Physical Scale Research Articles

The Neighborhood Environment and Handgrip Strength: Longitudinal Findings From the Health and Retirement Study.

Muscle strength, as measured by handgrip strength (HGS), is associated with physical function and mortality. Yet the environmental context that influences muscle strength is poorly understood. We evaluated built and social neighborhood characteristics and their association with muscle strength over time. Using data from the Health and Retirement Study (2006-2018), linear mixed models assessed how 11 built and social neighborhood variables were associated with baseline levels and changes in HGS over time. Among the 20 045 respondents (mean age = 63 years, standard deviation = 9.7) with up to 4 HGS measures, 8455 were men and 11 590 were women. Among men, residing in a neighborhood with a 10% increment higher score on neighborhood disadvantage was associated with a ~1kg lower HGS at baseline (B = -0.96kg, 95% confidence interval [CI] = -1.39 to -0.53). Similarly, each 1-point increment on the physical disorder scale was associated with a -0.39kg lower (95% CI = -0.65 to -0.12) baseline HGS value. Among women, each 10% increment in neighborhood disadvantage was associated with a 0.29kg lower HGS at baseline (B = -0.29kg for each 10% increment, 95% CI = -0.46, -0.13). Each 1-unit increment in the number of neighborhood gyms at baseline was associated with a 0.50kg lower HGS (B = -0.50, 95% CI = -0.76 to -0.23). Each 1-point increment in physical disorder was associated with a -0.12kg lower (95% CI = -0.24 to -0.00) baseline HGS value. None of the neighborhood features were associated with the HGS rate of change. Findings suggest that residing in neighborhoods with greater disadvantages and physical disorders may pose challenges for HGS among middle-aged adults as they enter into older adulthood.

The association between physical activity and anxiety in college students: parallel mediation of life satisfaction and self-efficacy.

To explore the functions that physical activity (PA), life satisfaction, and self-efficacy have in the process of coping with anxiety among Chinese college students, and to explore the mediating role of life satisfaction and self-efficacy in this process. Participants were 358 college students (186 males, 172 females, mean age 20.88, SD = ±1.80). Psychosocial tests including the Physical Activity Rating Scale (PARS-3), College Student Life Satisfaction Scale (CSLSS), General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES), and Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7) were completed. Correlations between variables were calculated using Pearson's test. The mediation model was tested using the SPSS 26.0 PROCESS macro and regression bootstrap. Physical activity showed a negative correlation with anxiety (β = -0.1617, p < 0.001., life satisfaction and self-efficacy played a role in the relationship between physical activity and anxiety. More importantly, physical activity was associated with anxiety through parallel mediating effects of life satisfaction and self-efficacy, with a total mediating effect of 55.34%. By increasing college students' participation in physical activity, it helps to promote the growth of their life satisfaction and self-efficacy, which is the key to reducing anxiety and promoting college students' mental health.

The impact of mind-body exercise on the quality of life in older adults: the chain mediation effect of perceived social support and psychological resilience.

With the intensification of the global aging trend, there is a contradiction between the extended lifespan and the decline of physiological functions among the older adult. It has become a global consensus to focus on and improve the quality of life for the older adult. Mind-body exercises (Tai Chi, Ba Duan Jin, Yi Jin Jing) play a crucial role in promoting the quality of life for older adults, but the mechanisms and mediating effects are not yet clear. This study examines the impact of mind-body exercises (Tai Chi, Ba Duan Jin, Yi Jin Jing) on the quality of life in older adults, with a particular focus on exploring the chain mediating effects of perceived social support and psychological resilience. This study is a cross-sectional study that surveyed 1,087 older adults participating in mind-body exercises (Tai Chi, Ba Duan Jin, Yi Jin Jing) in 13 districts of Beijing, China, from March 25 to May 3, 2024. The Physical Activity Rating Scale (PARS-3), the World Health Organization Quality of Life Scale (WHOQOL-BREF), the Perceived Social Support Scale (PSSS), and the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) were used to measure mind-body exercise, perceived social support, psychological resilience, and quality of life, respectively. Data were statistically analyzed using SPSS 26.0, and mediation effects were tested and effect analysis was conducted through structural equation modeling (AMOS) and the Bootstrap method. The study results show that mind-body exercises (Tai Chi, Ba Duan Jin, Yi Jin Jing) are significantly and positively correlated with the quality of life in older adults (r = 0.549, p < 0.01). The path coefficients for the relationships mind-body exercise → perceived social support (β = 0.46, p < 0.001) → psychological resilience (β = 0.20, p < 0.001) → quality of life in older adults (β = 0.39, p < 0.001) are significant, indicating that perceived social support and psychological resilience have a chain mediating effect between mind-body exercise and the quality of life in older adults. Mind-body exercises not only improve the quality of life for older adults but also indirectly enhance it by strengthening perceived social support and psychological resilience. This study provides significant reference for developing health intervention strategies targeted at older adults, suggesting that promoting mind-body exercises can improve their sense of perceived social support and psychological resilience, thereby increasing their quality of life.

The relationship between visual health and influencing factors among primary and secondary school students: a survey based in the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region of China.

The myopia rate of young people around the world, especially in China, has continued to rise, and the vision health of primary and secondary school students has gradually become a global concern. It was to explore the current characteristics of vision status and their intrinsic links to influencing factors of the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region primary and secondary school students under regional characteristics. 1,670 primary and secondary school students in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region were surveyed using Vision examination, International Physical Activity Scale, Lifestyle Behavior Scale. The data were analyzed using SPSS 25.0 and AMOS 23.0. The prevalence of myopia among primary and secondary school students in the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region was 27.3%, with rates of 31.5% for girls and 23.4% for boys. There was a significant negative correlation between lifestyle behaviors (r = -0.36, p < 0.01) and physical activity level (r = -0.06, p < 0.05) with vision status. The physical activity level played a significant masking effect between lifestyle behaviors and vision status (a*b = 0.002, c' = -0.044). Gender moderated the effects of lifestyle behaviors on physical activity level and vision status, as well as the effects of physical activity level on vision status. These factors constituted a mixed model with mediating and moderation. The model fitted well (RMSEA = 0.028, CFI = 0.951, NFI = 0.918). The prevalence of myopia among primary and secondary school students in this region is lower than the national average in China, and it is associated with lifestyle behaviors, physical activity level, and gender. When effectively controlled, the physical activity level significantly will reduce the prevalence of myopia as a masking variable. Gender, as a moderating variable, provides theoretical support for the classification and prevention of myopia. Regional surveys enriched the global database on adolescent myopia research, revealing the characteristics and common factors of visual problems in adolescents. Relevant departments and schools should integrate eye care into the national health security system, implement policies related to myopia prevention and control and safeguard the visual health of primary and secondary school students.

Relationship between physical exercise and mental health of college students: Chain mediating role of fulfillment of basic psychological needs and peer relationships

Physical exercise plays a key role in improving college students' mental health. This study explored the relationship between physical exercise and the mental health of college students, as well as the mediating roles of fulfillment of basic psychological needs and peer relationships in this relationship. We used the Physical Exercise Scale, Fulfillment of Basic Psychological Needs Scale, Peer Relationship Scale, and Mental Health Scale to measure the physical and mental health of 1,649 college students. The results showed that physical exercise was positively correlated with mental health. Fulfillment of basic psychological needs and peer relationships had both independent mediating effects and chain mediating effects in the relationship between physical exercise and mental health. We explain the relationship between physical exercise and mental health, which has important practical significance for improving the mental health of college students.

The relationship between exercise attitudes, exercise consumption demand, and amount of exercise

Exercise attitudes and exercise consumption demand are critical to health promotion. This study explored the relationship between exercise attitudes, exercise consumption demand, and amount of exercise to enrich the "attitude–behavior" model of physical exercise. We used the Exercise Attitude Scale, the Exercise Consumption Demand Scale, and the Physical Activity Rating Scale to investigate the exercise attitudes, exercise consumption demand, and the amount of exercise of 1,227 urban residents. Our results showed that the eight dimensions of exercise attitudes were positively correlated with the four dimensions of exercise consumption demand and the amount of exercise, and the four dimensions of exercise consumption demand were positively correlated with the amount of exercise. In addition, exercise consumption demand played a mediating role in the relationship between exercise attitudes and amount of exercise. The above findings have positive implications for related policies such as health promotion as well as exercise consumption.

The Effects of Scales on Modeling of Flow Patterns Over Spillway

Climate changes leading to extreme events when the occurrence and intensity of severe phenomena have impeded the development and rehabilitation of hydraulic infrastructure, such as weirs and spillways according to these new conditions. The scale physical model is one of the most important methods for designing these hydraulic structures. The selection of the model scale is necessary for model operation accuracy and design performance because of the effect of this process on design parameters resulting from the model. Scale effects can be seen through the large effect of some forces on the model that are not effective in reality, such as surface tension and viscosity forces, whose effect can be seen on the model with a relatively small scale, but are not effective on the structure at the actual size. The present study is trying to know how the physical model scales affect flow patterns over the spillway of small dam (less than 15m height) and the extent of this effect. Three physical model scales (1/30, 1/75, and 1/100) were used and compared with the actual size of the structure by numerical model (FLOW 3D). The physical and numerical models were tested with discharge values of (250, 350, 500, 750, and 1000) m3/s to evaluate the rating curve, discharge coefficients, pressure distributions, and energy dissipation. The results show the scale has significantly impacted the results, and it is preferable to avoid small scales. The 1/30 scale aligned more closely with the numerical model (the actual dimensions of the spillway) and strikes a compromise between measurement precision and expense. Therefore; the present study recommended using the scale 1/30 physical model or more for small dam spillway design.

Predictor Scales of Cognitive Factors Affecting Physical Activity in Individuals Surviving Cancer: Psychometric Properties of Turkish Versions

Background: Increasing physical activity in individuals surviving cancer is crucial in reducing treatment-related side effects and recurrence. Valid and reliable measurement tools are needed that will enable the factors affecting exercise to be addressed holistically and theoretically. This study aimed to adapt the Exercise Goal-Setting Scale, Exercise Planning and Scheduling Scale, Multidimensional Outcome Expectations for Exercise Scale, and Physical Activity Neighborhood Environment Scale into Turkish language and to explore psychometric properties of the Turkish versions of these scales in individuals surviving cancer. Methods: This methodologically designed research collected data from 153 participants at a hospital in Istanbul, Türkiye. The scales used in the study were adapted to the Turkish language through forward and backward translation and expert opinion. Content validity was assessed with a 2-week test-retest reliability, Cronbach’s α reliability coefficient for stability, item-total correlation, and confirmatory factor analysis. Results: The scales showed good content validity (CVI = 0.95-0.99). Internal consistencies were acceptable to excellent (Cronbach’s α = .79-.94), and moderate to good reproducibility estimates were observed (r = .67-.84). The MOEES factor structure also showed excellent fit. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that the adapted scales evaluated are valid and reliable for examining physical activity based on social cognitive processes in individuals surviving cancer in Türkiye. The scales examined in the study can be used to determine the cognitive factors affecting activity and to plan effective programs when providing physical activity counseling to individuals surviving cancer in Türkiye.

Digging into the Interior of Hot Cores with ALMA (DIHCA). IV. Fragmentation in High-mass Star-forming Clumps

Fragmentation contributes to the formation and evolution of stars. Observationally, high-mass stars are known to form multiple-star systems, preferentially in cluster environments. Theoretically, Jeans instability has been suggested to determine characteristic fragmentation scales, and thermal or turbulent motion in the parental gas clump mainly contributes to the instability. To search for such a characteristic fragmentation scale, we have analyzed Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) 1.33 mm continuum observations toward 30 high-mass star-forming clumps taken by the Digging into the Interior of Hot Cores with ALMA survey. We have identified 573 cores using the dendrogram algorithm and measured the separation of cores by using the Minimum Spanning Tree technique. The core separation corrected by projection effects has a distribution peaked around 5800 au. In order to remove biases produced by different distances and sensitivities, we further smooth the images to a common physical scale and perform completeness tests. Our careful analysis finds a characteristic fragmentation scale of ∼7000 au, comparable to the thermal Jeans length of the clumps. We conclude that thermal Jeans fragmentation plays a dominant role in determining the clump fragmentation in high-mass star-forming regions, without the need to invoke turbulent Jeans fragmentation.

Understanding small neutrino mass and its implication

We have derived previously the relations between the neutrino masses and mixing angles in a dispersive analysis on the mixing of neutral leptonic states. The only involved assumption is that the electroweak symmetry of the Standard Model (SM) is restored at a high energy scale in some new physics scenario, which diminishes the box diagrams responsible for the mixing. Here we include corrections to the analysis up to three loops, arising from exchanges of additional neutral and charged scalars in the electroweak symmetric phase. The solution to the dispersion relation for the μ−e+-μ+e− mixing generates a typical neutrino mass mν∼O(1)eV in the SM unambiguously. The solution also favors the normal ordering of the neutrino masses over the inverted one, and links the large electroweak symmetry restoration, i.e., new physics scale to the small neutrino mass.

Antiseizure Medications and Cardiovascular Events in Older People With Epilepsy

How epilepsy may promote cardiovascular disease remains poorly understood. To estimate the odds of new-onset cardiovascular events (CVEs) over 6 years in older people with vs without epilepsy, exploring how enzyme-inducing antiseizure medications (EIASMs) and traditional cardiovascular risk factors mediate these odds. This was a prospective cohort study using the comprehensive cohort of the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging (CLSA), with 6 years of follow-up (2015-2021, analysis performed in December 2023). The CLSA is an ongoing, national study of 51 338 adults aged 45 to 85 years at baseline who are recruited in Canada. The comprehensive cohort includes 30 097 individuals living near 1 of 11 data collection centers. Participation in the CLSA was voluntary; participation rate was 45%. Among those in the comprehensive cohort, individuals reporting no previous history of CVEs (ie, stroke, transient ischemic attack [TIA], or myocardial infarction [MI]) at baseline were excluded. No other exclusion criteria were applied. A total of 86% of participants completed follow-up. Lifetime history of epilepsy. The primary outcome was new-onset CVEs over 6 years. Secondary outcomes were new-onset strokes, TIAs, and MIs. Logistic models were fitted for these outcomes as a function of epilepsy, age, sex, household income, and education level. Mediation analyses were conducted for strong EIASM use, weak EIASM use, Framingham score, Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE) score, and waist to hip ratio. Among the 30 097 individuals in the comprehensive cohort, a total of 27 230 individuals (mean [SD] age, 62.3 [10.1] years; 14 268 female [52.4%]) were included, 431 with a lifetime history of epilepsy. New-onset CVEs were more likely in epilepsy, with an adjusted odds ratio of 2.20 (95% CI, 1.48-3.27). The proportion of the effect of epilepsy on new-onset CVEs was mediated as follows by each of the following variables: strong EIASM use, 24.6% (95% CI, 6.5%-54.6%), weak EIASM use, 4.0% (95% CI, 0.8%-11.0%), Framingham score, 1.4% (95% CI, -1.6% to 4.5%), PASE score, 3.3% (95% CI, 1.4%-6.8%), and waist to hip ratio, 1.6% (95% CI, 0.4%-3.7%). Results of this cohort study reveal that epilepsy was associated with new-onset CVEs. Nearly one-third of this association can be explained by EIASMs. These findings should be considered when choosing an antiseizure medication for a person at risk for cardiovascular disease.

Discovering the underground coal mining accident patterns in Spain from 2003 to 2021: Insights through machine learning techniques

The safety of underground coal mining has always been a global concern, involving the stable supply of energy and stakes in miners’ lives. Lessons learned from historical accidents and transforming into practical experience help reduce the quantity and severity of accidents. In this study, six ensemble learning techniques, including AdaBoost, Extra Trees, GBDT, LightGBM, Random Forest, and XGBoost, were used to investigate the correlation between accident-causing factors and severity. Firstly, 39487 underground coal mine accidents data was obtained from Spain, variables were categorized and coded. To address the extreme class imbalance, a new dataset (2468 cases) was obtained by data sampling from the original database. Subsequently, the new dataset was randomly divided into training sets (75% of the data) and test sets (25% of the data), then the hyperparameters of each model were optimized and configured. Thirdly, the models’ performance was evaluated on the test data by five metrics (accuracy, Cohen’s Kappa, precision, recall, and F1). Finally, accident patterns were derived from the identified variables along with preventive strategies. Results show that tree-based ensemble learning model performs better compared to the boosting model, and the relative importance of seven variables were determined, where previous cause (PC) and material agent (MA) are the most important factors, followed by the miner’s physical activity (PA), age (A), and experience (E), scale (S) and preventive organization (PO) are in the third tier. Furthermore, the type of accident and injury caused by PC were confirmed. Working with hand tools, younger age, lack of experience, small-scale coal mines, and unfit preventive organization increased the risk of accidents. This study not only facilitates the prediction of accident severity but also provides strategies for preventing and mitigating accidents.

The Metaverse Territorial Brand: A Contemporary Concept

The “Metaverse Territorial Brand” integrates core and interconnected elements into a virtual, interactional, experiential, and immersive space known as the metaverse. This type of brand encompasses the connection with immersive territories that may or may not be digital twins of real territories. It also encompasses two interconnected physical scales: the territorial and the regional, involved in another type of emerging territorial scale, known as the metaversal scale. Therefore, the “Metaverse Territorial Brand” is a digital-immersive extension of the territorial brand of physical territories, encompassing specific geographical and cultural aspects, but directed to the metaverse environment. This brand is a symbolic digital construction, but also a multifaceted one that incorporates discursive and visual elements, articulated by the social actors of the immersive territory, aiming to create a specific and distinct identity for a space in the metaverse. When talking about social actors in the metaverse (users), we highlight that this set of actors may or may not be the same as the physical territory. It is also important to highlight that both the territorial brand directed to physical territories and the “Metaverse Territorial Brand” are formed from the power relations of a given set of social actors. Therefore, without the strategic intention of a plurality of social actors that stimulate these relationships, there is no type of territorial brand involved.

Determination of unsteady wing loading using tuft visualization

Unsteady separated flow affects the aerodynamic performance of many large-scale objects, posing challenges for accurate assessment through low-fidelity simulations. Full-scale wind tunnel testing is often impractical due to the object’s physical scale. Small-scale wind tunnel tests can approximate the aerodynamic loading, with tufts providing qualitative validation of surface flow patterns. This investigation demonstrates that tufts can quantitatively estimate unsteady integral aerodynamic lift and pitching moment loading on a wing. We present computational and experimental data for a NACA0012 wing, capturing unsteady surface flow and force coefficients beyond stall. Computational data for varying angles of attack and Reynolds numbers contain the lift coefficient and surface flow. Experimental data, including lift and moment coefficients for a tuft-equipped NACA0012 wing, were obtained at multiple angles of attack and constant Reynolds number. Our results show that a data-driven surrogate model can predict lift and pitching moment fluctuations from visual tuft observations.

The association between family physical activity environment and exercise adherence in adolescents: a chain mediation model.

The family plays an immensely crucial role in the development of adolescents, significantly influencing their behavioral patterns. To explore the impact mechanism of the family physical activity environment on adolescents' exercise adherence, and analyze the chain-mediating role of exercise self-efficacy and exercise satisfaction. A questionnaire was administered to 500 adolescents and their parents using the Family Physical Activity Environment Scale, Exercise Adherence Scale, Exercise Self-Efficacy Scale and Satisfaction Scale. The direct impact value of the family physical activity environment on adolescents' exercise adherence is 0.148, with an effect size of 32.81%. The impact values of exercise self-efficacy and satisfaction between the family physical activity environment and adolescents' exercise adherence are 0.113 and 0.092 respectively, with effect sizes of 25.05% and 20.39%. The chain-mediating effect of exercise self-efficacy and satisfaction is significant, with an effect value of 0.097 and an effect size of 21.50%. Family physical activity environment can directly and positively predict adolescents' exercise adherence, positively predict adolescents' exercise adherence through the independent mediating role of exercise self-efficacy and satisfaction, and also positively predict adolescents' exercise adherence through the chain mediating role of exercise self-efficacy and satisfaction. This provides a theoretical reference for enhancing adolescents' exercise adherence and improving their levels of physical health.

Effects of Physical Exercise Input on the Exercise Adherence of College Students: The Chain Mediating Role of Sports Emotional Intelligence and Exercise Self-Efficacy.

The aims of this study were to investigate the effects and mechanisms of physical exercise input, sports emotional intelligence, and sports self-efficacy on exercise adherence, and to examine the chain-mediating role of sports emotional intelligence→sports self-efficacy. The Physical Exercise Input Scale, Exercise Adherence Scale, Sports Emotional Intelligence Scale, and Sports Self-Efficacy Scale were used to investigate 1390 college students in three universities in the Henan Province. (1) Physical exercise input was a significant positive predictor of exercise adherence (β = 0.29, t = 5.78, p < 0.001); (2) sports emotional intelligence and sports self-efficacy mediated the relationship between physical exercise input and exercise adherence; (3) physical exercise input influenced exercise adherence through the separate mediating role of sports emotional intelligence (β = 0.10, t = 5.98, p < 0.001), the separate mediating role of sports self-efficacy (β = 0.13, t = 2.64, p < 0.01), and the chain mediating role of sports emotional intelligence→sports self-efficacy (β = 0.09, t = 2.80, p < 0.01). (1) Physical exercise input can positively predict the level of sports emotional intelligence and sports self-efficacy of college students; (2) Physical exercise input can not only directly influence college students' exercise adherence but can also indirectly influence it through sports emotional intelligence or sports self-efficacy levels alone, as well as through the chain mediation of the two.

Validity of the PROMIS® Early Childhood Physical Activity Scale among toddlers

BackgroundThe PROMIS® Early Childhood Physical Activity (PROMIS EC PA) scale is a recently developed PROMIS Early Childhood measure to assess PA among children aged 1–5 years. The purpose of this study was to examine test-retest reliability and convergent validity of the PROMIS EC PA scale among toddlers.MethodAn ancillary study was conducted in the toddler-mother dyad sample of the Child and Mother Physical Activity Study. Mothers completed the 7-item PROMIS EC PA scale twice: during a study visit (test) and on the last day when their child’s wore an ActiGraph accelerometer on the hip for 7 days (retest). The PROMIS EC PA summed score was calculated by totaling scores from items 1–5. Test-retest reliability was assessed using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for test and retest PROMIS EC PA. Convergent validity was assessed using rank correlation coefficients (rho) between PROMIS EC PA scores and accelerometer-measured moderate- and vigorous-intensity PA (MVPA).ResultsAmong 74 participants (56% female; 19 ± 4 months of mean age with range of 12–30 months), average accelerometer-measured MVPA was 76 ± 24 min/day. The median number of days between PROMIS EC PA test and retest was 8 days (IQR = 6 to 8), with an average PROMIS EC PA summed score of 11.0 ± 3.5 at test and 10.5 ± 3.4 at retest. ICC for the test-retest PROMIS EC PA summed scores was 0.72 (95% CI = 0.59–0.82). The rank correlation between the PROMIS EC PA summed score and accelerometer-measured MVPA was 0.13 (95% CI=-0.10 to 0.35; p = 0.28).ConclusionIn a sample of children aged 12–30 months, test-retest reliability for the PROMIS EC PA scale was moderate and its convergent validity against accelerometer-measured MVPA was poor. Prior to a widespread use of the PROMIS EC PA scale in large-scale research and clinical practice, the tool should be further refined and validated to elucidate how young children’s lived PA experience as measured in the PROMIS EC PA scale is relevant to their health and wellbeing outcomes.

A compositional analysis of time spent in physical activity, sedentary behaviour and sleep with quality of life in Canadian older adults aged 65 years and above: Findings from the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging.

Associations between daily time spent in physical activity (PA), sedentary behaviour (SB) and sleep (collectively referred to as 'movement behaviour') and quality of life (QOL) are typically studied without considering they are compositional, co-dependant variables. Study objectives were to use compositional data analysis to: 1) examine the relationship between movement behaviour composition and QOL, 2) estimate the degree to which changing time spent in any movement behaviour within the movement behaviour composition is associated with QOL. 7,918 older Canadian adults ≥ 65 years of age from the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging were studied using a quasi-longitudinal study design. Daily time spent in PA and SB were derived from self-reported Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly responses. Nighttime sleep was self-reported separately. QOL was assessed through the Satisfaction with Life Scale. Movement behaviour composition was significantly associated with QOL. Relative time spent in SB was negatively associated with QOL [HR = 0.89 (95% CI: 0.86, 0.93)]. Relative time spent in sleep was positively associated with QOL [HR = 1.10 (95% CI: 1.05, 1.16)]. Time displacement estimates revealed that greatest change in QOL occurred when time spent in PA was decreased and replaced with SB [HR = 0.96 (95% CI: 0.92, 0.99) for 45 min/day displacement]. Using compositional data analysis is advantageous because it shows how reduction in SB and increase in PA and sleep can lead to improvements in QOL for older Canadian adults.

The effect of physical activity on depression in university students: the mediating role of self-esteem and positive psychological capital.

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between physical exercise and depression among college students, focusing on the mediating role of self-esteem and positive psychological capital. Group psychological measurements were conducted on 579 students using various scales, including the Physical Activity Rating Scale (PARS-3), Self-Esteem Scale (SES), Positive Psychological Capital Questionnaire (PPQ), and Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS). The data was analyzed using SPSS 26.0 and bootstrap methods to test and analyze the effects. A negative correlation between physical exercise and depressive mood, with physical exercise significantly predicting college students' depressive mood. Additionally, physical exercise was found to positively predict self-esteem and positive psychological capital, both of which are negatively predictive of depressive mood. Self-esteem and positive psychological capital were identified as significant mediators between physical exercise and depressive mood, with three mediating paths: physical exercise, self-esteem, and depressed mood (Path 1), exhibited an indirect effect of 0.017, with the bootstrap 95% confidence interval excluding 0 (LLCI = -0.051, ULCI = -0.004) and accounting for 8.30% of the total effect. Physical exercise, positive psychological capital, and depression emotion (Path 2), had an indirect effect of 0.049, with the bootstrap 95% confidence interval also not containing 0 (LLCI = -0.088, ULCI = -0.011) and contributing to 23.90% of the total effect. Physical exercise, self-esteem, positive psychological capital, depressed mood (Path 3), demonstrated an indirect effect of 0.006, with the bootstrap 95% confidence interval excluding 0 (LLCI = -0.011, ULCI = -0.001) and representing 2.90% of the total effect. Physical exercise negatively predicts depressive mood among college students and has a mediating effect through self-esteem and positive psychological capital, creating a chain-like impact on their depressive symptoms.

The relationship between physical activity and mental health of middle school students: the chain mediating role of negative emotions and self-efficacy.

To explore the relationship between mental health and physical activity (PA) in middle school students, and examining the roles of negative emotions and self-efficacy in the relationship. Data from 1,134 Chinese middle school students (50.2% females, 49.8% males; M age = 15.18, SDage = 2.00) were collected using the Physical Activity Rating Scale (PARS-3), Positive and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS), General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES), and Middle School Student Mental Health Scale (MSSMHS). (1) There is a significant positive correlation between PA and mental health (r = 0.16, p < 0.01), and the direct path of PA on mental health is significant (t = 2.101, p < 0.01). (2) PA negatively predicts negative emotions (r = -0.12, p < 0.01), and is significantly positively correlated with self-efficacy (r = 0.24, p < 0.01). Negative emotions negatively predict self-efficacy (r = -0.23, p < 0.01) and mental health (r = -0.67, p < 0.01). Self-efficacy positively predicts mental health (r = 0.30, p < 0.01). (3) Negative emotions and self-efficacy play a significant mediating role between PA and mental health. The mediating effect includes three paths: PA → negative emotion → mental health (effect value: 0.130); PA → self-efficacy → mental health (effect size: 0.052); PA → negative emotions → self-efficacy → mental health (effect size: 0.006). PA among middle school students can indirectly affect mental health through negative emotions and self-efficacy. Middle school students should be encouraged to participate in PA to reduce their negative emotions and increase their self-efficacy, thus improving their mental health.