Related Physical Properties Research Articles

Construction of three-dimensional graphene interfaces into carbon fiber textiles for increasing deposition of nickel nanoparticles: flexible hierarchical magnetic textile composites for strong electromagnetic shielding

Since manipulating electromagnetic waves with electromagnetic active materials for environmental and electric engineering is a significant task, here a novel prototype is reported by introducing reduced graphene oxide (RGO) interfaces in carbon fiber (CF) networks for a hierarchical carbon fiber/reduced graphene oxide/nickel (CF-RGO-Ni) composite textile. Upon charaterizations of the microscopic morphologies, electrical and magnetic properties, the presence of three-dimensional RGO interfaces and bifunctional nickel nanoparticles substantially influences the related physical properties in the resulting hierarchical composite textiles. Eletromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding performance suggests that the hierarchical composite textiles hold a strong shielding effectiveness greater than 61 dB, showing greater advantages than conventional polymeric and foamy shielding composites. As a polymer-free lightweight structure, flexible CF-RGO-Ni composites of all electromagnetic active components offer unique understanding of the multi-scale and multiple mechanisms in electromagnetic energy consumption. Such a novel prototype of shielding structures along with convenient technology highlight a strategy to achieve high-performance EMI shielding, coupled with a universal approach for preparing advanced lightweight composites with graphene interfaces.

Tracking Nanoparticle Diffusion and Interaction during Self-Assembly in a Liquid Cell.

Nanoparticle self-assembly has been well studied theoretically, but it remains challenging to directly observe and quantify individual nanoparticle interactions. With our custom image analysis method, we track the trajectories of nanoparticle movement with high precision from a stack of relatively noisy images obtained using liquid cell transmission electron microscopy. In a time frame of minutes, Pt-Fe nanoparticles self-assembled into a loosely packed hcp lattice. The energetics and stability of the dynamic assembly were studied quantitatively. From velocity and diffusion measurements, we experimentally determined the magnitude of forces between single particles and the related physical properties. The results illustrate that long-range anisotropic forces drive the formation of chains, which then clump and fold to maximize close range van der Waals interactions.

Rock Physics Modeling and Seismic Interpretation to Estimate Shally Cemented Zone in Carbonate Reservoir Rock

Carbonate rock are important hydrocarbon reservoir rocks with complex texture and petrophysical properties (porosity and permeability). These complexities make the prediction reservoir characteristics (e.g. porosity and permeability) from their seismic properties more difficult. The goal of this paper are to understanding the relationship of physical properties and to see the signature carbonate initial rock and shally-carbonate rock from the reservoir.
 To understand the relationship between the seismic, petrophysical and geological properties, we used rock physics modeling from ultrasonic P- and S- wave velocity that measured from log data. The measurements obtained from carbonate reservoir field (gas production). X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope studies shown the reservoir rock are contain wackestone-packstone content. Effective medium theory to rock physics modeling are using Voigt, Reuss, and Hill.
 It is shown the elastic moduly proposionally decrease with increasing porosity. Elastic properties and wave velocity are decreasing proporsionally with increasing porosity and shally cemented on the carbonate rock give higher elastic properties than initial carbonate non-cemented. Rock physics modeling can separated zones which rich of shale and less of shale.

Synthesis and physicochemical properties of new tropine-based chiral dication ionic liquids

A new series of chiral dicationic ionic liquids (DILs) were successfully synthesized and characterized by IR and NMR. The density of the whole family of ILs was measured and related physical properties including thermal expansion coefficient, molecular volume, standard molar entropy, and crystal energy were estimated by theoretical methods. Moreover, the viscosity, conductivity of DILs and the binary mixtures of ionic liquid+water were determined. The data were correlated with Arrhenius equation and VogeL-Fulcher-Tamman (VFT) equation and the results were discussed subsequently. Furthermore, the molar conductivity, dissociation equilibrium constant and critical micelle concentration of DIL solution were deduced by experimental or theoretical methods. At last, the influences of the carbon chain of ILs and temperature on density, viscosity and conductivity were discussed.

Does kraft hardwood and softwood pulp viscosity correlate to paper properties?

The impact of commercially prepared, fully bleached pulp viscosity variation on handsheet physical properties was evaluated at different levels of pulp refining. Hardwood pulps from the same brownstock species mix, cooking parameters, and kappa numbers were processed through two different commercial bleach plants: one with a D0(EP)D1D2 sequence and the second with an OD0(EOP)D1 sequence. Additionally, a commercial softwood (predominately Scotts pine) brownstock pulp bleached by an OD0(EP)D1D2 sequence was employed in this study. Pulps with viscosities ranging from 14 to 21 mPa∙s were refined in a Valley beater to two freeness levels, and the associated handsheet physical properties were measured in this study. Over the pulp viscosity range of 14 to 21 mPa∙s, no clear correlation was found to exist between pulp viscosity and related paper physical properties. Finally, a series of laboratory prepared bleached pulps were purposely prepared under non-ideal conditions to reduce their final viscosities to lower values. Handsheets made from these pulps were tested in their unbeaten condition for physical strength properties. Significant and rapid strength loss occurred when the measured pulp viscosity dropped below 12 mPa∙s; overall strength properties showed no correlation to viscosity above the critical 12 mPa∙s value.

Synthesis and Physical Properties of Pentamethylmanganocene, (C5Me5)Mn(C5H5), and the Inclusion Compounds [(C5Me5)2Yb]2[(C5H5)2M] (Where M = V, Cr, Fe, Co)

The inclusion complexes of composition (Cp*2Yb)2(Cp2M) (M = V, Cr, Fe, and Co; Cp* = η5-C5Me5; Cp = η5-C5H5) are isolated in the solid state. The crystal structure of one of them, M = Co, shows that the Cp2Co metallocene is sandwiched between two Cp*2Yb metallocenes with two long Yb···C bond distances of 2.914(6) Å, one from each of the Cp rings of Cp2Co. When M = Mn and Ni are used, the ring exchange products, Cp*MCp, are isolated along with Cp*YbCp, a hydrocarbon-insoluble green solid isolated as the thf adduct. This Cp for Cp* exchange reaction is the only currently available synthesis for the low-spin pentamethylmanganocene and the pentamethylytterbocene. The crystal structures and magnetic and related physical properties of Cp*MCp, M = Mn, Co, and Ni (Organometallics 1985, 4, 1680), are reported and analyzed. The origin of the different relative rates of Cp* for Cp ring exchange is traced to the kinetic lability resulting from the (e1g*)2 electronic structure of Cp2M, M = Mn and Ni.

Meters‐Long Flexible CoNiO2‐Nanowires@Carbon‐Fibers Based Wire‐Supercapacitors for Wearable Electronics

Wire‐supercapacitors have drawn extensive attentions as a promising candidate for future wearable electronic devices. However, the relative lower energy densities and imperfect physical properties (e.g., length, tenacity, flexibility, and stability) seriously hinder their real applications as energy storage devices in wearable electronics. Herein, the fabrication of wire‐supercapacitors is reported with the length of longer than 1 m, based on CoNiO2‐nanowires@carbon‐fibers electrodes with a high capacity of 1.68 mF cm−1 and a high energy density of 0.95 mWh cm−3, respectively. The device shows no obvious performance degradation when suffering cycling, bending, pulling, tying, and weaving. After weaving as Chinese knot, watchband, belt, and clothes textile, the wire‐supercapacitors work well as the wearable energy‐storage units to power the personal electronics.

Relative phase and physical properties of CrN/AlN multilayer: A DFT study

Using first principles total-energy calculations within the framework of density functional theory, we studied the relative stability and the structural and electronic properties of multilayer CrN/AlN in the sodium chloride (NaCl), cesium chloride (CsCl), nickel arsenide (NiAs), zinc-blende, and wurtzite structures. The calculations were carried out using the method based on pseudopotentials, employed exactly as implemented in Quantum-ESPRESSO code. Based on total energy minimization, we found that the minimum global energy of CrN/AlN is obtained for the zincblende structure. Additionally, at high pressure our calculations show the possibility of a phase transition from the zincblende to NaCl structure. For the zincblende phase, the density of states analysis reveals that the multilayer exhibits a half-metallic behavior with a magnetic moment of 3.0^p/Cr-atom. These properties come essentially from the polarization of Cr-d and N-p states that cross the Fermi level. Due to these properties, the multilayer can potentially be used in the field of spintronics or spin injectors.

Implications and Application of the Raats Superclass of Soils Equations

Core Ideas The Raats model for the water retention characteristic was analyzed. Expressions for other related soil physical properties are provided. The subclasses of the Raats model are described. The Raats model was successfully applied for different porous media. The optimized parameters did not result in one of the subclasses. According to the Richards equation, the capacity of a soil to hold and conduct water is determined by the water retention and hydraulic conductivity characteristics. Many mathematical relationships have been proposed in the literature to describe these characteristics. Raats introduced a general functional relationship with only four parameters that included as special cases four pre‐1990 models found in the literature, including the well‐known relationships by Mualem–van Genuchten and Brooks and Corey. The aims of this study were (i) to discuss this general functional relationship and its four special cases, (ii) to present expressions for the differential moisture capacity, water diffusivity, and matric flux potential corresponding to the general functional relationship and its special cases, (iii) to discuss methods for determining the parameter elasticity and sensitivity, and (iv) to apply the Raats model to experimental data. Soil water retention and hydraulic conductivity data for 11 soils were used to optimize the values of the four major parameters in the Raats model. In none of the cases did the optimized coefficients indicate that the Raats model approached one of the four submodels that it includes.

EFFECTS OF SOIL CHARACTERISTICS AND DATE PALM MORPHOLOGICAL DIVERSITY ON NUTRITIONAL COMPOSITION OF PAKISTANI DATES

SUMMARYThe use of date palm (Phoenix dactyliferaL.) has been closely connected with the survival of people in arid areas given their fruits´ high concentration of energy, fibre, minerals, vitamins and 16 amino acids. The arid climate and sandy or clayey loam soils in many parts of Pakistan are ideal for the cultivation of date palm, which contributes to feeding the country's rapidly growing population. To fill knowledge gaps on the effects of cultivar diversity and cultivation sites on the nutritional properties of dates, the present project studied dates and related physical and chemical soil properties across six districts in four provinces of Pakistan: Jhang, Muzaffargarh and Bahawalpur in Punjab; Dera Ismail Khan (D. I. Khan) in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK); Khairpur in Sindh and Panjgur in Baluchistan. To this end, during 2012–2013, a total of 170 households (HHs) were selected using a snowball sampling approach. Thirty-nine different date palm cultivars with diverse nutritional properties are grown in the study area. In these total soluble solids (TSS) were highest in Muzawati and Koharba cultivars, while cultivars and site conditions significantly affected TSS, minerals (calcium and magnesium), acidity, and firmness of dates. Concentration of CaCO3and bulk density (BD) of soils varied widely, while hydraulic conductivity (HC) was similar across sites (p= 0.128). Mean soil pH was highest in Panjgur (8.3) and lowest in Muzaffargarh (7.6), soil organic matter content was highest in Jhang (0.8%) and lowest in D. I. Khan (0.6%) and plant available phosphorous (P) was highest in Muzaffargarh (7.8 mg kg−1) and lowest in Panjgur (6.0 mg kg−1). As indicated by correlation analysis BD and cation exchange capacity of soils seemed to affect TSS, whereas concentration of CaCO3and available P were correlated with calcium concentration of dates. HC and electrical conductivity, however, seemed to have little effect on dates´ nutritional properties.

HYPERSPECTRAL IMAGING TECHNIQUE AS A STATE OF ART TECHNOLOGY IN MEAT SCIENCE

Nowadays, the concern of meat consumption, safety and quality has been popular due to some health risks such coronary heart disease, stroke and diabetes caused by the content as saturated fat, cholesterol content and carcinogenic compounds, for consumers.
 The importance of the need of new non-destructive and fast meat analyze methods are increasing day by day. For this, researchers have developed some methods to objectively measure the meat quality and meat safety as well as illness sources. Hyperspectral imaging technique is one of the most popular technology which combines imaging and spectroscopic technology. This technique is a non-destructive, real-time and easy-to-use detection tool for meat quality and safety assessment. It is possible to determine the chemical structure and related physical properties of meat.
 It is clear that hyperspectral imaging technology can be automated for manufacturing in meat industry and all of data’s obtained from the hyperspectral images which represent the chemical quality parameters of meats in the process can be saved to a database.

Pressure-driven transformation of the ordering in amorphous network-forming materials

The pressure-induced changes to the structure of disordered oxide and chalcogenide network-forming materials are investigated on the length scales associated with the first three peaks in measured diffraction patterns. The density dependence of a given peak position does not yield the network dimensionality, in contrast to metallic glasses where the results indicate a fractal geometry with a local dimensionality of $\ensuremath{\simeq}5/2$. For oxides, a common relation is found between the intermediate-range ordering, as described by the position of the first sharp diffraction peak, and the oxygen-packing fraction, a parameter that plays a key role in driving changes to the coordination number of local motifs. The first sharp diffraction peak can therefore be used to gauge when topological changes are likely to occur, events that transform network structures and their related physical properties.

Affinity-Bead-Mediated Enrichment of CD8+ Lymphocytes from Peripheral Blood Progenitor Cell Products Using Acoustophoresis.

Acoustophoresis is a technique that applies ultrasonic standing wave forces in a microchannel to sort cells depending on their physical properties in relation to the surrounding media. Cell handling and separation for research and clinical applications aims to efficiently separate specific cell populations. Here, we investigated the sorting of CD8 lymphocytes from peripheral blood progenitor cell (PBPC) products by affinity-bead-mediated acoustophoresis. PBPC samples were obtained from healthy donors (n = 4) and patients (n = 18). Mononuclear cells were labeled with anti-CD8-coated magnetic beads and sorted on an acoustophoretic microfluidic device and by standard magnetic cell sorting as a reference method. CD8 lymphocytes were acoustically sorted with a mean purity of 91% ± 8% and a median separation efficiency of 63% (range 15.1%–90.5%) as compared to magnetic sorting (purity 91% ± 14%, recovery 29% (range 5.1%–47.3%)). The viability as well as the proliferation capacity of sorted lymphocytes in the target fraction were unimpaired and, furthermore, hematopoietic progenitor cell assay revealed a preserved clonogenic capacity post-sorting. Bead-mediated acoustophoresis can, therefore, be utilized to efficiently sort less frequent CD8+ lymphocytes from PBPC products in a continuous flow mode while maintaining cell viability and functional capacity of both target and non-target fractions.

Local Structural Distortion Induced Uniaxial Negative Thermal Expansion in Nanosized Semimetal Bismuth.

The corrugated layer structure bismuth has been successfully tailored into negative thermal expansion along c axis by size effect. Pair distribution function and extended X-ray absorption fine structure are combined to reveal the local structural distortion for nanosized bismuth. The comprehensive method to identify the local structure of nanomaterials can benefit the regulating and controlling of thermal expansion in nanodivices.

Optical and luminescence properties of Li2O[sbnd]Gd2O3[sbnd]MO[sbnd]B2O3[sbnd]Sm2O3 (MO[dbnd]Bi2O3, BaO) glasses

Spectroscopic properties of Sm3+ ion in borate based glasses (Li2OGd2O3-MO-B2O3 where MOBi2O3, BaO) have been investigated. Glasses are prepared by melt quenching technique and their properties are investigated using different techniques which include absorption, photoluminescence (PL), X-ray excited luminescence (XEL) spectra and decay rate analysis. Furthermore, other related physical and optical properties have been calculated. From absorption spectra the most intense and hyper sensitive transition is 6H5/2 → 6P3/2 at 403 nm. Under 403 nm excitation wavelength, four prominent emission peaks are observed at 563, 599, 645 and 707 nm. For Sm3+ ion the quenching points are observed at 2.0 and 1.5 mol% of LGBiBSm and LGBaBSm, respectively. Measured XEL spectra of the glass samples are found in agreement with that of PL emission spectra. The experimental decay rate follows non exponential behavior at higher concentrations and well fitted to the IH model for S = 6. The obtained color coordinates of the prepared glass matrix fall in the orange region of the CIE diagram. Comparing with LGBiBSm glass, LGBaBSm is transparent and exhibits long decay time value. Moreover, LGBaBSm shows high luminescence properties with excellent energy transfer from the host matrix to the luminescence center. On the basis of the observed properties of the developed glasses, it is expected that they will be best for the orange LEDs.

Image analysis operations applied to hyperspectral images for non-invasive sensing of food quality – A comprehensive review

Image analysis involving mathematical, statistical and software programming approaches are the essential elements of any computer-integrated hyperspectral imaging systems. The theoretical and practical issues associated with the development, analysis, and application of essential image processing algorithms are explored in order to exploit hyperspectral imaging for application to food quality evaluations. The breadth of different image processing approaches adopted over the years in attempting to implement hyperspectral imaging for food quality monitoring was surveyed. Firstly, the fundamental configurations and working principles of hyperspectral systems, as well as the basic concept and structure of hyperspectral data, were described and explained. The understanding of different approaches used during image acquisition, data collection and visualisation were examined. Strategies and essential image processing routines necessary for making the appropriate decision during detection, classification, identification, quantification and/or prediction processes are presented. Examples and figures were selected to reinforce the main approach of each analysis algorithm applied in different agro-food products to answer the question “What does the user want to see in the target food samples?” The theoretical background for each algorithm was beyond the scope of this article thus only essential equations were addressed. The literature presented clearly revealed that hyperspectral imaging systems have gained a rapid interest from researchers to display the chemical structure and related physical properties of numerous types of food stuffs and hyperspectral imaging systems are expected to gain more considerably more potential and application in food processing and engineering plants.

PRODUCTION, STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF POROUS MATERIALS OF TITANIUM FIBERS AND WIRE

The paper studies specific aspects of the production process, structure and properties of porous permeable materials made of fiber and VT1-0 grade wire. It is shown that these are perspective materials for medicine, in particular for replacement of bone defects. These materials allow for varying porosity and related physical and mechanical properties in a wide range to bring them to bone tissue characteristics as close as possible, provide conditions for penetration and germination of bone in pore spaces, and make it plastic without tendency to chipping.

A similarity transformation of velocity field and its application for an in-depth study on laminar free convection heat transfer of gases

An innovative similarity transformation of velocity field is reported for equivalent transformation of governing partial differential equations of laminar free convection. To demonstrate its rationality theoretically, its rigorous theoretical derivation is presented firstly in this work. On this basis, an example is presented with successful application for demonstration of its advantages in in-depth study on free convection heat transfer. The governing ordinary differential equations of laminar free convection equivalently transformed by the innovative similarity transformation are presented. It is seen that by the innovative similarity transformation the variable physical properties are transformed into the forms of the related physical property factors, which are organically coupled in the transformed governing ordinary differential equations. It proves that the innovative similarity transformation is very well suitable for consideration of variable physical properties. Then, a new algorithm is presented to calculate fluids flow and heat transfer of laminar free convection. It contains the theoretical and numerical models on laminar free convection, to consider the variable physical properties, to obtain the system of numerical solutions, and then, to create formalization equations for the convection heat transfer coefficient by means of an optimal curve-fitting approach based on the system of numerical solutions. A system of numerical calculations of the governing ordinary differential equations is presented for the gaseous laminar free convection. A temperature parameter model is induced for convenient and reliable treatment of variable physical properties of gases. The delivered formalization equations of heat transfer coefficient on gaseous free convection have strong theoretical and practical value for heat transfer applications because they are created based on the theoretically reasonable similarity transformation model combined with a better model of consideration of fluid's variable physical properties, accurate numerical solutions, and rigorous formalization equations combined with rigorous theoretical derivation. All these prove that the reported innovative similarity transformation is a better alternative applied for in-depth study on free convection heat transfer.

Estimation of soil mechanical resistance parameter by using particle swarm optimization, genetic algorithm and multiple regression methods

Soil mechanical resistance directly affect seedling emergence and root growth. Tillage and irrigation managements decrease soil mechanical resistance in soil depth and increase root density in rhizosphere, wheat nutrient uptake and the yield. Soil mechanical resistance is high in the site of experiment due to high soil specific surface and cohesion between primary particles. Bulk density, pore size distribution and volumetric soil water content are important soil physical properties in relation to crop production through their effect on mechanical resistance. Determination of mechanical resistance in soils is difficult using penetrometer in fine textured soils particularly in hot and dry season. This study explores potentials of particle swarm optimization (PSO), genetic algorithm (GA) and multiple regression (MR) in the estimation of mechanical resistance value of soils. This research was carried out in a 3000m2 piece of land at Gorgan University of Agricultural Science and Natural Resource Research Farm, Grogan, Iran. The land was ploughed with five tillage methods, namely conventional tillage with moldboard ploughing (MT), rototiller (RT), double disc (DD), chisel plow (CP) and no-tillage (NT). Then bulk density, volumetric soil water content and soil mechanical resistance were measured at six stages during growing season of wheat. Two physical properties of soils that include the soil bulk density (BD) and volumetric soil water content (Өv) were presented to the models as independent parameters to estimate soil mechanical resistance (Es). The performance of models was comprehensively evaluated some statistical criteria. The results showed that among the various tillage methods, Moldboard tillage (MT) reduced soil mechanical resistance which increased plant's root growth, water and nutrient uptake, head number per square meter, and wheat yield. Also, the results revealed that PSO and GA models are promising approach for the estimation of soil mechanical resistance in compare with MR model. The results also show that PSO model can estimate soil mechanical resistance more accurate than GA and MR with R2=0.932 and RMSE=0.301.

Evaluation of the biocompatibility of regenerated cellulose hydrogels with high strength and transparency for ocular applications.

Prompt emergency treatment for ocular injury, particularly in a battlefield setting, is essential to preserve vision, reduce pain, and prevent secondary infection. A bandage contact lens that could be applied in the field, at the time of injury, would protect the injured ocular surface until hospital treatment is available. Cellulose, a natural polymer, is widely used in biomedical applications including bandage materials. Hydrogels synthesized from different cellulose sources, such as plants, cotton, and bacteria, can have the optical transparency and mechanical strength of contact lenses, by tailoring synthesis parameters. Thus, we optimized the fabrication of cellulose-based hydrogels and evaluated their invivo biocompatibility and related physical properties. Our data demonstrate that along with tailorable physical properties, our novel cellulose-based hydrogels could be made with contact lens geometry, exhibit no significant signs of material toxicity after 22 days of invivo testing, and show significant promise for use as a corneal bandage immediately following ocular trauma.