Physical Wiring Research Articles

WIRELESS CHARGING FOR ELECTRICAL VEHICLES

Nowadays Wireless power transmission (WPT) is popular and gaining technology finding its application in various fields. The power is transferred from a source to an electrical load without the need of interconnections. Wireless power Transmission (WPT) is useful to power electrical devices where physical wiring is not possible or inconvenient. The technology uses the principle of mutual inductance. One of the best future applications finds in automotive sector especially in Electrical Vehicles. This project deals with research and development of wireless charging systems for Electric Vehicles using Wireless transmission. The main goal is to transmit power using resonance coupling and to build charging systems. The System deals with AC source, transmission coil, reception coil, converter and electric load which are battery. As Electric Vehicles (EVs) continue to gain popularity as a sustainable transportation solution, the need for efficient charging infrastructure becomes increasingly critical. Wireless charging technology presents a promising solution to address the limitations of traditional plug-in charging systems, offering convenience and flexibility to EV users. This Project explores the concept of wireless EV charging while the vehicle is in motion, also known as dynamic wirelesscharging (DWC). By integrating inductive power transfer (IPT) technology with dynamic charging infrastructure embedded in roadways or dedicated lanes, vehicles can replenish their batteries continuously while in motion, extending their range and reducing the need for frequent stops. Furthermore, DWC has the potential to enhance the feasibility and adoption of EVs in various sectors, including public transportation, logistics, and personal mobility. This abstract provides a comprehensive overview of the emerging field of wireless EV charging while the vehicle is inmotion, highlighting its benefits, challenges, and future prospects.

A wide-angle incidence, broadband rectified metasurface for radar frequency band EM energy harvesting and wireless power transfer

Traditional power transmission networks with complex physical wiring have struggled to meet the power needs of emerging portable and decentralized devices. Recently, rectified metasurfaces for electromagnetic (EM) energy harvesting have attracted great attention from researchers due to their customizability and application flexibility. However, many previous structures mainly focused on harvesting efficiency and ignored harvesting bandwidth. Here, we propose a broadband rectified metasurface structure for radar frequency band EM energy harvesting and wireless power transfer. The cell structure consists of a centrosymmetric hyperbolic ring (CHR) structure that can exhibit an EM wave absorptivity of greater than 80 % at wide incidence angles. The AC energy of each cell is exported through metal vias, and the energy is pooled through the feed networks. Finally, the rectification circuit is designed to complete the AC-to-DC conversion and the DC energy harvesting. Broadband EM energy harvester can be achieved when the incidence angle is 0° to 60°. The half-power bandwidth (HPBW) can be up to 55 % with a normal incidence. To verify the rectified metasurface function, a prototype with 6 × 6 metasurface array is fabricated and tested. When the rectified metasurface operates at 6.1 GHz, RF-to-DC energy harvesting efficiency of greater than 35 % can be achieved in the incidence angle range of 0° to 60° and maximum efficiency is 57 %. It makes it possible to self-power sensor network nodes working in the vicinity of communication base stations or radar base stations.

Efficient Control and Automation: Exploring Siemens LOGO PLC and PLC-Based Industrial Timer Controllers

Siemens LOGO PLC is a compact system for small automation projects, programmed via LOGO Soft Comfort. Its graphical interface enables easy circuit program creation, facilitating customized control systems swiftly. LOGO Soft Comfort allows offline and online testing, simulation, and program archiving. PLC timers, integral to the system, regulate input and output signals, functioning like relay timers without physical presence or wiring. This paper delves into PLC-based industrial timer controllers, designed to supersede traditional hard-wired relay and timer logic systems. Common PLC timers include Pulse, On-delay, Retentive On-delay, and Off-delay timers, pivotal for time delays and production monitoring in industries. They facilitate actions like turning machines off after set periods or initiating them after specific delays upon sensor activation or button press

Enhancing Data Security in Autonomous Vehicle Communication Networks

In today's driving landscape, in-vehicle communication has become a cornerstone, facilitated by the proliferation of sensor-centric communication and computing devices within vehicles. These systems serve various functions such as vehicle monitoring, reducing physical wiring, and enhancing driving efficiency. However, the existing literature on cybersecurity for in-vehicle communication systems lacks dedicated solutions to mitigate in-vehicle cyber risks effectively. Current approaches primarily rely on protocol-specific security techniques, lacking a comprehensive security framework for in-vehicle communication. This paper critically examines the literature on cybersecurity for in-vehicle communication, focusing on technical architecture, methodologies, challenges, and potential solutions.
 The paper presents an in-depth analysis of in-vehicle communication network architecture, outlining key components, interfaces, and associated technologies. Protocols utilized in in-vehicle communication are classified based on their characteristics and usage types. Furthermore, security solutions for in-vehicle communication are critically reviewed, encompassing machine learning, cryptography, and port-centric techniques. A multi-layer secure framework is proposed as a protocol and use case-independent solution for in-vehicle communication security.Lastly, the paper identifies open challenges and outlines future research directions for enhancing cybersecurity in in-vehicle communication.

Advance Electric vehicle System for Minimization of wiring Harness Using IoV

The rapid growth of the electric vehicle (EV) market demands innovative solutions to optimize vehicle design, improve efficiency, and enhance user experience. Traditional vehicles heavily rely on extensive wiring harnesses to interconnect various components and systems, leading to increased weight, complexity, and production costs. This abstract presents an advanced electric vehicle system that leverages the power of the Internet of Vehicles (IoV) to minimize wiring harnesses, utilizing components such as Wi-Fi, Thinkspeak cloud, Buzzer, solar plat, charging storing in Battery, LED indicators, voltage and current sensor and other smart electronic devices. The proposed system employs Wi-Fi connectivity as a robust wireless communication technology within the vehicle. By utilizing Wi-Fi, the need for physical wiring is significantly reduced, enabling seamless data transfer between vehicle components and the central control unit using ESP-32 now wireless Communications. This approach streamlines the vehicle's internal architecture, leading to a cleaner and lighter design, ultimately improving energy efficiency and reducing manufacturing complexity. Furthermore, the integration of the Thinkspeak cloud serves as a centralized data storage and analysis platform. Thinkspeak cloud enables real-time monitoring and remote access to critical vehicle parameters and performance metrics, facilitating efficient fleet management and predictive maintenance. The cloud-based solution enhances the vehicle's connectivity and allows for over-the-air updates, enabling continuous improvements and adaptability to emerging technologies.

SkinLink

Applying customized epidermal electronics closely onto the human skin offers the potential for biometric sensing and unique, always-available on-skin interactions. However, iterating designs of an on-skin interface from schematics to physical circuit wiring can be time-consuming, even with tiny modifications; it is also challenging to preserve skin wearability after repeated alteration. We present SkinLink, a reconfigurable on-skin fabrication approach that allows users to intuitively explore and experiment with the circuitry adjustment on the body. We demonstrate SkinLink with a customized on-skin prototyping toolkit comprising tiny distributed circuit modules and a variety of streamlined trace modules that adapt to diverse body surfaces. To evaluate SkinLink's performance, we conducted a 14-participant usability study to compare and contrast the workflows with a benchmark on-skin construction toolkit. Four case studies targeting a film makeup artist, two beauty makeup artists, and a wearable computing designer further demonstrate different application scenarios and usages.

Application of Chaotic Encryption and Decryption in Wireless Transmission From Sensory Toolholders on Machine Tools

In recent years, several industries have increased their demand for processing precision, automatic detection, and visualization interfaces. Therefore, to keep pace with the Fourth Industrial Revolution, machine tool operators install a large number of sensors on machine tools to obtain more precise physical quantities during processing, and use a variety of sensors to obtain measurements in various situations. However, these additional sensors on machine tools result in complicated wire layouts, which exhibit negative effects on processing. Such problems lead to the birth of wireless data transmission, which is expected to become the new standard in the future. At present, there are more and more interactive integration between relevant embedded system and the machine tool, which allows information communication between each other in the wireless domain. However, generally, the majority of machine tool operators focus on optimizing the sensing conditions during processing, but they disregard the importance of information security. In the current era of the Internet of Things, information security is regarded as a crucial factor. For the wireless communication between the Internet of Things (IoT) equipment for each machine in the machining field, the transmitted data is almost exposed within public space directly due to the loss in constraint and protection of physical wiring. Therefore, such process can easily be intercepted by other devices that capture information on relevant status of the machine, or command messages received by the controller, where intentional individual may possibly control the operating mechanism and progress of entire plant. This leads to theft of relevant secrets in manufacturing technology for the subject company, or intentional shutdown, machine damage and vicious blackmailing attacks. Therefore, introducing the mechanism of safety protection during wireless signal transmission is an inevitable technology to maintain the company interests, and also the necessary study lacking at present. Within the encrypted algorithm under such category, the chaotic system has become the popular option of study based on its characteristic of difficulty in decryption. Therefore, in this study, a signal transmission encryption and decryption system to be used by sensory toolholders during processing was designed. The unpredictability of the chaotic system was utilized, and chaotic synchronization control was used to calculate the encryption and decryption of the key, rendering the key difficult to compromise. Two control methods of the synchronization process were then compared: sliding mode control and proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control. The parameters of the PID controller were calculated using optimization algorithms such as the genetic algorithm, hybrid Taguchi-genetic algorithm, and particle swarm optimization. The experimental results revealed that, compared with the PID control, the sliding mode control featured advantages such as fewer iterations required for synchronization, fewer errors after synchronization, and higher robustness and performance recovery. Thus, the sliding mode control synchronization system was able to generate more complex keys and had superior information security and system stability.

Intelligent analytics algorithms in breach detection systems for securing VANETs and data for smart transportation management

Due to the increasing prevalence of sensor-centric communication and computing devices installed within a vehicle for a wide range of functions, including vehicle monitoring, physical wiring minimization, and driving efficiency, in-vehicle communication has emerged as an integral part of the modern driving environment. Nevertheless, there are presently no certain remedies for in-vehicle cyber dangers provided by the relevant literature on cyber security for in-vehicle communication techniques. Existing solutions do not provide a complete security framework for in-vehicle communication since they depend heavily on protocol-specific security techniques. The purpose of this research is to provide a method for smart vehicle management in VANET breach detection that makes use of efficient data transfer and clever machine learning. In this research, we use a novel approach to intrusion detection based on an ensemble of adversarial Boltzmann CNNs. And then we utilize the secure short hop opportunistic local routing protocol to get the information where it needs to go. Experimentation analysis for a wide range of security-based datasets includes throughput, QoS, training accuracy, validation accuracy, and network security analysis. Throughput of 88%, Quality of Service of 77%, Training Accuracy of 93%, Validation Accuracy of 96%, Network Security Analyses of 63%, Scalability of 75% were all achieved using the suggested method.

In-Vehicle Communication Cyber Security: Challenges and Solutions.

In-vehicle communication has become an integral part of today’s driving environment considering the growing add-ons of sensor-centric communication and computing devices inside a vehicle for a range of purposes including vehicle monitoring, physical wiring reduction, and driving efficiency. However, related literature on cyber security for in-vehicle communication systems is still lacking potential dedicated solutions for in-vehicle cyber risks. Existing solutions are mainly relying on protocol-specific security techniques and lacking an overall security framework for in-vehicle communication. In this context, this paper critically explores the literature on cyber security for in-vehicle communication focusing on technical architecture, methodologies, challenges, and possible solutions. In-vehicle communication network architecture is presented considering key components, interfaces, and related technologies. The protocols for in-vehicle communication have been classified based on their characteristics, and usage type. Security solutions for in-vehicle communication have been critically reviewed considering machine learning, cryptography, and port-centric techniques. A multi-layer secure framework is also developed as a protocol and use case-independent in-vehicle communication solution. Finally, open challenges and future dimensions of research for in-vehicle communication cyber security are highlighted as observations and recommendations.

A physical wiring diagram for the human immune system

The human immune system is composed of a distributed network of cells circulating throughout the body, which must dynamically form physical associations and communicate using interactions between their cell-surface proteomes1. Despite their therapeutic potential2, our map of these surface interactions remains incomplete3,4. Here, using a high-throughput surface receptor screening method, we systematically mapped the direct protein interactions across a recombinant library that encompasses most of the surface proteins that are detectable on human leukocytes. We independently validated and determined the biophysical parameters of each novel interaction, resulting in a high-confidence and quantitative view of the receptor wiring that connects human immune cells. By integrating our interactome with expression data, we identified trends in the dynamics of immune interactions and constructed a reductionist mathematical model that predicts cellular connectivity from basic principles. We also developed an interactive multi-tissue single-cell atlas that infers immune interactions throughout the body, revealing potential functional contexts for new interactions and hubs in multicellular networks. Finally, we combined targeted protein stimulation of human leukocytes with multiplex high-content microscopy to link our receptor interactions to functional roles, in terms of both modulating immune responses and maintaining normal patterns of intercellular associations. Together, our work provides a systematic perspective on the intercellular wiring of the human immune system that extends from systems-level principles of immune cell connectivity down to mechanistic characterization of individual receptors, which could offer opportunities for therapeutic intervention.

Adolescent development of multiscale structural wiring and functional interactions in the human connectome

Adolescence is a time of profound changes in the physical wiring and function of the brain. Here, we analyzed structural and functional brain network development in an accelerated longitudinal cohort spanning 14 to 25 y (n = 199). Core to our work was an advanced invivo model of cortical wiring incorporating MRI features of corticocortical proximity, microstructural similarity, and white matter tractography. Longitudinal analyses assessing age-related changes in cortical wiring identified a continued differentiation of multiple corticocortical structural networks in youth. We then assessed structure-function coupling using resting-state functional MRI measures in the same participants both via cross-sectional analysis at baseline and by studying longitudinal change between baseline and follow-up scans. At baseline, regions with more similar structural wiring were more likely to be functionally coupled. Moreover, correlating longitudinal structural wiring changes with longitudinal functional connectivity reconfigurations, we found that increased structural differentiation, particularly between sensory/unimodal and default mode networks, was reflected by reduced functional interactions. These findings provide insights into adolescent development of human brain structure and function, illustrating how structural wiring interacts with the maturation of macroscale functional hierarchies.

Talking about the Management and Analysis of Intelligent Wiring in Data Center

For the application scenario of data center, the wiring management problem of data center equipment room is effectively solved through four purposes: visual wiring operation display, intelligent wiring selection construction scheme, automatic calculation of jumper length, and topology deduction of wiring link integrity. Eliminate the traditional operation and maintenance excel wiring ledger management method, eliminate the management pain points such as complicated wiring management, huge number of wiring, and inconsistent wiring ledger. In a visual way, make the wiring management intelligent, regular and efficient in a visual way. Select the start port and end port of the wiring, intelligently calculate all the connection paths of the wiring, and intelligently select the best wiring path for operation and maintenance personnel for reference. At present, the calculation method of the best path is the minimum number of device nodes. The jumper length of the route selected by the user is calculated automatically, and the wiring distance is calculated to facilitate the operation and maintenance personnel to select the suitable wiring length for construction. Support operation and maintenance personnel to quickly import construction information to generate construction orders. The intelligent wiring module supports the display and topology deduction verification of the global wiring in the equipment room, so as to check the integrity of the connection information of the upstream and downstream physical wiring of the current equipment in the form of topology, and supports the functions of hiding the distribution frame, changing the topology shape and saving. It makes the operation and maintenance personnel’s management of wiring in the equipment room simple and intuitive. The human-computer interaction mode can visually check the status of the equipment port occupation and all the device relationship sets passed by the entire wiring link.

(Invited) 3D Printing and Wireless Power Transfer Systems for Soft Robotics Applications

Wireless power transfer (WPT) to electrical and electronic systems is an attractive substitute to conductor wiring [1]. The problem of delivery of power to multiple sensors in an environment is well known. The conductors of these power supplies are susceptible to breakage, short circuit, electronic signal cross talk, among others [2]. Perhaps a major challenge would be in the area of soft robotics, where flexible sensors are desired. In these areas a physical wiring is going to compromise the physical flexibility of the sensors. A free positioning WPT system is going to allow the necessary flexibility as there is no physical conductor and the transceivers need not be perfectly aligned for efficient delivery of power[3].

(Invited) 3D Printing and Wireless Power Transfer Systems for Soft Robotics Applications

Wireless power transfer (WPT) to electrical and electronic systems is an attractive substitute to conductor wiring. The problem of delivery of power to multiple sensors in an Industrial environment is well known. The conductors of these power supplies are susceptible to breakage, short circuit, electronic signal cross talk, among others. Perhaps a major challenge would be in the area of soft robotics, where flexible sensors are desired. In these areas a physical wiring is going to compromise the physical flexibility of the sensors. A free positioning WPT system is going to allow the necessary flexibility as there is no physical conductor and the transceivers need not be perfectly aligned for efficient delivery of power.

Digital Substation Evolution in the Journey of Smart Grid

IEC61850 as a globally accepted standard has paved the path for the realization of digital substations. A substation protection, automation, monitoring and control system based on the concepts of [EC61850 can be built faster, more efficiently, and more repeatably by replacing physical wiring with digital communications. This involves learning & understanding several parts of IEC61850 standard parts. [EC61850 standard parts consist of ten main parts with several other associated parts. While a utility decides to implement an “IEC61850 Digital substation”, the user must understand that to design such substation, the user not only has to understand the key terms, usage of standard but also what can be the potential benefits and what is the current trend in this space of digital substation. This paper presents architecture and evolution of the digital substation, present stage of implementation, at the same time potential benefits explained with some key case studies on protection, monitoring and control.

Experimental Realization of Zenneck Type Wave-based Non-Radiative, Non-Coupled Wireless Power Transmission

A decade ago, non-radiative wireless power transmission re-emerged as a promising alternative to deliver electrical power to devices where a physical wiring proved impracticable. However, conventional “coupling-based” approaches face performance issues when multiple devices are involved, as they are restricted by factors like coupling and external environments. Zenneck waves are excited at interfaces, like surface plasmons and have the potential to deliver electrical power to devices placed on a conducting surface. Here, we demonstrate, efficient and long range delivery of electrical power by exciting non-radiative waves over metal surfaces to multiple loads. Our modeling and simulation using Maxwell’s equation with proper boundary conditions shows Zenneck type behavior for the excited waves and are in excellent agreement with experimental results. In conclusion, we physically realize a radically different class of power transfer system, based on a wave, whose existence has been fiercely debated for over a century.

Parcellation influence on the connectivity-based structure-function relationship in the human brain.

One of the fundamental questions in neuroscience is how brain structure and function are intertwined. MRI‐based studies have demonstrated a close relationship between the physical wiring of the brain (structural connectivity) and the associated patterns of synchronization (functional connectivity). However, little is known about the spatial consistency of such a relationship and notably its potential dependence on brain parcellations. In the present study, we performed a comparison of a set of state‐of‐the‐art group‐wise brain atlases, with various spatial resolutions, to relate structural and functional connectivity derived from high quality MRI data. We aim to investigate if the definition of brain areas influences the relationship between structural and functional connectivity. We observed that there is a significant effect of brain parcellations, which is mainly driven by the number of areas; there are mixed differences in the SC–FC relationship when compared to purely random parcellations; the influence of the number of areas cannot be attributed solely to the reliability of the connectivity estimates; and beyond the influence of the number of regions, the spatial embedding of the brain (distance effect) can explain a large portion of the observed relationship. As such the choice of a brain parcellation for connectivity analyses remains most likely a matter of convenience.

Non-Complex Cost-Effective Energy Monitoring using the Internet of Things

Energy monitoring is vital to identifying ways of reducing energy consumption. This may lead to a reduction in the use of non-renewable energy sources (such as coal), increasing the lifespan of current energy storage systems (such as batteries) and reducing financial costs (such as electrical utility costs). Current commercial monitoring systems may prove too complex or too expensive for the average homeowner to install and use. How can the internet of things, therefore, be used to identify sources of energy consumption? The purpose of this paper is to describe the design and setup of a non-complex cost-effective energy monitoring system for a residential home environment. This may enable homeowners to identify unwanted energy consumption and thereby reduce their electrical utility bills. The system incorporates an Arduino Uno Board, ESP8266 WiFi module and a cloud server called ThingSpeak. No physical wiring connections are needed, as only a current transformer sensor needs to be hooked around the main AC supply line from the electrical utility provider. No PC data storage is required, as the data is stored on the cloud server. The only key requirement is internet connectivity so that the WiFi module may connect directly to the cloud server where all data is captured and presented.

Work sharing of qubits in topological error corrections

Topological error-correcting codes, such as surface codes and color codes, are promising because quantum operations are realized by two-dimensionally (2D) arrayed quantum bits (qubits). However, physical wiring of electrodes to qubits is complicated, and 3D integration for the wiring requires further development of fabrication technologies. Here, we propose a method to reduce the congestion of wiring to qubits by just adding a swap gate after each controlled-not (cnot) gate. swap gates exchange roles of qubits. Then, the roles of qubits are shared between different qubits. We found that our method transforms the qubit layout and reduces the number of qubits that cannot be two-dimensionally accessed. We show that fully 2D layouts including both qubits and control electrodes can be achieved for surface and color codes of minimum sizes. This method will be beneficial to simplifications of the fabrication process of quantum circuits in addition to improvements in the reliability of qubit systems.

Wireless Charging System for Electric Vehicles

Wireless power transmission (WPT) is popular and gaining technology finding its application in various fields. The power is transferred from a source to an electrical load without the need of interconnections. WPT is useful to power electrical devices where physical wiring is not possible or inconvenient. The technology uses the principle of mutual inductance. One of the future applications finds in automotive sector especially in Electric Vehicles. This paper deals with research and development of wireless charging systems for Electric vehicles using wireless transmission. The main goal is to transmit power using resonance coupling and to build the charging systems. The systems deal with an AC source, transmission coil, reception coil, converter and electric load which are battery.