Phyllic Alteration Research Articles

Hyperspectral characteristics of the GRE46 epithermal gold deposit, Cowal (NSW)

The GRE46 gold deposit is one of several structurally controlled intrusion-related epithermal gold deposits that are hosted by the Lake Cowal Volcanic Complex at the southern end of the Junee–Narromine Volcanic Belt, which forms part of the Ordovician to early-Silurian Macquarie Arc. The GRE46 mineralisation is hosted within a sequence of calc-alkalic subaqueous volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks, including polymict volcanic breccias, mud- to sandstones, coherent andesite to dacite flows with common hyaloclastite and peperite textures, and diorite to granodiorite dykes and sills. Gold mineralisation has both strong structural and lithological controls and is associated with quartz–carbonate–pyrite veins, containing variable chalcopyrite, galena, sphalerite and minor tellurides. The style and intensity of host-rock alteration is highly variable and is strongly influenced by the protolith. Generally consisting of a background chlorite + albite + calcite ± epidote dominant propylitic alteration, which is overprinted by white mica + quartz + pyrite ± albite ± ankerite phyllic alteration that is spatially associated with gold mineralisation. Reflectance spectroscopy data has been obtained from several drill holes using the continuous core scanning HyLogger-3 system. These hyperspectral reflectance spectra have been used to characterise the nature of both primary and alteration mineralogy and compare host-rock controls and hydrothermal alteration processes associated with gold mineralisation. The HyLogger-3 data show systematic changes in the dominant phyllosilicate mineral assemblage associated with background propylitic and proximal phyllic alteration. Moreover, these data highlight compositional variation in alteration minerals, which defines a broad-scale geochemical gradient associated with the gold mineralisation. Spectrally, this geochemical gradient is characterised by: (1) a trend towards more muscovite-dominant mica compositions, observed via a change from long- to short-wavelength 2200 nm absorption features; (2) an increase in the chlorite AlVI content, inferred from the 2250d/2340d ratio; and (3) an increase in the abundance of Fe–Mg carbonates compared with Ca carbonate with consistently shorter wavelength 6500 nm carbonate feature readings.

Magmatic–Hydrothermal Processes of the Pulang Giant Porphyry Cu (–Mo–Au) Deposit, Western Yunnan: A Perspective from Different Generations of Titanite

The Yidun island arc was formed in response to the Late Triassic westward subduction of the Ganzi–Litang oceanic plate, a branch of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean. The Zhongdian arc, located in the south of the Yidun island arc, has relatively large number of porphyry (skarn) type Cu–Mo ± Au polymetallic deposits, the largest of which is the Pulang Cu (–Mo–Au) deposit with proven Cu reserves of 5.11 Mt, Au reserves of 113 t, and 0.17 Mt of molybdenum. However, the relationship between mineralization and the potassic alteration zone, phyllic zone, and propylitic zone of the Pulang porphyry deposit is still controversial and needs further study. Titanite (CaTiSiO5) is a common accessory mineral in acidic, intermediate, and alkaline igneous rocks. It is widely developed in various types of metamorphic rocks, hydrothermally altered rocks, and a few sedimentary rocks. It is a dominant Mo-bearing phase in igneous rocks and contains abundant rare earth elements and high-field-strength elements. As an effective geochronometer, thermobarometer, oxybarometer, and metallogenic potential indicator mineral, titanite is ideal to reveal the magmatic–hydrothermal evolution and the mechanism of metal enrichment and precipitation. In this paper, major and trace element contents of the titanite grains from different alteration zones were obtained using electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) and laser-ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) to define the changes in physicochemical conditions and the behavior of these elements during the process of hydrothermal alteration at Pulang. Titanite in the potassic alteration zone is usually shaped like an envelope. It occurs discretely or is enclosed by feldspar, with lower contents of CaO, Al, Sr, Zr and Hf; a low Nb/Ta ratio; high ∑REE + Y, U, Th, Ta, Nb, and Ga content; and high FeO/Al2O3 and LREE/HREE ratios. This is consistent with the characteristics of magmatic titanite from fresh quartz monzonite porphyry in Pulang and other porphyry Cu deposits. Titanite in the potassium silicate alteration zone has more negative Eu anomaly and a higher U content and Th/U ratio, indicating that the oxygen fugacity decreased during the transformation to phyllic alteration and propylitic alteration in Pulang. High oxygen fugacity is favorable for the enrichment of copper, gold, and other metallogenic elements. Therefore, the enrichment of copper is more closely related to the potassium silicate alteration. The molybdenum content of titanite in the potassium silicate alteration zone is 102–104 times that of the phyllic alteration zone and propylitic alteration zone, while the copper content is indistinctive, indicating that molybdenum was dissolved into the fluid or deposited in the form of sulfide before the medium- to low-temperature hydrothermal alteration, which may lead to the further separation and deposition of copper and molybdenum.

Mineralization and metallogenic model of the Laurani high-sulfidation epithermal deposit in northeastern Bolivian Altiplano

The Laurani high-sulfidation epithermal deposit, located in the northeastern Altiplano of Bolivia, is a representative gold-polymetallic deposit linked to the late Miocene volcanic rocks that were formed approximately at about 7.5 Ma. At Laurani, four mineralization stages are defined. Stage I primarily consists of ore-barren vuggy quartz that free with metal sulfides. Stage II and stage III generate four predominant styles of mineralization of explosive breccia-style Au–Cu, contact-style Cu–Au–Ag, hydrothermal vein-style Au–Ag–Cu–Pb–Zn and porphyry-style Au–Cu that with a diversity of occurrences, reflecting the strong lithological and structural controls. Stage IV is formed by supergene oxidation of earlier metalliferous minerals postdated the main mineralization. Hydrothermal alteration is characterized by significant intensity and zoning, with phyllic alteration at the center, surrounded by propylitic alteration, and further overlapped by extensive argillic alteration. Additionally, the well-developed quartz–alunite–barite tends to be found along or in close proximity to the hydrothermal vein-style orebodies. Fluid inclusions hosted in the stage I ore-barren quartz indicate that the ore-forming fluids predating predominant metal deposition are low- to moderate-salinity (0.2–23.1 wt.% NaCleq), high-temperature (90% of homogenization temperature > 300 ℃) and CO2-bearing fluids. Subsequently, through processes of boiling (~ 250 to 360 ℃), cooling and mixing with meteoric water, these fluids transform to low-salinity (4.2–6.9 wt.% NaCleq) and low-temperature (90% of homogenization temperature < 220 ℃) fluids. H–O isotopic compositions obtained from the stage I ore-barren quartz and the stage II quartz vein and barite vein have δD = − 101.50 to − 41.31‰ and δ18OH2O = 5.66 to 12.27‰, demonstrating a trend extending from magmatic composition to meteoric water, which suggest that the ore-forming fluids are mostly magmatic water, mixing with a little meteoric water. δ34S values of sulfides from the stage II and stage III are 1.57–5.55‰, while barites from the stage II in textural equilibrium with sulfides own δ34S values of 24.01–25.90‰, reflecting a magmatic origin and H2S is the dominant species of sulfur. Pb isotope signatures of Laurani ores (206Pb/204Pb = 18.2869–18.3568, 207Pb/204Pb = 15.6082–15.6337 and 208Pb/204Pb = 38.6937–38.7719) are consistent with those of the Arequipa Massif basement located beneath the Altiplano, indicating that Pb originates initially from the old, thickened lower crust of the Arequipa Massif. The study on mineralization at Laurani, along with the similar epithermal deposits that formed in the late Miocene in the Central Andes, suggests that the thickened lower crust could play a crucial role as a metal source for forming porphyry–epithermal deposits. Currently, the hydrothermal vein-style Au–Ag–Cu–Pb–Zn is the most important and economic mineralization that developed in the shallow part at Laurani. Moreover, the first discovery of porphyry-style Au–Cu within dacitic porphyry suggests a significant potential for the formation of a porphyry deposit at greater depths in the Laurani mine.

Petrogenesis and Metallogenic Significance of the Demingding Mo-Cu Porphyry Deposit in the Gangdese Belt, Xizang: Insights from U-Pb and Re-Os Geochronology and Geochemistry

The 1500 km-long Gangdese magmatic belt is a crucial region for copper polymetallic mineralization, offering valuable insights into collisional porphyry copper systems. This study focuses on the Demingding deposit, a newly identified occurrence of molybdenum–copper (Mo-Cu) mineralization within the eastern segment of the belt. While the mineralization age, magmatic characteristics, and tectonic context are still under investigation, we examine the deposit’s petrology, zircon U-Pb geochronology, whole-rock chemistry, and Re-Os isotopic data. The Demingding deposit exhibits a typical alteration zoning, transitioning from an inner potassic zone to an outer propylitic zone, which is significantly overprinted by phyllic alteration closely associated with Mo and Cu mineralization. Zircon U-Pb dating of the ore-forming monzogranite porphyries reveals crystallization ages ranging from 21 to 19 Ma, which is indistinguishable within error from the mean Re-Os age of 21.3 ± 0.4 Ma for Mo veins and veinlets hosted by these porphyries. This alignment suggests a late Miocene magmatic event characterized by Mo-dominated mineralization, coinciding with the continuous thickening of the continental crust during the collision of the Indian and Asian continents. The ore-forming porphyries range in composition from granodiorite to monzogranite and are classified as high-K calc-alkaline with adakite-like features, primarily resulting from the partial melting of subduction-modified thickened mafic lower crust. Notably, the ore-forming porphyries exhibit higher fO2 and H2O levels than barren porphyries in this area during crustal thickening, highlighting the significant contributions of hydrous and oxidized fluids from their source to the Mo-Cu mineralization process. Regional data indicate that the Gangdese porphyry metallogenic belt experienced concentrated Cu-Mo mineralization between 17 and 13 Ma. The formation of Mo-dominated deposits such as Demingding and Tangbula in the eastern segment of the belt, with slightly older ages around 20 Ma, underscores the presence of a significant porphyry Mo metallogenic event during this critical post-collision mineralization period.

Geotourism Potential of Curug Jompong, Jelegong Village, West Bandung Regency

Abstract Bandung City is a part of Bandung Basin with surrounded by hills. On the western edge of the basin, there is a steep hill ridge stretching from north to south, cut by a narrow valley, the Citarum River Valley, where Curug Jompong is located. This is the site where the Ancient Bandung Lake breached. The aim of this study is to understand why the Ancient Bandung Lake breached at this location. The results can be used to develop the Curug Jompong Area into a geotourism destination. The methodology involves observing landforms, lithology, geological structures, petrography, XRD, and chemical analysis, and drones mapping. In the research area, the drainage pattern is shaped by intense joints, faults from tectonic activity and magma cooling process. The lithology is composed of andesite intrusions, which are typically resistant to erosion. The intrusion body has undergone phyllic alteration with alteration minerals such as chlorite, calcite, kaolinite, illite, montmorillonite, quartz, and albite. The fault and joint structures, as well as the intensively developed phyllic alteration in Curug Jompong, have reduced the resistance of igneous rocks to erosion, resulting in the formation of the Citarum River valley, which drained water from the Bandung Basin, draining the Ancient Bandung Lake. Thus, this unique geological feature of the Curug Jompong may have potential for geotourism development in the West Bandung Regency

ASTER remote sensing data for detecting porphyry copper type alteration patterns in West Zafarghand Cu±Mo deposit, Iran

ABSTRACT Porphyry deposits are typically associated with specific hydrothermal alteration zones. The identification of hydrothermal alteration patterns in porphyry deposits using remote sensing imagery is a cost-effective tool to identify zones of high potential zones. The West Zafarghand porphyry is located in the northeast of Isfahan, central part of the Cenozoic Urumieh-Dokhtar magmatic arc. Lack of interpretation of the spatial pattern of hydrothermal alteration zones and their relationships to ore mineralisation in the study area has led us to use ASTER remote sensing data to detect alteration patterns. Delineating the extent of hydrothermal alteration zones and high-grade mineralised lithological units is a particular goal of this study. We used various image processing techniques such as False Color Composite, Band Ratio, Principal Component Analysis, Minimum Noise Fraction and Spectral Angle Mapper. Remote sensing results, field observations, petrographic surveys and XRD revealed argillic, phyllic and propylitic hydrothermal alteration zones in the central part of the study area. An overall accuracy of 90% and a kappa coefficient of 0.84 were achieved in this analysis. The spatial distribution of the NE-SW trending phyllic alteration zone discovered in this study could be considered an area of high potential for a comprehensive exploration campaign at this deposit.

Geochemistry of hydrothermal illitizations in Eocene Kösedağ magmatic rocks, Zara-Suşehri area, NE Sivas, East-Central Anatolia: Origin and age of alteration

Geochemistry of hydrothermal illitizations in Eocene Kösedağ magmatic rocks, Zara-Suşehri area, NE Sivas, East-Central Anatolia: Origin and age of alteration

Formation and degradation of a porphyry occurrence: The oligocene Khatoon-Abad porphyry Mo-Cu system, NW Iran

Formation and degradation of a porphyry occurrence: The oligocene Khatoon-Abad porphyry Mo-Cu system, NW Iran

Substantial in situ Ti isotope variations in rutile record source and fluid evolution of porphyry copper mineralization systems

Abstract Titanium (Ti) and its stable isotopes have been widely used as tracers for magmatic processes. However, our understanding of Ti isotope behavior in magmatic-hydrothermal systems remains limited. Hence, the in situ Ti isotope composition (δ49Ti) of magmatic titanite and hydrothermal rutile associated with magnetite and chalcopyrite mineralization was determined for the first time in four well-characterized porphyry copper deposits in southern Tibet. The rutile formed through the alteration of primary Ti-rich minerals during fluid-rock interaction in the early high-temperature magnetite and later moderate-temperature chalcopyrite stages of mineralization. Hydrothermal rutile, altered from magmatic titanite, exhibits δ49Ti values similar to those of residual magmatic titanite. This suggests that hydrothermal rutile inherited the Ti isotope composition of magmatic titanite. The average δ49Ti values of rutile are negatively correlated with whole-rock εNd(t) and zircon εHf(t) data, and positively correlated with whole-rock (87Sr/86Sr)i values, which suggests that the initial Ti isotope compositions of hydrothermal rutile in porphyry copper deposits primarily reflect their source. Rutile from the Qulong deposit sometimes exhibits fractionation of δ49Ti at levels exceeding 0.5‰, displaying a negative correlation with Zr and FeO, which may be attributed to the formation of magnetite and rutile at an early potassic alteration stage. Isotopically light Ti is preferentially incorporated into magnetite and rutile. Thus, the rutile associated with sulfide mineralization that formed from the remaining fluids during a later stage of phyllic alteration is enriched in heavy δ49Ti. These findings contribute to the understanding of how rutile fractionates Ti isotopes in hydrothermal systems related to porphyry copper deposits. In local contexts, the substantial crystallization of magnetite, along with the preferential incorporation of isotopically light Ti during the early stages, leads to a decrease in oxygen fugacity within the ore-bearing fluid. This, in turn, facilitates the formation of sulfides during later stages. The results of this study demonstrate the efficacy of in situ Ti isotope analysis as a powerful tool for tracking fluid and metal sources, and can be used to help interpret ore precipitation throughout different stages of magmatic-to-hydrothermal ore-forming processes.

Replacive IOCG systems in the Ossa Morena Zone (SW Iberia): The role of pre-existing ironstones as a geochemical trap

Replacive IOCG systems in the Ossa Morena Zone (SW Iberia): The role of pre-existing ironstones as a geochemical trap

Mineralization processes in the Bainaimiao Cu-Au deposit in Inner Mongolia, China: Constraints from geology, geochronology, and mineralogy

Mineralization processes in the Bainaimiao Cu-Au deposit in Inner Mongolia, China: Constraints from geology, geochronology, and mineralogy

Hypogene sulfide precipitation during phyllic alteration: insights from copper isotopic evolution of the Dexing porphyry Cu–Mo–Au deposit, South China

Hypogene sulfide precipitation during phyllic alteration: insights from copper isotopic evolution of the Dexing porphyry Cu–Mo–Au deposit, South China

Modelo cinemático del control estructural 4D y metalogénesis del distrito auroargentífero Vetas-California (Santander, Colombia)

). The gold and silver deposits of the Vetas-California mining district are hosted in Paleozoic gneisses and Mesozoic granites of the Santander massif in the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia, far from the northern Andean volcanic arc. In the California area, there is ambiguity in defining the epithermal-type metallogenic model with high to intermediate sulfidation due to the presence of Late Triassic-Early Jurassic and Miocene magmatism. The best-known hydrothermal episodes comprise two early porphyritic-style phases: a) characterized by a propylitic alteration with molybdenite of the ~10.1 Ma-old La Mascota breccia, related to granodiorite porphyries and smaller-volume rhyodacitic dykes; and b) attributed to a magmatic-hydrothermal system due to phyllic alteration associated with quartz-pyrite veins with hydrothermal sericite dated at ~3.4 Ma. These two hydrothermal episodes were followed by four epithermal phases related to the development of multiphase hydrothermal breccias and quartz-alunite alteration, defined by bornite, covellite, and chalcopyrite, alongside wolframite, enargite, and sphalerite, with gold and silver mineralization between ~2.6 and ~ 1.6 Ma. To understand the relationship of the emplacement of the porphyries and the subsequent auro-argentiferous enrichments to the deformation front observed in the Pamplona buttress, to the east of the Santander Massif, a 4D structural model of the mineralization is formulated here. This model is based on the spatial analysis of the stresses responsible for the La Baja-Angostura dextral fault in terms of the regional kinematics of the Bucaramanga sinistral fault. It is considered that the SW sector of the deposit area corresponds to a well-defined, tabular, sub-vertical body of the La Mascota breccia. On the other hand, the NE sector in the La Baja-Angostura fault is expressed as a topographically elevated right horsetail splay, which controls the more disseminated distribution of the mineralization by means of veinlet swarms arranged in an ~E-W direction. The disseminated mineralization of Vetas-California was probably favored by late thermal expansion-contraction events in the gneissic sockets, which allowed the accumulation and precipitation of boiling solutions rich in volatiles and elements of economic interest.

3D mineral prospectivity modeling at the Axi epithermal gold deposit, NW China by using a feature adaptive fusion strategy

3D mineral prospectivity modeling at the Axi epithermal gold deposit, NW China by using a feature adaptive fusion strategy

Machine learning on white mica short-wave infrared (SWIR) spectral data in the Tengjia Au deposit, Jiaodong peninsula (Eastern China): A prospecting indicator for lode gold deposits

Machine learning on white mica short-wave infrared (SWIR) spectral data in the Tengjia Au deposit, Jiaodong peninsula (Eastern China): A prospecting indicator for lode gold deposits

Integrated remote sensing and geochemical studies for enhanced prospectivity mapping of porphyry copper deposits: A case study from the Pariz district, Urmia-Dokhtar metallogenic belt, southern Iran

Integrated remote sensing and geochemical studies for enhanced prospectivity mapping of porphyry copper deposits: A case study from the Pariz district, Urmia-Dokhtar metallogenic belt, southern Iran

A multi-disciplinary approach for uranium exploration using remote sensing and airborne gamma-ray spectrometry data in the Gebel Duwi area, Central Eastern Desert, Egypt

Uranium exploration plays a pivotal role in meeting global energy demands and advancing nuclear technology. This study presents a comprehensive approach to uranium exploration in the Gebel Duwi area of the Central Eastern Desert of Egypt, utilizing remote sensing and airborne gamma-ray spectrometric data. Multispectral remote sensing techniques, including Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Minimum Noise Fraction (MNF), and Band Ratioing (BR), are employed to identify lithological units and hydrothermal alteration zones associated with uranium deposition, such as iron oxides, argillic, propylitic, and phyllic alterations. Additionally, airborne gamma-ray spectrometry data provide insights into the spatial distribution of radioelements, including uranium (eU), thorium (eTh), and potassium (K), as well as radioelement ratios (eU/eTh, eU/K, and eTh/K). The uranium migration index map (eU-(eTh/3.5)) and the F-parameter map (K*(eU/eTh)) have been generated to investigate the movement of uranium within various geological zones and characterize anomalous uranium concentrations. Statistical analyses, including mean (X), standard deviation (S), and coefficient of variability (C.V.), are conducted to identify uranium-rich zones. The integration of these datasets enables the generation of a uranium potential map highlighting areas of elevated concentrations indicative of uranium mineralization. Field observations and mineralogical analyses of collected samples validate our findings, confirming the presence of minerals associated with uranium mineralization in mapped high-potential areas. The significance of minerals like Fe-Chlorite, Fe-Mg-Chlorite, ferrihydrite, goethite, calcite, muscovite, dolomite, actinolite, vermiculite, and gypsum in indicating potential uranium mineralization processes underscores the importance of our results.

The origin of Gangjiang adakite-like intrusions and associated porphyry Cu–Mo mineralization in the central Gangdese porphyry Cu belt, southern Tibet

The origin of Gangjiang adakite-like intrusions and associated porphyry Cu–Mo mineralization in the central Gangdese porphyry Cu belt, southern Tibet

Geology and Ore Mineralization Characteristics of the Selodong Prospect, Lombok Island, Indonesia

Abstract The Selodong prospect is located in the southwest sector of Lombok Island which tectonically lies within the W-E trending Sunda-Banda magmatic arc, which hosts various gold-base metal mineralizations including porphyry and epithermal deposits. Lombok Island, particularly southwestern portion of the island is known to hosts gold, silver and copper prospects, including Selodong prospect. The Selodong prospect is divided into several sub-prospect areas which include the Blongas, Montong Botek, Kekalik and Belikat. However, this study only focuses on the Blongas sub-prospect. The study is aimed to discusses the geology, characteristics of alteration and mineralization of the sub-prospect. To achieve the objective, some methods such as mapping and numerous laboratory works were conducted. Petrography to identify alteration minerals, ore microscopy to identify type of ore minerals, and fluid inclusion microthermometry to characterize ore fluid were performed. The geological conditions of the study area are composed of andesite lava, andesite breccia, diorite intrusion and alluvial deposit. Typical porphyry alteration type i.e., potassic is present. Argillic, silicic, advanced argillic, propylitic and phyllic alterations are also identified. The distribution of potassic and some argillic alteration is controlled by lithology, while silicic alteration, advanced argillic, propylitic and some argillic alterations are controlled by geological structures with an NW-SE and NE-SW trending patterns. Propylitic alteration is characterized by chlorite + epidote + calcite ± clay. Argillic alteration is marked by the presence of clay minerals such as clay + quartz. Advanced argillic alteration is typified by quartz + alunite + pyrolusite ± paragonite. Phyllic alteration is typified by sericite + quartz ± clay. Potassic alteration is marked by secondary biotite + quartz ± clay. Silicic alteration is marked by quartz + pyrolusite + epidote. Ore mineralization in the study area is associated with massive and stockwork vein textures. Ore and metalliferous minerals are found as magnetite, chalcopyrite, pyrite, hematite, goethite, jarosite, sphalerite, pyrrhotite, chalcocite and native gold. Generally, homogenization temperatures in the research area range from 543 - &gt;600 °C, with salinity of 26.3 - 73.95 wt.% NaCl eq associated with potassic alteration, whereas homogenization temperatures range from 251 to 349 °C, with salinity of 5.46 - 8.38 wt.% NaCl eq. associated with silicic alteration. Based on those characteristics, the prospect in the study area indicates a porphyry deposit type, which is transition to high sulfidation epithermal.

Mineralogical and ore-fluid characteristics of the Onto Porphyry-HSE transition in Hu’u district, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia

Abstract Onto prospect is located in the eastern part of Sumbawa Island in West Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia. The island is situated within the Sunda-Banda magmatic arc, which extends from west to east, consists of volcanic rocks from the early Miocene to the Holocene. Onto is one of the highly potential prospects and holds significant economic value among ore deposits in Indonesia. The aim of this research is to explain the geological setting and determine the genesis of mineralization based on petrographic, ore microscopic, and fluid inclusion analyses. Eight lithological units have been identified, namely early andesites, polymictic diatreme breccia, upper sedimentary package, caping andesite, quartz-phyric andesite sill, early porphyry, early intra-mineral porphyry, and late intra-mineral porphyry. Nine samples were analyzed for petrography to identify the alteration types consisting of illite-smectite, quartz-dickite, residual vuggy quartz, silicic, quartz-alunite, quartz-pyrophyllite±diaspore, potassic, phyllic-chloritic, and propylitic alterations. Additionally, pyrite, chalcopyrite, and covellite are predominantly present in the study area. Meanwhile, native gold is found as an inclusion in covellite and pyrite. From micro thermometric analysis of fluid inclusions in quartz veins associated with multiphase intrusive rocks, it is shown that the homogenization temperature of early porphyry ranges on average from 279°C to 377°C, early inter-mineral porphyry ranges from 263°C to 361°C, and late intra-mineral porphyry ranges from 275°C to 336°C. The salinity level of the measurements ranges from 5.71 to 10.27% by weight NaCl equivalent, with an average of approximately 8.15% by weight NaCl equivalent. The mineralization formation during the early or prograde phase is associated with the EDM vein system with a mineralization set of biotite-magnetite, digenite, chalcocite, and coevellite, type A veins with quartz-sulfides + anhydrite, M veins type associated with quartz-magnetite-chalcopyrite-bornite mineralization, AB veins type associated with quartz-sulfides + anhydrite textures, and B veins type with sulfide centerline characteristics. The mineralization system during the early stage is generally associated with potassic alteration (K-feldspar-magnetite-secondary biotite). Whereas the retrograde phase, the vein system is associated C veins type with sulfide mineralization groups consisting of massive chalcopyrite + quartz with phyllic alteration (quartz-muscovite-chlorite ± dickite), D veins type with quartz-pyrite+chalcopyrite associated with advanced argillic alteration (quartz-alunite-pyrophyllite ± diasporite), E veins representing the epithermal stage associated with minerals such as quartz-carbonates, galena, sphalerite, chalcopyrite, tetrahedrite-tennatite in the alteration stage of kaolinite-illite-smektite-sericite.