacteria.

Caryota mitis Lour. is a tropical palm species traditionally used in folk medicine and considered a potential source of natural bioactive compounds. The present study aimed to investigate the phytochemical composition and antioxidant activity of the ethanolic fruit extract of Caryota mitis Lour. collected in Thai Nguyen province, Viet Nam. Qualitative phytochemical screening revealed the presence of several important secondary metabolites, including flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, and saponins. The phytochemical profile of the extract was further analyzed using GC–MS, which tentatively identified more than 100 compounds belonging to different chemical groups such as flavonoids, lignans, alkaloids, steroids, ketones, and aromatic amides. Among the detected compounds, 3,3-Dimethoxy-2-butanone and 1-Butanamine were identified as major constituents. Several compounds with known biological activities, including flavonoid and phenolic derivatives, were also detected, suggesting potential pharmacological significance. The antioxidant activity of the extract was evaluated using the DPPH radical scavenging assay. The extract exhibited concentration-dependent antioxidant activity with considerable free radical scavenging capacity compared with vitamin C. The observed antioxidant potential may be associated with the synergistic effects of phenolic and flavonoid constituents present in the extract. These findings indicate that Caryota mitis Lour. fruits may serve as a promising natural source of bioactive compounds for pharmaceutical and functional food applications.

Exploring the Biomedicinal Properties of Padina boergesenii ethanolic extract against human Pathogens: An In Vitro Approach.

In many previous studies, a number of medicinal plants used by traditional healers for gastrointestinal disorders have shown promising antibacterial activity in vitro. This study aimed to validate the antibacterial properties of nine indigenous Ethiopian medicinal plants traditionally used to treat gastrointestinal illnesses in Heban-Arsi and Kofale Districts of Southern Ethiopia. These include Syzygium guineense (Wild.) DC., Ximenia americana L., Bersama abyssinica Fresen., Vernonia amygdalina Delile, Olinia rochetiana A. Juss., Rumex nepalensis Sprengel, Euclea schimperi (A.DC.) Dandy, Prunus africana (Hook.f.) Kalkman, and Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal. The significance of this study lies in providing scientific evidence for the traditional use of these plants, thereby supporting the search for alternative treatments against bacterial pathogens. The in vitro assessment of antibacterial activity for 80% methanol leaf crude extracts from the nine plants were carried out at a concentration of 100mg/ml against reference strains of Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25,923, Escherichia coli ATCC 25,922, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 15,442, and Salmonella typhimurium ATCC 13,311, and their clinical isolates, employing the agar-well diffusion method to validate the claims made by traditional healers. Furthermore, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) value of the two most effective crude extracts and their different solvent fractions were determined using the micro-broth dilution method. Initial phytochemical screenings of the crude extracts were also conducted using chemical and chromatographic methods. The crude extracts of the leaves from nine medicinal plants and fractions of the most promising extracts, demonstrated antibacterial properties against all tested bacteria, though the degree of inhibition varied among the plants and target organisms. Notably, the crude extracts and certain fractions from S. guineense (Willd.) DC., and O. rochetiana A. Juss., exhibited strong antibacterial activity, with mean growth inhibition zones ranging from 10 ± 0.66mm to 26 ± 0.11mm for S. guineense and 9 ± 0.10mm to 25 ± 0.77mm for O. rochetiana. The 80% methanol extract of S. guineense had a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 1.56mg/ml and a minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) value of 6.25mg/ml against standard S. aureus. The chloroform fraction of O. rochetiana exhibited an MIC and value MBC of 3.125mg/ml and 12.5mg/ml, respectively, against standard S. aureus. Preliminary phytochemical screenings of the crude extracts revealed the presence of major phytochemical groups including alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, terpenoids and tannins. The number of spots detected in TLC profiling of crude extracts further supported the antibacterial activity observed in the crude extracts. This study has validated the traditional uses of medicinal plants by local healers for treating gastrointestinal diseases like diarrhea. Future research should focuses on safety levels, isolation and structural elucidation of the active compounds responsible for the observed antibacterial activities particularly from the most promising crude extracts and active fractions of S. guineense and O. rochetiana. Overall, investigating the antibacterial properties of medicinal plants could enhance medical science, expand treatment options and ethnopharmacological based drug discovery, and contribute to global health solutions.

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. The increasing prevalence of diabetes and the adverse effects associated with long-term use of synthetic anti-diabetic drugs have encouraged the search for safer and more effective herbal alternatives. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the anti-diabetic activity of the combined extract of Gurmar leaves (Gymnema sylvestre) and Lemon peel (Citrus limon) in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. The plant materials werecollected, authenticated, shade dried, and subjected to extraction using suitable solvents. Preliminary phytochemical screening of the combined extract revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, glycosides, saponins, phenolic compounds, and terpenoids, which are known to possess significant pharmacological activities. Acute oral toxicity studies were performed according to OECD guidelines and the extract was found to be safe at the selected dose levels.Experimental diabetes was induced in Wistar rats using streptozotocin (STZ). The animals were divided into different groups including normal control, diabetic control, standard drug-treated group, and extract-treated groups receiving low and high doses of the combined extract. Treatment was continued for the specified experimental period and various biochemical parameters were evaluated, including blood glucose level, body weight, lipid profile, liver function markers, and antioxidant parameters. The results demonstrated that administration of the combined extract significantly reduced blood glucose levels in diabetic rats when compared with the diabetic control group. The extract also improved body weight, restored altered lipid parameters, and showed beneficial effects on antioxidant enzyme levels. Histopathological examination of pancreatic tissue revealed partial regeneration and protection of β-cells in extract-treated groups. The anti-diabetic effect of the combined extract may be attributed to the synergistic action of bioactive phytoconstituents present in Gymnema sylvestre and Citrus limon, which possess antioxidant and pancreatic protective properties. The study concludes that the combined extract of Gurmar leaves and Lemon peel exhibits significant anti-diabetic activity in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats and may serve as a promising natural therapeutic agent for the management of diabetes mellitus. Further studies are required to isolate the active constituents and establish the exact mechanism of action.

The present study was designed to evaluate and compare the renoprotective activity of methanolic extracts of Allium cepa(bulb) and Clerodendrum serratum (root) against gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in Wistar rats. The plant materials were collected, authenticated, shade dried, powdered, and extracted using methanol. Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of important bioactive constituents. Acute oral toxicity studies performed according to OECD guideline 423 indicated that both extracts were safe at the selected dose levels. Experimental nephrotoxicity was induced by administration of gentamicin (80 mg/kg/day, i.p.) for 7 consecutive days. Animals were divided into seven groups consisting of normal control, toxic control, standard drug-treated group, and extract-treated groups receiving low and high doses of Allium cepa and Clerodendrum serratum. Renoprotective activity was evaluated using biochemical, antioxidant, electrolyte, and histopathological parameters. Treatment with methanolic extracts of Allium cepa and Clerodendrum serratum significantly restored renal biochemical markers, corrected electrolyte imbalance, reduced lipid peroxidation, and improved antioxidant enzyme levels when compared with the toxic control group. Histopathological studies further confirmed the protective effect of the extracts by showing marked restoration of renal architecture and reduction of tissue damage. Among the two plants, Clerodendrum serratum demonstrated comparatively greater renoprotective activity, particularly at the higher dose level, which may be attributed to its broader phytochemical composition including alkaloids and saponins in addition to flavonoids and phenolic compounds. The findings of the present study conclude that both Allium cepa and Clerodendrum serratum possess significant renoprotective activity against gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity, primarily mediated through antioxidant and cytoprotective mechanisms. Keywords: Allium cepa, Clerodendrum serratum, Gentamicin, Nephrotoxicity, Renoprotective activity, Antioxidant, Wistar rats, Histopathology.

Background: Eleusine indica (Paragis) is an underutilized medicinal grass widely distributed in tropical regions and traditionally recognized for its bioactive phytochemical constituents. Despite its reported therapeutic potential, its application in food product development remains limited. This study aimed to develop Paragis-enriched Filipino traditional puto (steamed cake) and evaluate its phytochemical profile, proximate composition, mineral content and sensory acceptability to determine its potential as a functional food. Methods: Qualitative phytochemical screening of Paragis extract was conducted using standard chemical tests to detect alkaloids, saponins, tannins, flavonoids and steroidal compounds. Four formulations were prepared, including a control (T0: plain puto without Paragis) and three Paragis-enriched variants: plain (T1), salted egg (T2) and leche flan (T3). Proximate composition and mineral content were analyzed using standard AOAC methods, including gravimetric analysis for moisture and ash, Kjeldahl method for crude protein, Soxhlet extraction for crude fat and dry ashing with ICP and AAS for mineral determination. Sensory evaluation was performed using a 9-point hedonic scale. Data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD) and statistical differences were determined using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s HSD test at p less than 0.05 using IBM SPSS Statistics (Version 25). Result: Phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, condensed tannins and cardiac glycosides, while leucoanthocyanins and unsaturated steroids were not detected. Proximate analysis showed moisture content ranging from 43.9 to 49.0 g/100 g, ash from 1.0 to 1.2 g/100 g, crude protein from 4.5 to 4.8 g/100 g and crude fat from 3.2 to 6.3 g/100 g across formulations. Mineral content varied significantly (p less than 0.05), with calcium (15.0-26.5 mg/100 g), magnesium (7.0-12.1 mg/100 g), iron (2.0-2.36 mg/100 g), zinc (0.24-0.56 mg/100 g), sodium (39.5-67.6 mg/100 g) and potassium (45.0-73.8 mg/100 g). Sensory evaluation indicated that all formulations were acceptable (7.40-8.40), with the leche flan variant (T3) receiving the highest ratings in all attributes. Significant differences (p less than 0.05) were observed among treatments for both nutritional and sensory parameters.

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most prevalent bacterial infections worldwide, posing a significant health burden, particularly in the context of rising antimicrobial resistance. The increasing ineffectiveness of conventional antibiotics has necessitated the exploration of alternative therapeutic approaches, especially those derived from natural plant-based sources. This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of Cymbopogon citratus (lemongrass) leaf extracts against multidrug-resistant uropathogens. Extracts were prepared using three solvents: methanol, ethanol, and n-hexane, and tested against three clinically relevant bacterial strains: Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Enterobacter hormaechei subsp. xiangfangensis. Phytochemical screening revealed that extracts contained a wide variety of bioactive compounds, including alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, terpenoids, phenols, coumarins, and volatile oils. Further analysis using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy identified characteristic functional groups, including O-H, C-H, C = O, C = C, and N-H, indicating the presence of alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, alkenes, and amines, which are often associated with antimicrobial activity. Antibacterial assays showed that the methanolic extract exhibited the strongest inhibitory activity. In disc diffusion tests, it produced the largest zones of inhibition: 14mm against Escherichia coli, 14mm against Bacillus subtilis, and 13mm against Enterobacter hormaechei subsp. xiangfangensis. Minimum inhibitory concentration values further confirmed its superior potency, with results of 3.12mg/mL for Escherichia coli, 6.25mg/mL for Bacillus subtilis, and 12.5mg/mL for Enterobacter hormaechei subsp. xiangfangensis. The extract also showed bactericidal activity, with minimum bactericidal concentrations of 12.5mg/mL for Escherichia coli and 25mg/mL for the other two strains. In summary, this study provides strong evidence that Cymbopogon citratus, particularly when extracted with methanol, possesses significant antibacterial and antioxidant properties against multidrug-resistant uropathogens. These findings support its potential use as a complementary or alternative therapeutic agent in managing resistant urinary tract infections, offering a promising natural strategy to address the growing challenge of antimicrobial resistance. IMPACT STATEMENT. Methanolic extracts of Cymbopogon citratus demonstrated strong antibacterial and bactericidal activity against multidrug-resistant uropathogens, including Escherichia coli and Enterobacter hormaechei subsp. xiangfangensis. Phytochemical and FTIR analyses confirmed the presence of bioactive functional groups associated with antimicrobial effects. These findings highlight lemongrass as a promising plant-based candidate for developing complementary therapies to address antimicrobial resistance in urinary tract infections and support further pharmacological standardization and clinical investigation.

Impatiens rothii is traditionally used in Ethiopia for the treatment of stomach upsets, burns, inflammation, cellulitis, and wounds. Based on this traditional use of Impatiens rothii, this study aimed to evaluate the phytochemical screening and potential antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of solvent fractions of Impatiens rothii roots. Crude hydromethanolic extract was prepared by using a cold maceration method and fractionation by using a separatory funnel. To assess antinociceptive activity, acetic acid-induced writhing and hot plate tests were conducted, whereas carrageenan-induced paw edema was used to assess anti-inflammatory activity. The glycosides, saponins, and terpenoids were found to be present in all the extracts. In the hot plate test, all three fractions showed significant central antinociceptive activity by significantly increasing the time of latencies at all time points except the first compared to the control (2% Tween 80) (p < 0.001). Moreover, the methanol and chloroform fractions at higher doses showed increased pain relief compared to lower doses (p < 0.05). In addition, the fractions showed significant analgesic activity in the acetic acid-induced writhing test (p < 0.001). In the carrageenan-induced paw edema test, all the fractions showed significant activity by reducing paw edema at different doses compared to the control over the six hours of the experiment (p < 0.05). The findings affirm that the fractions of Impatiens rothii have antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects. The common occurrence of glycosides, saponins, and terpenoids in the plant indicates their relative abundance.

The potential of methanolic extracts from jara (Barkleyanthus salicifolius) and pomegranate carpel membranes (Punica granatum) as biological alternatives for the control of phytopathogenic fungi was evaluated against pathogens associated with commercially important crops in the Ciénega de Chapala region. Extracts were assessed in vitro against Botrytis cinerea and Rhizoctonia solani (strawberry), Curvularia sp., Pestalotiopsis sp., and Fusarium oxysporum (blackberry), Pythium sp. and Fusarium sp. (tomato), and Sclerotium rolfsii (onion). Antifungal bioassays demonstrated that the B. salicifolius extract inhibited the mycelial growth of R. solani, whereas the pomegranate extract inhibited seven of the eight species tested, with the exception of S. rolfsii. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavones, flavonols, chalcones, and quinones in pomegranate, and flavones, flavonols, alkaloids, and sterols in jara. Additionally, phytol and caryophyllene were identified in the latter via GC–MS.

This study presents a comprehensive investigation of the guava extract analysis revealed rich phytochemical content through GC-MS identification of 25 bioactive compounds with β-Caryophyllene (18.42%) as the predominant constituent. Quantitative phytochemical screening demonstrated substantial total phenolic content (65.29 ± 1.62 mg GAE/g) and exceptionally high flavonoid content (123.69 ± 11.77 mg QE/g). UV-Visible and FTIR spectroscopic analyses of guava extract confirmed the presence of chromophoric compounds and functional groups responsible for biological activity.

Chronic hepatitis B (HBV) and C (HCV) remain major global health burdens due to high morbidity, treatment costs, and the emergence of antiviral resistance. Plant-derived compounds offer a potential alternative or complementary therapeutic approach. This study evaluated the antiviral effects of Azadirachta indica (neem) and Moringa oleifera (drumstick tree) leaf extracts on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) obtained from HBV- and HCV-infected patients. To determine and compare the phytochemical profiles of A. indica and M. oleifera leaf extracts and assess their antiviral activity through induction of apoptosis and necrosis in virus-infected PBMCs. Leaf extracts were subjected to phytochemical screening. PBMCs isolated from HBV- and HCV-infected patients were treated with each extract and analyzed by flow cytometry to quantify live, apoptotic, and necrotic cell populations. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA with significance set at P < 0.05. Phytochemical analysis revealed that A. indica contained flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, glycosides, and steroids, whereas M. oleifera contained flavonoids, alkaloids, and tannins but lacked glycosides and saponins. In HBV-infected PBMCs, A. indica significantly reduced live cell percentages from 24.3% to 11.35% and increased necrotic cells from 18.98% to 55.43%. In HCV samples, live cells decreased from 40.27% to 37.78%, while necrosis increased from 21.35% to 30.1%. M. oleifera demonstrated comparatively moderate effects consistent with its simpler phytochemical profile. A. indica exhibited strong antiviral potential, markedly enhancing necrotic responses in HBV- and HCV-infected PBMCs, while M. oleifera showed moderate activity. These results highlight the therapeutic promise of phytochemical-rich extracts, particularly A. indica. Further investigations-including in-vivo validation, dosage formulation, cost-effectiveness assessments, and evaluation of synergistic effects with existing antiviral therapies-are warranted to advance their development as complementary treatments for chronic viral hepatitis.

Phytochemical Screening Targeting DNA Gyrase-B of Aeromonas hydrophila: An In Silico Approach for Sustainable Fish Disease Management

Androgen receptor (AR) plays a pivotal role in the development and progression of prostate cancer by regulating the expression of androgen-responsive genes. AR must translocate into the nucleus to exert its gene-regulatory functions. Disruption in AR nuclear localization or its cytoplasmic retention hampers its ability to activate target genes, thus impeding prostate cancer progression. Taraxacum officinale (dandelion) is a medicinal herb with potent anticancer properties, rich in antioxidants, flavonoids, and nutrients, dandelion serves as a promising herbal nutraceutical and superfood for cancer prevention. The study aimed to explore plant-based molecules from Taraxacum officinale (dandelion) capable of modulating AR nuclear localization in recurrent prostate cancer cells invitro and invivo. 400 plants were collected and 25,000 extracts were prepared using solvents of varying polarity (Indian Patent Grant No. 499495) and were screened for abrogation of Nuclear-cytoplasmic localization of AR. Phytochemical screening led to the isolation of Phytol (3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadec-2-en-1-ol) (TaxO) from the hexane extract of Taraxacum officinale L leaves. The effects of TaxO was evaluated invitro using the castration-resistant prostate cancer cell line C4-2, androgen-responsive cell line LNCaP, and AR-negative cell line PC3. Expression of AR and androgen-responsive genes, including EAF2, PSA, and CALR, wereanalyzed via RT-PCR. Inhibition of cellular proliferation and migration was assessed invitro. Comparative transcriptomic analysis (RNA-Seq) was conducted to elucidate the mechanistic differences between treated and control groups. Molecular docking studies were conducted to evaluate interactions between TaxO and the AR ligand-binding domain. Finally, invivo efficacy was examined using C4-2, LNCaP and PC3 xenograft mouse models, including immunohistochemistry (IHC) for AR, Ki67, CD31, and PSA. PK/PD analysis was carried out to assess the safety profile of TaxO. TaxO abrogated nuclear localization of GFP-tagged AR. TaxO significantly downregulated AR-responsive gene expression, EAF2, ELL2, PSA, and CALR and inhibited cell proliferation and migration of C4-2 and LNCaP cells. Transcriptomic profiling revealed major alterations in oncogenic signaling pathways post-TaxO treatment. Molecular docking confirmed strong binding between TaxO and the AR ligand-binding domain, driven by van der Waals forces and hydrogen bonding. In the xenograft model, TaxO markedly reduced tumor volume and doubled the life expectancy of mice harboring C4-2 and LNCaP prostate cancer cells. IHC revealed downregulation of AR and PSA levels and showed a reduction in Ki67 and CD31 index. However, PC3 cells were not affected by TaxO implicating that TaxO inhibits cancer cell growth through the AR-mediated pathway. The study demonstrates that TaxO, a phytochemical (Phytol) isolated from the hexane extract of Taraxacum officinale leaves, effectively modulates androgen receptor (AR) nuclear localization, thereby inhibiting prostate cancer progression. Invitro, TaxO significantly downregulated AR and androgen-responsive gene expression (EAF2, ELL2, PSA, CALR), reduced cell proliferation and migration in AR-positive C4-2 and LNCaP cell lines but showed no effect on AR-negative PC3 cells, indicating an AR-mediated mechanism. Transcriptomic analysis revealed disruptions in oncogenic signaling pathways, while molecular docking confirmed TaxO's strong binding to the AR ligand-binding domain. Invivo, TaxO reduced tumor volume, downregulated AR, PSA, Ki67, and CD31 protein expression, and doubled life expectancy in C4-2 and LNCaP xenograft mouse models. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analyses further supported TaxO's favorable safety profile. These findings highlight TaxO as a promising plant-based therapeutic candidate for targeting AR-driven prostate cancer, warranting further clinical investigation.

Synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Nymphaea nouchali-derived 9-Octadecenal: Antimicrobial, antidiabetic properties and in Silico ADMET insight