Physical Integrity Research Articles (Page 4)

Background: Efficient mechanized rice transplanting depends on both the structural integrity of seedling mats and the physiological quality of the seedlings. To address this need, enhancing seedling and mat through organic growing media is essential for optimizing mechanized rice transplanting.Aims & Methods: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of organic amendments on seedling quality (seedling height, biomass, and plant population) and mat characteristics (thickness, weight, rolling score and diameter) in tray nursery. A randomized complete block design with three replications was employed, testing four treatments: alluvial soil without organic amendment (CO), with vermicompost (V), with rice husk ash (R), and with vermicompost and rice husk ash (RV).Results: The results showed that the rice seedling nursery using a mixture of soil and organic growing media (R, RV, and V) produced better seedling quality compared to CO including seedling height, biomass, and plant population. Regarding mat performance, RV produced the thickest (1.77 cm) and lightest (3.27 kg) mats, aligning with ideal conditions for mechanical transplanting. In contrast, CO mats were the heaviest (4.40 kg), and V produced the thinnest mats (1.40 cm). Rolling quality was highest in CO (score 10), while RV mats showed lower rolling integrity (score 6.7). V treatment achieved the smallest roll diameter (13.87 cm), facilitating better handling and transport. Overall, the results demonstrate that organic amendment selection significantly affects both physiological seedling traits and the physical integrity of seedling mats. The RV treatment offered the most balanced improvement in mat structure and seedling growth, making it a promising option for mechanized rice production.

Accelerating production ramp-up and implementing advanced quality management in battery cell manufacturing are essential for the widespread adoption of electric vehicles (EVs). Achieving these goals demands innovative characterization and diagnostic techniques to advance research and development, streamline yield ramps, and enhance the productivity, reliability, and profitability of battery production. At Liminal, we address these challenges by integrating ultrasound inspection with machine learning (ML) to provide rapid, non-destructive, and actionable insights during cell manufacturing. Our cutting-edge solutions empower manufacturers to optimize processes and maintain high quality standards in battery production.Battery cell manufacturing involves a series of complex physical and electrochemical processes to assemble and activate batteries for EVs and other applications. However, traditional inspection technologies have notable limitations. Electrical methods, for example, offer only battery-averaged data and often miss localized defects or physical inconsistencies, such as gas pockets or debris, which can lead to internal short circuits. Meanwhile, 2D/3D imaging techniques, such as X-ray, CT scans, and MRI, provide detailed physical insights but are prohibitively expensive and impractical for in-line use in gigafactories. Liminal’s ultrasound inspection platform, EchoStat, bridges these gaps by combining the speed of rapid measurement with detailed insights into the internal physical state of battery cells.Ultrasonic signals transform as they travel through a battery, generating unique signatures that reveal the density, modulus, and structure of its internal components. These signatures are highly sensitive to subtle variations in material properties, physical integrity and construction quality. EchoStat platform integrates state-of-the-art hardware for transmitting and receiving ultrasonic pulses, software for hardware control and data collection, and advanced data analysis tools to deliver actionable insights. Additionally, its ability to perform spatially resolved measurements at high speed provides a detailed and comprehensive view of the battery’s internal state, ensuring precise and reliable quality assessments.This talk showcases the application of ultrasound in the critical electrolyte fill and soak process, a pivotal step in battery cell manufacturing. Using this case study, we demonstrate how ultrasound inspection outperforms other methods by enabling real-time monitoring of saturation quality during process development. Furthermore, we showcase EchoStat’s effectiveness in assessing electrolyte saturation quality in-line during production, with data collected through collaboration with battery manufacturing partners. Finally, we explore additional use cases of ultrasound technology in defect detection and other key applications, emphasizing EchoStat’s capabilities and its transformative role in advancing battery cell manufacturing.

Wearable electronics, such as biosensors and e-skin, have been gaining attention for health monitoring applications. Nanomaterials such as metal and carbon nanotubes have been used for antiviral and antibacterial coatings, face masks, and immunosensors. Recent studies have explored electricity-based disinfection for face masks; however, these approaches often rely on metal catalysts, which lack biocompatibility, or require external power sources. Enzymatic biofuel cells (BFCs) have been proven to produce electric current through the catalysis of biofuels using enzymes and microorganisms. In this study, biocompatible and biosafety BFCs were employed to develop an electric face mask capable of bacteria sterilization via conductive surfaces.Figure 1 shows the schematic diagram of the BFC system and its illustration on the face mask. Bilirubin oxidase (BOD) and alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) were used as biocatalysts for the cathodic and anodic reactions, respectively, enabling ion and electron flow through redox reactions. A polyester cloth face mask was modified by dip coating with a PEDOT:PSS mixture, and creating hydrogel-infused regions to manufacture an electrically conductive face mask. In utilizing carbon fiber electrodes, its surface structures were modified by carbon nanotubes and mediator to improve current performance of the electrodes as displayed in Figure 1.To evaluate the application, the response of bacteria (S. oneidensis and E. coli) to varying microampere electric current was determined (Figure 2a). Significant bacterial deaths were observed at currents of 20 µA and above. To prove the effect of current applied to the physical integrity of bacteria, staining with voltage-dependent dye was done, and fluorescence intensity was measured as shown in Figure 2b. Considering that increase in fluorescence intensity would indicate affecting the bacteria membrane potential, increase in fluorescence was observed from 20 µA and up. This proves that the applied microampere current was the cause of the increase in bacteria deaths as microampere current was increased.The biofuel cell was then fabricated and evaluated (Figure 3). The BOD biocathode had a peak current of around 380 µA at -0.2 V under stirring conditions, as compared to without stirring, thus confirming the enzymatic activity from BOD-immobilized biocathode fiber. For the methylene green (MG)-mediated bioanode, on the other hand, cyclic voltammogram (CV) in NADH was evaluated since the MG is a well-established NADH mediator. The significant increase in oxidation peak with NADH signifies the successful MG coating. To confirm the detection of ethanol, NAD+ cofactor and ADH enzyme solution was compared in the presence and absence of ethanol. Increase in oxidation peak to around 900 µA at 0.1 V was shown, thus indicating the successful detection of the ethanol oxidation.Since the performances of the electrodes have been evaluated, the cloth face mask was modified and examined. Figure 4a shows the conductivity of the PEDOT:PSS-modified face mask, which determines that significantly high conductivity was obtained at 1-2 hrs. of dip coating in the modified PEDOT:PSS mixture. To evaluate the overall performance of the BFC, the system in Figure 4b was fabricated, and resulting to the data shown in Figure 4c. The variable current signifies the current that passed through the variable resistance in the external circuit. However, upon calculation of the current that passes through the constant resistance of the PEDOT:PSS region of the face mask, modulation of the passing microampere current was obtained. With the previously determined minimum microampere current for bacteria death, with just a minimum cell potential of 0.1 V necessary current was obtained.In conclusion, this study shows that microampere electric currents of over 20 µA disrupt bacterial membrane potential, effectively killing S. oneidensis and E. coli. The BFC-powered face successfully produced sufficient current for bacterial sterilization, establishing its potential as a potable and biocompatible disinfection solution. Figure 1

Bladder cancer is prevalent and features significant recurrence and progression rates, necessitating effective treatment strategies. Gemcitabine, commonly used to treat non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC), shows moderate efficacy and notable side effects. TGF-β, not only a key in epithelial-mesenchymal transition(EMT) but also in tumor development, offers a target for enhancing gemcitabine efficacy. The present research was designed to explore the impact of TGF-β1 inhibitors (LY2109761 and LY3200882) with or without gemcitabine on bladder cancer cells and to develop Pluronic F-127-based microspheres (MSs) for drug delivery. TGF-β1 inhibitors significantly reduced cell viability, promoted apoptosis, and inhibited invasion in bladder cancer cell lines 5637 and SW780, with LY3200882 showing superior efficacy. Combining LY3200882 with gemcitabine enhanced these effects, indicating a synergistic interaction. Drug-loaded MSs were prepared, characterized by smooth morphology and consistent size distribution, and demonstrated sustained drug release, sufficient physical integrity, and no significant cytotoxicity to normal human fibroblast cells. In vitro, gemcitabine encapsulated in MSs exhibited enhanced cytotoxicity, apoptosis induction, and invasion inhibition compared to non-encapsulated gemcitabine. In vivo, these MSs significantly reduced tumor weight and volume, with notable reductions in blood vessel and cancer cell density, and altered expression of proliferation and apoptosis markers, particularly in the gemcitabine + LY3200882 MSs group. Systemic and local bladder toxicity assessments in mice demonstrated the in vivo safety of drug-loaded MSs. This study concludes that combining TGF-β1 inhibitors with gemcitabine in Pluronic F-127-based MSs enhances therapeutic efficacy against bladder cancer, promoting apoptosis, inhibiting cell invasion, and reducing tumor growth and metastasis while maintaining safety.Graphical

Physics Informed Machine Learning has emerged as a popular approach for modeling and simulation in digital twins, enabling the generation of accurate models of processes and behaviors in real-world systems. However, existing methods either rely on simple loss regularizations that offer limited physics integration or employ highly specialized architectures that are difficult to generalize across diverse physical systems. This paper presents a generic approach based on a novel physics-encoded residual neural network (PERNN) architecture that seamlessly combines data-driven and physics-based analytical models to overcome these limitations. Our method integrates differentiable physics blocks–implementing mathematical operators from physics-based models–with feed-forward learning blocks, while intermediate residual blocks ensure stable gradient flow during training. Consequently, the model naturally adheres to the underlying physical principles even when prior physics knowledge is incomplete, thereby improving generalizability with low data requirements and reduced model complexity. We investigate our approach in two application domains. The first is a steering model for autonomous vehicles in a simulation environment, and the second is a digital twin for climate modeling using an ordinary differential equation (ODE)-based model of Net Ecosystem Exchange (NEE) to enable gap-filling in flux tower data. In both cases, our method outperforms conventional neural network approaches as well as state-of-the-art Physics Informed Machine Learning methods.

This paper discusses the historical and contemporary importance of the Monteiro Lobato Children's Library (BIJML), part of São Paulo’s Municipal Children's Library System, emphasizing its role in children's cultural and civic development. It analyzes the building, its urban integration, and the sociocultural context of its creation, linking these aspects to shifts in childhood perception from the 1930s onward. It highlights the contributions of Mário de Andrade and Lenyra Fracarolli, crucial to establishing the library as a space for informal education and democratic cultural access. The theoretical framework draws on authors who address childhood, citizenship, and public space, alongside data on the collection and children's attendance rates. Finally, it reflects on how children's libraries, as public spaces, contribute to fostering citizenship, belonging, and identity formation, stressing the need for both physical and symbolic integration into the urban environment to enhance their social function.

This article examines the bioethical aspects of ritual and prophylactic circumcision of boys (CВ). Religious, cultural, and social factors influence not only the decisions of many parents to have their children circumcised, but also those of pediatric surgeons who are asked to perform such an operation. When or under what conditions is it considered ethical to circumcise the genitals of boys unless it is medically necessary? The central ethical issue at stake is that СВ in infants is contrary to standard surgical principles because there is no absolute medical indication for its performance. In most ordinary circumstances, genital cutting of any individual without his or her own informed consent is a gross violation of that individual’s right to physical integrity and sexual expression. The medical, ethical, cultural, and legal issues surrounding CВ performed without medical indications are numerous and complex, and are deeply rooted in Western civilization, which is unequivocally based on respect for basic human rights and on the protection of the physical and mental health of every member of society. The topic of СВ is a complex paradigm for today's pluralistic, multi-ethnic and multicultural society, in which various demands, traditions, rights, cultural, religious and ideological norms conflict with each other. Like any surgical operation, it carries a risk of complications, which can be defined as early (bleeding, inflammation, damage to the glans and urinary retention) and late (such as phimosis, penile torsion and urethral cutaneous fistula). СВ, based on cultural and religious factors that are deeply ingrained in some segments of society, should be conducted in conditions of maximum security in specialized medical institutions and with properly trained personnel.

: Impervious surfaces resulting from urbanization can increase peak flow magnitudes and affect the physical integrity of rivers, leading to alterations in channel morphometric parameters. This study investigates the relationship between cross-sectional morphometry and both drainage area size and the proportion of impervious surfaces. Ten cross-sections were analyzed within the Maringá Stream watershed, located in southern Brazil. This watershed, the largest in the municipality of Maringá (~90 km²), encompasses both urban and rural drainage areas. Morphometric parameters were obtained through field surveys, and geoprocessing techniques were employed to quantify drainage area size and impervious surface ratio. Significant univariate relationships were identified only between the width-to-depth ratio and depth, respectively, with drainage area size and impervious surface ratio. Multiple regression analysis demonstrated that width, channel capacity, and hydraulic radius had statistically significant coefficients with both explanatory variables. The findings suggest that the impervious surface ratio strongly influences fluvial morphometry, although hydraulic geometry is primarily governed by the combined effects of urbanization and drainage area size.

Through this article, the aim is to analyze how habeas corpus guarantees individual liberty, physical integrity, and other rights that are restrictive of human freedom. For this, it is necessary to conduct a conceptual and normative study, taking into account the constitutional and legal basis, in addition to determining the role that habeas corpus plays in the prevention and redress of illegal, arbitrary, and illegitimate detentions. Therefore, this study will address the clauses, the foundation of said constitutive action, the procedure, challenges, and limitations that arise in practice. Likewise, an analysis will be carried out regarding the significance of habeas corpus to conduct an immediate review of the legality of a sentence involving a person's deprivation of liberty, with the aim of preventing any individual from being apprehended, detained, or held in custody without just cause, and ensuring due process, despite the new challenges it currently faces due to states of exception, which limit certain fundamental guarantees, caused by emerging criminal manifestations in the country, which has also led to the improper use of this constitutional guarantee, which will also be analyzed. Finally, the importance of its existence lies in its effective application, to adequately ensure the right to liberty enjoyed by all Ecuadorians and those who reside within the national territory, suggesting strengthening the real effectiveness of this fundamental guarantee, in order to have a society that protects any act that undermines the enjoyment of liberty, for which it is necessary to build a society committed to the protection of basic humanitarian principles.

Stealthy chip-level tamper attacks, such as hardware Trojan insertions or security-critical circuit modifications, can threaten modern microelectronic systems’ security. While traditional inspection and side-channel methods offer potential for tamper detection, they may not reliably detect all forms of attacks and often face practical limitations in terms of scalability, accuracy, or applicability. This work introduces a non-invasive, contactless tamper detection method employing a complementary split-ring resonator (CSRR). CSRRs, which are typically deployed for non-destructive material characterization, can be placed on the surface of the chip’s package to detect subtle variations in the impedance of the chip’s power delivery network (PDN) caused by tampering. The changes in the PDN’s impedance profile perturb the local electric near field and consequently affect the sensor’s impedance. These changes manifest as measurable variations in the sensor’s scattering parameters. By monitoring these variations, our approach enables robust and cost-effective physical integrity verification requiring neither physical contact with the chips or printed circuit board (PCB) nor activation of the underlying malicious circuits. To validate our claims, we demonstrate the detection of various chip-level tamper events on an FPGA manufactured with 28 nm technology.

Introduction: the article is devoted to the development of a visual diagram of the complex process of legal assessment of violent attacks on a person's physical integrity in order to optimize the activities of the employees of the duty units of the internal affairs bodies, who are the first to respond to the information received and coordinate the available forces and means. Recording the sequence of mental operations shows the norms that can be applied, the criteria for their distinction and priority in the presence of competition. Materials and Methods: the basis of the study is the general dialectical-materialistic approach to the cognition of the laws of objective phenomena and processes, emphasis is also placed on legal (dogmatic), formal-logical and comparative-legal (comparativistic) research methods. Results: the doctrinal foundations of the algorithmization of the process of qualification of crimes are studied, its essence and criteria (concept and properties) are shown. Using examples of the qualification rules, normatively enshrined in the texts of a number of resolutions of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, the need to supplement the known properties of the qualification algorithm with a new one is substantiated. Discussion and Conclusions: based on the general theory of qualification of crimes and the program essence of this process, an algorithm for qualification of beatings under the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation and the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation is developed. At the same time, related norms are taken into account, issues of distinction with lawful causing of harm, minor act, other crimes against physical integrity and health, attempted crime, other encroachments on a variety of objects of criminal-legal protection (from the rights and freedoms of the individual to the interests of military service) are reflected, the criteria for choosing Art. 116, 116.1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation and 6.1.1 of the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation are shown.

Biomass fuel pellets exhibit variations in quality due to differences in feedstock sources and processing conditions. Monitoring processing parameters is crucial for producing high-quality energetic pellets. This study investigated the influence of compression ratio (0.8, 1.0, 1.2), moisture content (10, 15, 20%), and binder quantity (0, 2.5, 5 wt%) on the physicochemical properties of cocoa pod husk pellets using a screw-type pelleting machine. A Box-Behnken design was employed to structure the experiment. The resulting pellets were analyzed for bulk density, proximate composition and higher heating value (HHV). The bulk density of the cocoa pod husk pellets ranged from 0.28 to 0.41 g/cm³, with moisture content varying between 13.22 and 19.30% (db). The volatile matter, fixed carbon, and ash contents were found to be in the range of 48.61–57.83%, 21.25–23.10%, and 3.49–12.99%, respectively. The HHV of the pellets was recorded between 18.28 and 19.30 MJ/kg. Compression ratio, binder quantity and moisture content significantly (p ≤ 0.05) impact the physical and proximate composition of cocoa pod husk pellet. The pellets produced has physical integrity and are fit for energetic use.

Periodic quality control (QC) testing of ultrasound (US) imaging systems is essential to ensure and maintain image quality and safety. The study aims to analyze QC findings from medical physics annual surveys of modern clinical US systems in a multi-institutional survey. QC results from annual surveys between 2018 and 2021 were retrospectively collected from 12 medical physicists from 11 institutions or consulting companies (hereafter referred to as sites). QC tests were classified as scanner- and transducer-related tests, where scanner-related tests also included evaluation of diagnostic workstation display monitors and routine QC programs if applicable. Test methodology and pass/fail criteria were established by each site. QC findings were defined as results requiring follow-up action by service engineers, vendors, or other personnel. The percentage of annual findings was calculated for each site and averaged across the years of data contributed. Furthermore, findings across all sites were aggregated for an overall analysis. QC data from a total of 1069 scanner tests and 4542 transducer tests were collected. The average annual percentage of scanner-related findings varied from 0 to 40.8% among all sites (first quartile 8.7%, median 18.2%, and third quartile 34.1%), while that of transducer-related findings ranged between 0.5% and 19.9% (first quartile 3.9%, median 7.2%, and third quartile 14.5%). For scanner-related tests, the top 3 categories of findings were associated with physical and mechanical integrity (171 findings, 74.7%), quantitative testing of the scanner display monitor (40 findings, 17.5%), and scanner port creating artifacts (10 findings, 4.4%). The top 3 findings for transducers related to uniformity and artifact (227 findings, 79.9%), physical and mechanical integrity (44 findings, 15.5%), and sensitivity in fundamental mode (9 findings, 3.2%). Medical physics annual surveys revealed considerable actionable findings of modern US systems, which inform the status of current US QC practices in the United States and may guide future standardization and recommendation of QC tests.

Self-harm is a growing and high-risk undesirable phenomenon that occurs primarily during adolescence and in young adulthood. It causes serious disruption to the physical and psychological integrity of an individual and can even be life-threatening. The severity and prevalence of this behaviour direct the attention of professionals to help affected individuals as well as to the most effective methods of its prevention. In this context, it is exceptionally important to know the concurrent and especially the risk factors of self-harm. One area that research focuses on is the identification of addictive features of self-harming behaviour as well as the possible connection of self-harm with various other addictions. This work focuses on verification of a relationship between addictive and self-harming behaviour, on exploration of the type of mutual connections as well as on the gender specifics of this relationship. The study was conducted on a sample of 203 participants aged 15 – 19 years (mean age = 16.62 years), 58.6% (N = 119) of whom were women. Spearman’s non-parametric correlation demonstrated a statistically significant (p < 0.001), moderately strong (rs = 0.549) positive correlation between addictive behaviour and self-harm. Linear regression analysis showed that addictive behaviour caused 40.3% of self-harm in the studied research sample of adolescents. The strength of the prediction is notably determined by gender – while for boys R2 = 0.252, for girls the coefficient of determination reached double the value at 0.520. It is evident from the results that addictive behaviour significantly influences the occurrence of self-harm, a fact that significantly affects not only the understanding of the typical features of self-harming behaviour, but also indicates the nature of the mechanisms sharing in its emergence and maintenance in the repertoire of maladaptive coping strategies. It is also an important implication for psychological intervention and therapy of self-harming adolescents, especially girls.

In September-November 2020, with the help of Turkey, Azerbaijan conducted large-scale military operations against Artsakh (Nagorno-Karabakh), during which we witnessed numerous war crimes by the Azerbaijani side against the civilian population of the Republic. On November 9 of the same year, the President of the Russian Federation, the Prime Minister of the Republic of Armenia and the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan signed a trilateral statement on the cessation of hostilities in Nagorno-Karabakh, which ended large-scale military operations in Artsakh and deployed Russian peacekeeping forces to maintain peace. However, the establishment of the ceasefire was followed by regular violations on the part of the Azerbaijani side. The purpose of the article is to reveal the crimes of the Azerbaijani armed forces and terrorist acts against the peaceful population of the Republic of Artsakh after the 2020 war. It should be noted that in the period following the trilateral statement, the Azerbaijani side violated the rights of the people of Artsakh in various ways, including the right to life and health, physical and psychological integrity. In parallel with the crimes committed against various settlements of Artsakh, the Azerbaijani side carried out psychological and propaganda actions against the people of Artsakh, aiming to force the civilian population to leave their homes. В сентябре-ноябре 2020 года с помощью Турции Азербайджан провел широкомасштабные военные действия против Арцаха (Нагорного Карабаха), в ходе которых были зафиксированы многочисленные военные преступления азербайджанской стороны против гражданского населения Республики. 9 ноября того же года президент Российской Федерации, премьер-министр Республики Армения и президент Азербайджанской Республики подписали трехстороннее заявление о прекращении боевых действий в Нагорном Карабахе, согласно которому были прекращены широкомасштабные военные действия в Арцахе и развернуты российские миротворческие силы для поддержания мира. Однако за установлением режима прекращения огня последовали регулярные нарушения со стороны азербайджанской стороны. Цель статьи - раскрыть преступления вооруженных сил Азербайджана и террористические акты против мирного населения Республики Арцах после войны 2020 г. Следует отметить, что в период, последовавший за трехсторонним заявлением, азербайджанская сторона различными способами нарушала права народа Арцаха, включая право на жизнь и здоровье, физическую и психологическую неприкосновенность. Параллельно с преступлениями, совершаемыми в отношении различных поселений Арцаха, азербайджанская сторона осуществляла действия психологического и пропагандистского характера, направленные на то, чтобы заставить гражданское население покинуть свои дома.

The importance of women's socioeconomic rights (WSR) has been increasingly recognized, highlighting the critical roles women play and the unequal benefits they receive. The rise in severe extreme weather events intensifies the adverse impacts on women. This study examines data from 146 economies between 2000 and 2021, revealing significant effects of extreme temperatures on WSR (-2.6%). Droughts have been found to positively influence women's professional education rights (28.1%) and political rights (5.4%), but negatively affect women's physical integrity rights (-7.1%) and property rights (15%). Meanwhile, floods result in a decline in WSR (-0.9%), and storms adversely impact professional education (-1.3%) and property rights (-2%). Extreme weather events can alter the level of WSR by influencing industrial structures and innovation, as well as affecting overall development and personal income levels.

Abstract During pulsed-field magnetization (PFM) processes, high-temperature superconducting (HTS) bulks are subjected to significant mechanical stress due to rapid changes in magnetic flux (Lorentz force) and temperature (thermal stress), potentially leading to mechanical failures. This is particularly emphasized by the inherent fabrication-induced defects such as cracks, grain boundaries, and pores. These defects often result in non-uniform trapped magnetic fields across the bulk, which can strongly impact its trapping performance. The present study focuses on the impact of porosity on the trapped magnetic field, temperature, and mechanical stress of REBCO disk-shaped bulks through a 2D transient multiphysics finite element model (FEM) using COMSOL Multiphysics® . The results show that porosity causes significant losses by locally densifying the current density, leading to high local temperatures, which in turn reduces the critical current density, infusing more local losses. As a result, lightning-like thermal pathways passing through the pores radiate from the edge of the bulk to its center as the applied magnetic field increases, therefore limiting the magnitude of the trapped field. Finally, porosity causes two distinct peaks in maximum tensile stress during PFM: one attributed to thermal effects and the other to electromagnetic forces. Higher porosity often results in the increase of both peaks of tensile stresses, potentially compromising the bulk’s physical integrity. It highlights the importance of controlling porosity to improve the trapping performance of HTS bulks. One mitigating action is to fill the pores with silver, which is shown to remarkably reduce both the temperature rise and stress.

Dephasing is the loss of phase coherence due to the interaction of an electron with the environment. The most common approach to model dephasing in light-matter interaction is the relaxation time approximation. Surprisingly, its use in intense laser physics results in a pronounced failure, because ionization is highly overestimated. Here, this shortcoming is corrected by developing a strong field model in which the many-body environment is represented by a heat bath. Our model reveals that ionization enhancement and suppression by several orders of magnitude are still possible, however only in more extreme parameter regimes. Our approach allows the integration of many-body physics into intense laser dynamics with minimal computational and mathematical complexity, thus facilitating the identification of novel effects in strong-field physics and attosecond science.

Machine learning in biofluid mechanics: A review of recent developments.

Wax deposition in petroleum pipelines presents a significant flow assurance challenge, requiring accurate predictive models to optimize mitigation strategies. This study systematically evaluates three machine learning approaches, random forest, extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), and physics-informed neural networks (PINNs), for wax deposition prediction using comprehensive fluid compositional and thermodynamic data. A curated dataset of 88 experimentally measured samples was used, including detailed hydrocarbon composition (from C1 to C30+), temperature, pressure, and observed wax deposition percentages. Key thermodynamic descriptors such as the weighted average carbon number and long-chain hydrocarbon ratio were engineered to capture relevant physical behavior. Through comparative performance analysis, uncertainty quantification, and interpretability diagnostics, we demonstrate that XGBoost achieves superior predictive accuracy [R2 = 0.813–0.957; mean absolute error = 0.095–0.258] while maintaining robust generalization capabilities. The model's gradient-boosting architecture effectively captures nonlinear relationships between critical factors, including temperature and hydrocarbon fractions (C1–C3, C8–C15, and C16–C22), and wax deposition behavior. Partial dependence and SHAP (SHapley Additive exPlanations) analyses reveal physically interpretable patterns: temperature dominates as an inverse predictor, while mid-range hydrocarbons (C8–C15) exhibit inhibitory effects. Beyond accuracy, this study addresses critical gaps in the existing literature by incorporating uncertainty quantification via bootstrap resampling and model explainability using SHAP. Unlike previous efforts that relied on point prediction or lacked physical integration, this work demonstrates how hybrid data-physics modeling can enhance robustness and decision confidence. Although PINNs incorporate valuable thermodynamic constraints, they underperform data-driven models due to systematic biases in balancing physical priors with empirical learning. Bootstrap uncertainty analysis confirms XGBoost's operational reliability, with well-calibrated prediction intervals across diverse scenarios. These findings establish XGBoost as the preferred method for industrial wax prediction, while highlighting opportunities for hybrid physics-informed machine learning approaches. The study provides both practical guidelines for pipeline management and a framework for integrating domain knowledge into predictive modeling of wax deposition.