Jet-type centrifugal pumps are widely used in daily water supply systems due to their excellent self-priming capabilities; however, their complex internal flow patterns can negatively affect performance and generate high noise levels. In this study, inspired by the physiological structure of the mantis shrimp, circular non-smooth surface structures (NSSS) were introduced at various locations within the jet throat, and numerical simulations were conducted using a geometric model of the pump body to optimize flow stability while achieving the dual goals of improving efficiency and reducing noise. The results indicate that introducing the NSSS effectively enhances flow stability within the pump, particularly at the front, middle, and rear sections of the throat. The pressure within the pump increased significantly, while turbulence intensity and energy loss were notably reduced, resulting in a 2.79% improvement in hydraulic efficiency. Additionally, the amplitude of broadband noise decreased by 13.04% at the front section of the throat. Further analysis revealed that the application of the NSSS not only reduced the internal noise levels but also shifted the high-noise regions, particularly within the injector’s throat area. These findings highlight the significant potential of NSSS for noise control and flow optimization in jet-type centrifugal pumps.

Chinese rice-field eel rhabdovirus (CrERV) is a serious epidemic pathogen of Chinese rice-field eel and causes severe economic losses to aquaculture. However, there are no commercial drugs presently available to control CrERV infection. Eugenol is a bioactive compound extracted from clove plants and exhibits potential antiviral activity. In the study, the antiviral activity of eugenol against CrERV was investigated in Chinese rice-field eel (Monopterus albus). Eugenol reached the highest inhibition rate of 96.6% at 40 mg/L in Chinese rice-field eel kidney cells (CrEK). Notably, eugenol exhibits antiviral activity by directly targeting CrERV and additionally confers prophylactic effects against infection via its action on CrEK cells. The results of exploring the viral invasion cycle demonstrated that eugenol primarily exerted its antiviral effect during the middle stage and late stage (12 h and 24 h) of viral infection. In addition, eugenol inhibited CrERV-induced apoptosis of CrEK cells, maintained mitochondrial membrane potential levels, maintained physiological cellular morphology and structure, and protected cells from loss of cellular morphology, formation of apoptotic vesicles, and cell fragmentation. For the in vivo study, eugenol increased the survival rate of CrERV-infected rice-field eel by 56% and 48%, in prevention experiments and treatment experiments, respectively. Concurrently, eugenol significantly reduced viral loads and induced the upregulation of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant genes, indicating its potential for immunoregulation. In summary, eugenol holds potential for both preventing and treating CrERV infections in the aquaculture context.

Sleep is a fundamental biological process with broad implications for physical and mental health, yet its complex relationship with disease remains poorly understood. Polysomnography (PSG)-the gold standard for sleep analysis-captures rich physiological signals but is underutilized due to challenges in standardization, generalizability and multimodal integration. To address these challenges, we developed SleepFM, a multimodal sleep foundation model trained with a new contrastive learning approach that accommodates multiple PSG configurations. Trained on a curated dataset of over 585,000 hours of PSG recordings from approximately 65,000 participants across several cohorts, SleepFM produces latent sleep representations that capture the physiological and temporal structure of sleep and enable accurate prediction of future disease risk. From one night of sleep, SleepFM accurately predicts 130 conditions with a C-Index of at least 0.75 (Bonferroni-corrected P < 0.01), including all-cause mortality (C-Index, 0.84), dementia (0.85), myocardial infarction (0.81), heart failure (0.80), chronic kidney disease (0.79), stroke (0.78) and atrial fibrillation (0.78). Moreover, the model demonstrates strong transfer learning performance on a dataset from the Sleep Heart Health Study-a dataset that was excluded from pretraining-and performs competitively with specialized sleep-staging models such as U-Sleep and YASA on common sleep analysis tasks, achieving mean F1 scores of 0.70-0.78 for sleep staging and accuracies of 0.69 and 0.87 for classifying sleep apnea severity and presence. This work shows that foundation models can learn the language of sleep from multimodal sleep recordings, enabling scalable, label-efficient analysis and disease prediction.

The study of consciousness is gaining importance in both neuroscience and the development of Artificial Intelligence (AI). We show here that an advanced White Matter (WM) tractography method, termed gridography, can explore the potential integration of two prominent theories of consciousness: Global Workspace Theory (GWT) and Integrated Information Theory (IIT). Using gridography on high-resolution diffusion MRI data from the Human Connectome Project, we demonstrate that gridography obtains WM connections between the anterior brain regions associated with GWT and posterior regions linked to IIT in a form which agrees with the Epiontic Consciousness Theory (ECT), which is an intermediary theory between GWT and IIT. We evaluate how experimental gridography data aligns with the physiological structures implicated in consciousness by analyzing: (i) Information characteristics of consciousness theories; (ii) Improvement of diffusion MRI tractography by use of gridography; (iii) Expected gridography results based on consciousness theory. Our findings suggest that these connections, particularly those of the Superior Longitudinal Fasciculus (SLF), support a ECT unified model of consciousness integrating aspects of both the primarily epistemic GWT and the primarily ontic IIT. This study proposes a novel framework that could reconcile existing theoretical divisions between GWT and IIT through the use of the ECT approach.

Rice blast, caused by Magnaporthe oryzae, is a devastating global disease. Its control through the deployment of host resistance genes relies on a detailed knowledge of the pathogen’s race structure and the corresponding avirulence (Avr) genes. To guide effective rice breeding for blast resistance, this study investigated the population dynamics of M. oryzae in Jilin Province from 2022 to 2024. The distribution frequencies of seven Avr genes were detected using PCR and avirulence gene-specific primers, and the physiological race structure of 193 isolates was characterized using a set of Chinese differential cultivars, which contains seven cultivars. The results revealed a high prevalence and stability of specific Avr genes, with Avr-Pi9, Avr-Pias, Avr-Piz-t, and Avr-Pib all exhibiting detection frequencies exceeding 80%. In particular, Avr-Pib showed a high frequency (80.83%) and a very low disease incidence (0.64%) on the differential variety Sifeng 43 (which carries Pib), confirming its low mutation rate and the ongoing effectiveness of the corresponding resistance gene. Conversely, the significant decline in Avr-co39 suggests that its corresponding resistance gene should be avoided. Race diversity increased over the three-year period, characterized by a shift toward a more complex structure dominated by ZG1, ZA17, ZA43, and ZB31. Based on the gene-for-gene interactions and pathogen population structure, we recommend a breeding strategy that prioritizes the incorporation of the highly effective Pib, Pi54, and Pik genes, utilizing resistant donors like Sifeng 43. These results can help inform the design of sustainable management strategies adapted to the changing pathogen population.

With the in-depth development of digital twin technology in modern agriculture, smart pig farm construction is evolving from basic environmental modeling toward refined, bio-behavior-driven approaches. This study addresses the non-standard body configurations and complex behavioral patterns of pig models by proposing a binding method that combines lightweight skeletal design with automated weight allocation strategies. The method optimizes skeletal layout schemes based on pig physiological structures and behavioral patterns, replacing manual painting processes through geometry-driven weight calculation strategies to achieve a balance between efficiency and animation naturalness. The research constructs a motion template library containing common behaviors such as walking and foraging, conducting quantitative testing and comprehensive evaluation in simulation systems. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method achieves significant improvements: it demonstrated superior computational efficiency with 95.2% reduction in computation time, memory storage space reduced by 91.7% through weight matrix sparsification (density controlled at 8.3%), and weight smoothness was maintained at 0.955 while cross-region weight leakage reduced from 15.3% to 2.1%. The method effectively supports animation expression of eight typical pig behavioral patterns with key joint angle errors controlled within 2.3 degrees, providing a technically viable and economically feasible pathway for virtual modeling and intelligent interaction in smart agriculture.

Misfolding of aggregation-prone proteins underpins diseases known as proteinopathies. One of these proteins, alpha-synuclein, is a component of aggregates in neurodegenerative conditions such as Parkinson's disease. The melanosomal protein PMEL, which forms physiologic amyloid scaffold structures on which melanin is organized in melanosomes, similarly ectopically accumulates in the dermis in many forms of cutaneous hyperpigmentation. Here, we demonstrate in a wide range of common clinical pigmentary disorders, as well as in primary melanocyte and mouse models examined by molecular, proteomic, and electron microscopic tools, that melanocytic alpha-synuclein is a prominent component of intracellular protein aggregates bound to similar proteins as in Parkinson's disease, as well as melanized extracellular protein deposits. Using the Real Time Quaking-Induced Conversion Assay (RT-QuIC), we demonstrate that UV induces misfolded melanosomal proteins to self-propagate, augmenting this pathology in prion-like fashion. CUT&RUN chromatin profiling and single-cell RNA-seq demonstrate that melanocytes utilize microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF)-regulated autophagy to counteract protein aggregation, identifying aggregate removal as a core function of tanning. In contrast to extracellular aggregation, impaired intracellular aggregate removal contributes to melanocyte senescence, which conversely exacerbates chronic hypopigmentation and photoaging-related discoloration. These findings identify melanosomal proteinopathy as a common contributor to melanocyte dysfunction and suggest aggregate-focused management approaches.

Bioinspired scaffold recapitulating chondrogenic ontogeny and microenvironment for functional cartilage regeneration

3D-printed heterogeneous biomimetic scaffold utilizing TEMPO-oxidized and mineralized bacterial cellulose nanofibers for osteochondral regeneration.

Impacts of sedimentation on coral health and reef ecosystems: A comprehensive review.

Development and characterization of a decellularized lung ECM-based bioink for bioprinting and fabricating a lung model.

Atherosclerosis, a metabolic disease characterized by the formation of plaques consisting of a combination of cholesterol, calcium, fibrin, and other impurities in blood vessels, is a key risk factor for the development of a variety of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases and a global health problem that needs to be addressed urgently. Vascular smooth muscle cells(VSMCs) are the main cell type in atherosclerotic plaques, and many studies have confirmed that the proliferation, migration, and phenotypic transformation of VSMCs are important driving factors for the development of atherosclerosis. VSMCs have a high degree of plasticity, and in the physiological state, VSMCs are responsible for maintaining vasoconstriction and vasodilation and supporting the normal physiological structure of the blood vessels. In case of tissue injury, abnormal lipid metabolism, and abnormal infiltration of inflammation, VSMCs can be de-differentiated into the synthetic type and possess abnormal proliferation and migration capabilities, which will lead to luminal stenosis, plaque accumulation and even rupture. The multi-target and multi-pathway holistic treatment of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) is consistent with the complexity of this pathological process. Therefore, the intervention of TCM targeting VSMCs may be a new breakthrough. Based on the existing evidence, this study systematically reviewed the research progress of TCM targeting VSMCs proliferation, migration, and phenotypic transformation to intervene in atherosclerosis, with a view to providing evidence support for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of atherosclerosis with TCM and the exploration of the biological basis of atherosclerosis.

Multifunctional alginate based hydrogel beads dressing for chronic wound healing: A review.

Hip Resurfacing Arthroplasty (HRA), as a significant advancement in modern arthroplasty, has demonstrated considerable value in treating hip diseases in young and highly active patients due to its unique bone-conserving characteristics. Compared to traditional Total Hip Arthroplasty (THA), HRA offers distinct advantages in preserving femoral bone stock, maintaining physiological biomechanical structure, and facilitating the recovery of high-level physical function postoperatively. However, metal ion release and associated complications caused by metal-on-metal (MoM) bearing surfaces remain major constraints on its clinical application. This article systematically reviews the technical features, evolving indications, clinical outcomes, complication management strategies, and future directions of HRA. It focuses on its clinical value in specific patient populations and emphasizes the critical role of strict adherence to surgical indications, meticulous surgical technique, and systematic postoperative follow-up in ensuring long-term efficacy. By comprehensively analyzing the existing literature evidence, it aims to provide theoretical basis and technical reference for clinical practice.

The bidirectional interactions of spinal cord injury, multiple sclerosis, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis with the gut operate through a distinct gut-spinal cord axis, rather than being fully explained by the conventional gut-brain axis. The spinal cord, with its unique anatomical and physiological features, serves as a central hub of communication. The gut and spinal cord communicate through various pathways, including the immune system and the autonomic and enteric nervous systems. This review summarizes existing clinical and basic research on the relationship between gut homeostasis and spinal cord diseases. First, we present findings from epidemiological studies showing that patients with spinal cord disorders often exhibit altered gut function, which may be influenced by antibiotic exposure and environmental factors. Second, we review the key physiological and anatomical structures of the gut-spinal cord axis, including the intestinal barrier, gut microbiota, and enteric nervous system, all of which are involved in maintaining gut health, as well as sensory neurons, motor neurons, and interneurons in spinal nerve regulation. Third, we describe the roles of the three axes (microbial, immune, and neural) in bidirectional regulation and their pathological mechanisms. Moreover, vicious cycles involving these axes can exacerbate spinal cord disorders. Fourth, we outline potential biomarkers in the gut-spinal cord axis, such as uridine, hypoxanthine, and 5-methoxytryptophan. Fifth, we propose several treatment strategies with potential clinical applications, including fecal microbiota transplantation and the use of probiotics and prebiotics. Finally, this review emphasizes the gut-spinal cord axis as a promising therapeutic target, highlighting the need for multi-omics integration, longitudinal cohort studies, and individualized interventions to resolve existing debates. Overall, the recognition of the gut-spinal cord axis provides a conceptual shift that extends beyond the gut-brain framework.

ABSTRACTThe locus coeruleus (LC) is a nucleus within the brainstem associated with physiological arousal and altered structure and function in the context of neurological conditions. Pathologies related to difficulties with attention have previously been associated with abnormalities in neurotransmitter production and sensitivity, suggesting the possibility of abnormality in neurotransmitter‐producing neural regions. One such region is the LC, associated with norepinephrine production. To examine the possibility that LC alteration is associated with inattentive symptom reporting, regression analyses were performed using neuromelanin contrast ratios and volume in a sample of 141 individuals age‐ranged from 8 to 54. Mediation modeling was subsequently performed to examine the relationship between neuromelanin contrast and volume in regard to inattentive behavior. We found that the structural integrity value of the LC, especially in the right hemisphere, showed a significant negative association with the level of the individual's inattentiveness score. LC volume was also significantly positively associated with inattention, and this finding was also lateralized to the right LC. Interestingly, an inverse association was found between structural integrity and volume. These findings support the relationship between LC and attention‐related behavior through both neuromelanin‐sensitive and structural imaging, with important implications for the association between regional structure and function.

In recent years, substantial progress has been made in pulp regeneration therapy. Unlike conventional root canal therapy (RCT) and vital pulp therapy (VPT), pulp regeneration therapy not only restores the physiological structure and function of damaged teeth but also facilitates root development in immature teeth. Biomaterials play a pivotal role in this process, as they must exhibit biocompatibility, suitable pore architecture, and controlled degradability to support both vascular and neural regeneration. With advancements in biomaterial technology, the clinical application of pulp regeneration therapy has achieved remarkable success by closely mimicking the natural pulp microenvironment, offering a more biological approach for treating pulp-related diseases. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the key biological components essential for pulp regeneration and highlights recent innovations in biomaterials for this therapy. Furthermore, we examine the mechanisms through which biomaterials enhance pulp regeneration and suggest potential strategies for further improvement. Finally, we discuss emerging trends and future opportunities in this rapidly evolving field.

Chemical defense mechanisms in certain plant seeds yield secondary metabolites that can adversely affect rodents. In forest ecosystems, acorns high in ellagitannins (ET) serve as a significant nutrient source for rodents; however, the long-term impacts of ingesting tannin-rich acorns on reproductive organs and overall reproduction remain unclear. In this study, four types of artificial seeds with different ET contents (0, 2, 7, and 12%) were fabricated to simulate various acorn types. We investigated the effects of ET on the survival and reproduction of Kunming mice (Mus musculus). Results revealed that increasing ET content significantly inhibited weight gain and reduced survival rates, with male mice being particularly sensitive. High ET levels were associated with alterations in the physiological structure of the ovaries and testes, premature aging, and other deleterious effects, which may impair sperm quality in males and compromise fertility in females. Furthermore, a medium ET content inhibited an increase in embryonic body length, disrupted the structural and functional integrity of embryos, and reduced the number of blood cells in the labyrinth layer of the placenta. These findings suggest that tannins in Quercus seeds may affect rodents' growth and reproduction, thereby potentially playing a regulatory role in rodent population dynamics.

Children constitute a key population for scar prevention and treatment, attributed to the unique features of their skin's physiological structure and psychosomatic growth. Current approaches for preventing and treating pediatric scars are formulated with reference to relevant consensuses and guidelines for adult, failing to fully consider the specific characteristics of pediatric scars and their special needs of growth and development. As a result, some strategies for prevention and treatment remain controversial. To address this limitation, the Chinese Burn Association brought together domestic and international experts in the field of scar prevention and treatment from relevant disciplines. Guided by evidence-based medicine, referring domestic and international literature, and combining the clinical experience of specialist physicians, the Clinical practice guideline for pediatric scar prevention and treatment (2025 edition) was finally developed after consultations on clinical issues and then multiple rounds of expert meetings for discussions. This guideline outlines 20 recom-mendations addressing 10 key issues in pediatric scar prevention and treatment, and discusses the controversial issues in this field, aiming to provide scientific guidance for the entire process of prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation of scars in children aged 1-14 years.

Surgical intervention on the nose is a complex of operations aimed at restoring the anatomical and physiological structure of the nose. Traditionally, various methods are used in nasal surgery: the use of the patient's own tissues (autoplastic operations), implantation of biomaterials taken from other people (alloplastic operations), or synthetic or artificial materials to eliminate defects. However, the number of autogenous cartilages is limited, not to mention that additional incisions inevitably occur during the extraction of ear cartilage and rib cartilage, which can lead to complications in the donor area. Tissue engineering, which has been actively developing for many years, represents a promising approach to the reconstruction of tissues and organs, including the nose. Recently, there has been increased interest in creating new tissues and skeletons for organs using 3D printing technology. This technology allows precise control of the microarchitecture and internal structure, which creates ideal conditions for cell population. There are only a few studies devoted to tissue engineering of cartilage tissue, the use of stem cells and growth factors for this purpose. This review provides basic information about available research on standard surgical approaches, as well as the use of stem cells, biomaterials and three-dimensional printing for nasal reconstruction.