Time-stretch Research Articles

Real-time observation of the thermo-optical and heat dissipation processes in microsphere resonators.

This work reports the real-time observation of the thermo-optical dynamics in silica microsphere resonators based on the dispersive time stretch technique. In general, the thermo-optical dynamics of silica microsphere resonators, including the thermal refraction and thermal expansion, can be characterized by the resonance wavelength shift, whose duration is at the millisecond timescale. However, this fast wavelength shift process cannot be directly captured by conventional spectroscopy, and only its transmission feature can be characterized by a fast-scanning laser and an intensity detector. With the advance of the time-stretch spectroscopy, whose temporal resolution is up to tens of nanoseconds, the thermo-optical dynamics can be observed in a more straight-forward way, by utilizing the pump-probe technology and mapping the resonance wavelength to the time domain. Here, the thermo-optical dynamics are explored as a function of the power and the scanning rate of the pump laser. Theoretical simulations reproduce the experimental results, revealing that the thermo-optical dynamics of silica microsphere resonators is dominated by the fast thermo-optical effect and the slow heat dissipation process to the surroundings, which leads to gradual regression of the resonance wavelength. This work provides an alternative solution for studying the thermo-optical dynamics in whispering gallery mode microresonators, which would be crucial for future applications of microresonator photonic systems.

Real-time multispeckle spectral-temporal measurement unveils the complexity of spatiotemporal solitons

The dynamics of three-dimensional (3D) dissipative solitons originated from spatiotemporal interactions share many common characteristics with other multi-dimensional phenomena. Unveiling the dynamics of 3D solitons thus permits new routes for tackling multidisciplinary nonlinear problems and exploiting their instabilities. However, this remains an open challenge, as they are multi-dimensional, stochastic and non-repeatable. Here, we report the real-time speckle-resolved spectral-temporal dynamics of a 3D soliton laser using a single-shot multispeckle spectral-temporal technology that leverages optical time division multiplexing and photonic time stretch. This technology enables the simultaneous observation on multiple speckle grains to provide long-lasting evolutionary dynamics on the planes of cavity time (t) – roundtrip and spectrum (λ) – roundtrip. Various non-repeatable speckly-diverse spectral-temporal dynamics are discovered in both the early and established stages of the 3D soliton formation.

Wetlands in a Dry Land: More-than-Human Histories of Australia's Murray-Darling Basin by Emily O'Gorman

Reviewed by: Wetlands in a Dry Land: More-than-Human Histories of Australia's Murray-Darling Basin by Emily O'Gorman Ria Mukerji Wetlands in a Dry Land: More-than-Human Histories of Australia's Murray-Darling Basin. Emily O'Gorman. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2021. Pp. ix–296, black & white illustrations, footnotes, map. $95.00, hardcover, ISBN 978-0-2957-4903-7. $30.00, paperback, ISBN 978-0-2957-4915-0. Emily O'Gorman beautifully weaves a tale of human and more-than-human existence in her book detailing the histories of Australia's [End Page 121] Murray-Darling Basin. The basin consists of thirty thousand wetland areas, and she lays out an easy-to-follow history of how different stakeholders (of the human and nonhuman variety) have developed in conjunction with one another and with the land. She situates the region's history within the context of greater global environmental issues and ultimately argues that wetlands must be viewed holistically—that their unique human-environment existence must be considered in order to create new ecological futures for the continued preservation of these landscapes. One of the book's greatest strengths comes in the form of its masterful storytelling. The decades-long history of the Murray-Darling Basin is laid out in graceful fashion, aided in part by chapter titles that help evoke the more-than-human relationships that take place in each one: Weaving, Leaking, Infecting, Crossing, Enclosing, Migrating, Rippling. Each chapter introduces a different piece of the Murray-Darling puzzle, ranging from mosquitos and people to indigenous practices and sedges to pelicans and policy change. The seemingly disconnected jumble of tales is all brought together by their reliance on the sacred wetland and, more so, by their connections to a larger sense of rootedness and dependence on people and place. O'Gorman begins by introducing the reader to the basics of how humans utilize wetland landscape in her discussion surrounding the "politics of plants (23)." She discusses how "weaving" (also the chapter title) not only keeps communities rooted to place but also puts the messy water politics of the Coorong Basin on display. Governance issues are complex across the globe, as she implies in her discussion of how the occurrences in the Coorong are not isolated and her commitment to situating the Murray-Darling Basin as a smaller part of the worldwide whole. This connection to people and place is seen starkly in "Enclosing," a chapter that focuses on the Coorong Pelican Slaughter of 1911. Here we see the relationship between people, place, and animal fall apart. This chapter is critical in demonstrating the intricate ways in which places, and their human and nonhuman inhabitants, have played a role in shaping spaces but have also been altered by laws and regulations (122). It shows how people have lived in landscapes with conflicting values—here, the divergence comes between the ornithologists to whom the government wished to lease the land and the Ngarrindjeri people who [End Page 122] were being limited from collecting waterfowl eggs—and the often uneven consequences of the outcomes of such clashes. On the broader scale, this chapter touches on issues of vulnerability and a need for more critical analysis of land conservation and management conflicts, something that the broader literature has seen a move toward in recent years. O'Gorman helps add to this with her nuanced look at a devasting event in the history of the Murray-Darling Basin. Perhaps one of the most convincing arguments O'Gorman makes is that wetlands are historical markers and "have been shaped by specific values that have helped to cocreate imagined ecologies" (142) over long stretches of time. "Imagined ecologies" alludes to the importance that various actors place on wetlands, from the pelicans to the Ngarrindjeri people to the policy makers that exist a world away from the swamps. They are all invested, and more so, they all have shaped the physical ecology and geographies of the Murray-Darling Basin. Particularly indicative of this is the last chapter, which brings together the many ideas that O'Gorman discusses throughout the book and places them in the context of the capitalism machine. She muses on...

Then What? Quantifying SBAE Teacher Career-Decisions Post-Migration

Complex career decisions, such as teacher mobility, are often reduced to stigmatizing labels that do little to account for the state of teaching as a profession or credit those engaging in migratory decisions as making healthy career choices. Through our study, we focused on understanding workforce mobility, teaching as an unstaged profession, and the current quantifications existing around SBAE teacher migration. We drew on over 100 years of data from California as we quantitatively explored and synthesized the career decisions of migrating SBAE teachers. This snapshot offers a means of understanding the Teacher Career Cycle (Fessler & Christensen, 1992) in light of the implications for the teaching career as a series of choices rather than a stretch of time at an individual school. Implications of this conceptualization of migration stretch beyond SBAE to administration.

Stalking Shadows by Cyla Panin

Reviewed by: Stalking Shadows by Cyla Panin Fiona Hartley-Kroeger Panin, Cyla Stalking Shadows. Amulet/Abrams, 2021 [400p] Trade ed. ISBN 9781419752650 $18.99 E-book ed. ISBN 9781647002121 $15.54 Reviewed from digital galleys Ad Gr. 8-10 Once a month, when her younger sister, Ama, turns into a literal beast, Marie scent-marks an inconspicuous victim for her sister to kill and eat: after all, nobody will pay much attention to a missing vagrant or drunkard in their eighteenth-century French town. Still, Ama’s bloodthirsty transformations endanger the townsfolk’s lives and her family’s reputation, and when a local child is killed, Marie fears that Ama is losing herself to the beast. Certain that the explanation and cure for Ama’s curse lies within the local manor house, where Ama went to work off their father’s debts and came back with a beastly form and appetite, Marie volunteers her knowledge of herbs to help the young lord’s sickly little brother and proceeds to snoop. The mystery falls flat as Marie’s snooping doesn’t yield any useful answers; most of her assumptions conveniently turn out to be correct, while neglected plot threads dangle for long stretches of time. Things gain some oomph at the end, though, as unsuspected dimensions of the curse come to light and enable Marie to expose the true instigator behind the murders. The premise is a diverting twist on beastly fairy tales, and though the descriptive prose and distracted pacing sometimes hinder the action, readers looking for sisterly bonds, big spooky houses, and girls with inner (and outer) beasts will find them here. Copyright © 2021 The Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois

Commentary of Mental Disorder

Sitting and failing to help extensive stretches of time or exiting recently appreciated exercises. It’s critical to take note of that the presence of a couple of these signs alone doesn't imply that you have a psychological maladjustment. In any case, it demonstrates that you may require further assessment. In case you're encountering a few of these manifestations all at once and they're keeping you from approaching your day by day life, you should

Accuracy-awareness: A pessimistic approach to optimal control of triggered mobile communication networks

Abstract We use nonlinear model predictive control to procure a joint control of mobility and transmission to minimize total network communication energy use. The nonlinear optimization problem is solved numerically in a self-triggered framework, where the next control update time depends on the predicted state trajectory and the accuracy of the numerical solution. Solution accuracy must be accounted for in any circumstance where systems are run in open-loop for long stretches of time based on potentially inaccurate predictions. These triggering conditions allow us to place wireless nodes in low energy ‘idle’ states for extended periods, saving over 70% of energy compared to a periodic policy where nodes consistently use energy to receive control updates.

Time in Maps: From the Age of Discovery to Our Digital Era eds. by Kären Wigen and Caroline Winterer

Reviewed by: Time in Maps: From the Age of Discovery to Our Digital Era eds. by Kären Wigen and Caroline Winterer Dudley B. Bonsal Time in Maps: From the Age of Discovery to Our Digital Era. Kären Wigen and Caroline Winterer, eds. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2020. Pp. 272, 80 maps, 25 color plates, index. $45.00, hardcover, ISBN 978-0-2267-1859-0. $44.99, eBook, ISBN 978-0-2267-1862-0. The cover of Time in Maps: From the Age of Discovery to Our Digital Era shows a spiral map that illustrates the geological stretch of time from the Precambrian era to the present. Titled "The Geologic Time Spiral—A Path to the Past" and created and published in 2008 by Joseph Graham, William Newman, and John Stacy for the US Geological Survey, it is an evocative representation of geological time's advance, showing representative landforms, flora, fauna, and a river flowing through the middle, and all spiraling upward as if moving closer and emerging out and into the viewer's here-and-now world. The genesis of the book was a conference titled Time in Space: Representing Time in Maps, held at the David Rumsey Map Center in November 2017. Covering a period roughly from 1450 to the twentieth century, with chapters written by conference participants and offering an abundance of beautifully rendered color images, the book addresses various approaches to mapping and imagery for orienting the reader in time as well as in space. Although the cover illustration is emblematic of a linear conception of time, the book explores a highly varied and inclusive range of maps and images that often move beyond such linearity. Of five propositions put forth in the introduction by editors Caroline Winterer and Kären Wigen, two of them—"Diversity persists" and "All maps tell time"—best indicate the variety to be found in the subsequent chapters. Their introduction and the first chapter, William Rankin's "Mapping Time in the Twentieth (and Twenty-First Century)," provide the most wide-ranging discussions about the cartographic representation of time. Winterer and Wigen declare their aim to "interpret the advent of digital mapping as an invitation to explore older maps with fresh eyes" (5)—that [End Page 141] there are many ways for static maps to symbolize a map subject's or map reader's situatedness in time or in its passing. Rankin's discussion addresses directly the representation of time in maps—that time is never instantaneous. Instead, as with a camera's shutter speed, a span of time, or what he refers to as the "cartographic moment" (19), is always a feature. The passing of time is also inherent in how readers gradually move their focus from one part of a map to another. The eight subsequent chapters are more place-specific, as they address a variety of historical mapping practices from three different regions of the world: (1) East Asia, (2) the Atlantic world, with the focus being pre-Hispanic Mesoamerica and Europe, and (3) the United States, having the third section to itself. Winterer and Wigen describe these eight chapters as comprising an "archival sampler." The description is apt, in terms of both content and interpretive approaches. Maps from Japan surreptitiously skirt governmental dictates against portraying conflict-laden current events by disguising them as three-hundred-year-old history. Mapmakers in China and Korea look to Jesuit mapping practices during the Ming period to find relationships between their own historical and present moments. Aztec illustrations show footprints marking the territorial borders until they branch off to trace the temporal destinies of five different altepetl rulers. Francis Walker leads the US Census office to document the country's westward territorial expansion in the Statistical Atlas of 1874. The graphic representation of time in these and other chapters ranges from innovative representations, such as the spiral rendering of geological time shown on the cover, to more basic representations, such as the inclusion of an inset map from another time period, to much more subtle representations that require historical understanding provided by the authors. Two chapters stand out for providing understandings of visual symbology being closely tied to rapidly changing...

Whither the History of Capitalism?: Reconsidering Finance’s Place in the American Democratic Experiment

Whither the History of Capitalism?: Reconsidering Finance’s Place in the American Democratic Experiment Elizabeth Tandy Shermer (bio) Sarah L. Quinn, American Bonds: How Credit Markets Shaped a Nation. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2019. xiv + 279 pp. Figures, notes, and index. $35.00. Benjamin Wiggins, Calculating Race: Racial Discrimination in Risk Assessment. New York: Oxford University Press, 2020. 160 pp. Notes, bibliography, and index. $74.00. Destin Jenkins, Bonds of Inequality: Debt and the Making of the American City. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2020. ix + 230 pp. Illustrations, notes, and index. $35.00. “In History Class, Capitalism sees Its Stock Soar” was a surprising headline to find on the front page of a Sunday New York Times. That April 2013 feature alerted readers to the spread of a “new history of capitalism” on college campuses. That splashy feature covered upper-division classes on “deeply unsexy topics” like insurance, just-released books, t-shirts designed for a scholarly “boot camp,” and new programs “drawing crowds—sometimes with the help of canny brand management.”1 “Well-advertised” seemed a fitting description of the supposedly “new” history of capitalism early in the millennium. Columbia University Press launched a new book series billed as “not your father’s business history,” campuses started or continued to run centers dedicated to capitalism studies, and the Journal of American History eventually published a lengthy 2013 online scholarly interchange including some of the historians profiled in The New York Times as well as the author of this essay. That discussion delved deeper into scholarly issues only hinted at in the news: reconsiderations of slavery and finance; questions about how new this attention-grabbing field was; and fears that people of color, especially women, would be left out of a sub-discipline promising to cover broad stretches of time from the bottom all the way to the top.2 [End Page 452] Those worries seem especially salient almost a decade later, when a pandemic disproportionately ravaged low-income communities of color and pushed women out of the workforce amidst Black Lives Matter protests, #MeToo revelations, efforts to disenfranchise voters of color, and a violent assault on the Capitol. Yet the history of capitalism “brand” appears to have faded. Well-known capitalism scholars were not the headline names working on the New York Times Magazine’s 1619 Project, which controversially put slavery at the center of U.S. history. Capitalism scholars also didn’t participate in the Trump Administration’s Presidential Advisory 1776 Commission, whose report included no mention of Indigenous people.3 Historians have, of course, continued to ask questions about power and probed the sources of systemic inequality, which suggests that the once-headline-making self-proclaimed new history of capitalism may best be understood as a political-economic turn within the historical profession in particular and the academy in general. Dissertations, books, and articles (some in the new journal Capitalism: A Journal of History and Economics) grappling with political economy remain numerous, befitting two decades marked by global economic catastrophes and worldwide threats to democracy. There seems to have been a need to understand the historic business behind everything, as evidenced by the dissertations on farming,4 mining,5 fast food franchising,6 and the commercial sex trade7 as well as the monographs devoted to gay magazines,8 banking fees,9 Christian oil men,10 high-tech entrepreneurs,11 defense contractors,12 early paper money,13 private beaches,14 and Fordism’s global reach.15 Recent work on the history of finance indicates that this political-economic turn has offered a potent challenge to assumptions about the late-twentieth-century financialization of the country’s economy and emergence of a neoliberal world order. Capitalism scholars—including those in disciplines other than history—have painstakingly revealed how important financial products (like mortgages, bonds, and insurance policies) have always been to the economy, politics, and social fabric of the U.S. A lot of this research has emphasized finance’s historic complicity in worsening inequality, particularly racism and segregation. Yet these eye-opening accounts of pernicious federal policies and private banking practices have often been top-down. As such, the conflict, resistance, and struggle for power, when...

Establishment of Recommended TB Suspected Cases from Hospital system to TB Dispensary

2000 NPS appeared; just 12% of common Tuberculosis (TB) cases discovered were analyzed at TB dispensaries, whereas community health suppliers analyzed 88% of them. Unfortunately, just 13% of pervasive cases determined to have TB by community health care suppliers were named to TB dispensaries. To build a case recognition rate through fortified reference arrangement of TB cases and suspects from the medical clinic framework to TB dispensary. Through this venture, a component of the reference framework has been created; it is accessible and maintainable, particularly in poor and remote region. The TB is spread from one individual to next through the air while people who have dynamic TB in their spit, lungs hack, speak, or sneeze. The people with dormant TB don't spread sickness. The dynamic contamination occurs regularly in individuals with HIV/AIDS and individuals who smoke. Analysis of dynamic TB relied on chest X-beams, microscopic assessment and body liquids culture. The latent TB analysis relied on “tuberculin skin test (TST)” or blood tests. The TB usually affects the lungs, and nevertheless might affect diverse parts of the body. The most contamination display no manifestations; where case it is recognized as inert tuberculosis. Those at high danger incorporate workplace, household, and social contacts of individuals with dynamic TB. The treatment needs the usage of numerous antimicrobial over an extensive stretch of time.

Stability Indicating and Evaluation of Preservers in Cocos Nucifera Water by means of HPTLC Techniques

This examination manages the steadiness and successful utilization of additives in the coconut water. The new coconut water was separated in Aseptic zone through whatman channel paper and equivalent amounts of new coconut water are pressed in self sealable spreads. Propylparaben and Benzoic corrosive are utilized as additives of various qualities. These examples are put away for around 1 to 12 weeks at room temperature and refrigerated condition at 25°C. Tests are tried by various diagnostic techniques like pH, Turbidimetry, Titrimetry, Flame photometry, and HPTLC the shading change of tests are likewise watched. The adjustment in the new coconut water and tests with the additives are estimated for pH at customary time stretches to such an extent that the pH is kept up in the middle of 5.5-6 and to decide the microbial development by utilizing Turbidimetry, % of magnesium and % of ascorbic corrosive by Titrimetry. Sodium Potassium particles are controlled by utilizing fire photometry and to decide the sugars by utilizing HPTLC. The expansion of the additives improved the straightforwardness of the examples and the impact of additives on the Magnesium, Sodium, Potassium, Ascorbic corrosive, sugars are less with the end goal that the put-away coconut water samples can be stuffed in a self-sealable spread.

Transformation of Ethnic Identity of Armenian Migrants Involved and Non-Involved in the Activities of Their National Cultural Autonomy

The paper discusses the results of a longitudinal empirical study on the types and manifestations of ethnic identity of Armenian migrants, its transformation depending on the participation/non-participation of representatives of the Armenian ethnos in the activities of the Armenian national cultural autonomy of Penza. The survey sample was formed from representatives of the Armenian ethnic group living in the Penza region: 100 during the initial diagnosis and 92 of them after the repeated diagnosis. The time period between the first and second stages of the study was 5 years. At each stage the sample included two equal subgroups: Armenian migrants who participated and did not participate in the activities of the national community. The features of ethnic identity were diagnosed by means of the Type of Ethnic Identity (TEI) technique (G.I. Soldatova and S.V. Ryzhova) and the technique for assessing the positivity and uncertainty of ethnic identity (A.N. Tatarko and N.M. Lebedeva). Student’s t -test was used for statistical data processing. The results of the study confirm the assumption that migrants who interact over a long stretch of time with their community organisation have less pronounced hyper-ethnic attitudes like ethno-egoism and ethno-isolationism. The repeated diagnosis revealed a decreasing tendency in the number of migrants in both groups with predominant positive ethnic identity and an increasing tendency in the number of migrants with ethnoindifference, which is most likely a natural reaction to their long staying in another culture and adaptation to it. The results of the study are likely to be useful in developing programs for the prevention of inter-ethnic conflicts in modern society, when it is necessary to take into account the role of national cultural autonomies in the process of migrants’ adaptation in the host society.

Design, Analysis and Development of Epoxy Resin made Omnidirectional Wind Turbine

Wind as a wellspring of energy is being utilized for a significant stretch of time. It has increased more importance in the current time of energy emergency. The Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine and the Vertical Axis Wind Turbine is created and executed monetarily. Inorder to have joined combined advantage the Omnidirectional Wind Turbine is created in this work. In this, plan of the part assumes the crucial job. The plan was advanced to accomplish auxiliary quality in which the E - Glass Fiber is utilized to design the blades and thwarts without trading off the weight and quality. The investigation is finished utilizing the ANSYS Fluent to decide stream boundaries. Omnidirectional breeze exploits to other family unit power age strategies. So, Apartment tenants could reasonably produce power and freely utilize feed-in levies. The Omnidirectional Wind turbine is appropriate to metropolitan situations consequently augmenting the scope of reasonable areas for the outfitting of feasible energy. Further prototyping and test will be made so as to advance its presentation. Past this arrangement, the innovation can be utilized for creating on-framework and off-matrix options for the metropolitan market just as for RVs, vessels and other independent applications at various sizes.

NAGA IDENTITY POETICS IN CONTEMPORARY NAGA ENGLISH LITERATURE (A KALEIDOSCOPIC VIEW)

The Nagas originally a Sino-Mongoloid tribe are substantiated to have originated around 10th century B.C. in the plains between Huang Ho and Yangtze Ho in North Central China. As migration is a process which is reported to have been going on since time immemorial, the Nagas too could not have isolated themselves from being a part of the mass odyssey from their homeland with the anticipation of exploring and settling in naturally upgraded habitats. Hence today, the Nagas have been found to inhabit the banks of Chindwin and Irawaddy Rivers in Myanmar, and Nagaland in India. As far as their language is concerned, it is said to be an affiliate of the greater branch of Sino-Tibetan besides sharing certain similarities with Tibeto-Burman languages. As for the etymology of the word Naga is concerned, it is said to have been derived from either of the Sanskrit word namely Nagna or Nag with respective meanings ‘naked’ or ‘mountain. Frankly speaking both the etymons in question validate the universally recognized conception of Naga identity. Nagaland itself is dotted with multiple number of hills and a faction of people among all the Naga Tribes are said to have been still embracing primitivism. But what is most conspicuous about the Nagas is that though today we know Nagaland as a self-Governing state, the fact can never be contradicted that Nagas have never considered themselves part of India despite the state being taken over by India in 1952. Right from their partially being colonized by the British in the middle of the 19th century, to their strict resistance to both the British-Indian Government and then to the post-Independence Indian Government, the Nagas have shown that their assimilation to Indian mainstream is a daunting and cumbersome exercise. The origin of the Naga National Council, preceded by the armed resistance movement of Rani Gyindulu and that of the genesis of National Socialist Council of Nagaland simply bespeak that this prospect of wholesale assimilation into Indian Sense of Nationality will await the elapse of an elongated stretch of historical time. This very aspect has been enjoying international attention and the literary activists of Nagaland such as Dr Temsula Ao and Dr Easterine Kire have contributed a lot through their literary output in harnessing this aspect, throwing new critical insights into the same. This avouched denial cum resistance to be assimilated into the greater Indian National Fabric is one of the many facets of Naga Identity which also encompasses other cultural traits such as patriarchal ideology, Naga Heraka Practices, Animism, Mythogenesis and Head-Hunting Practices.
 Objective of this write-up: This write-up endeavours its best to foreground the very traits of Naga Identity Poetics by taking into consideration selective but relevant literary fabrications, the brainchilds of one of the two internationally recognized Naga Writers, Dr Easterine Kire with the other being Dr Temsula Ao.
 Methodology: This write-up is built upon the selective reading of the summary of the novels and poems of both the writers with selective perusal of secondary anecdotage in the form of critical essays, the Naga History of Independence and Naga Anthropology.

Event representations omit stretches of time

Event representations omit stretches of time

Maritime Narratives of Prehistoric Cyprus: Seafaring as Everyday Practice

This paper considers the role of seafaring as an important aspect of everyday life in the communities of prehistoric Cyprus. The maritime capabilities developed by early seafarers enabled them to explore new lands and seas, tap new marine resources and make use of accessible coastal sites. Over the long term, the core activities of seafaring revolved around the exploitation of marine and coastal resources, the mobility of people and the transport and exchange of goods. On Cyprus, although we lack direct material evidence (e.g. shipwrecks, ship representations) before about 2000 BC, there is no question that beginning at least by the eleventh millennium Cal BC (Late Epipalaeolithic), early seafarers sailed between the nearby mainland and Cyprus, in all likelihood several times per year. In the long stretch of time—some 4000 years—between the Late Aceramic Neolithic and the onset of the Late Chalcolithic (ca. 6800–2700 Cal BC), most archaeologists passively accept the notion that the inhabitants of Cyprus turned their backs to the sea. In contrast, this study entertains the likelihood that Cyprus was never truly isolated from the sea, and considers maritime-related materials and practices during each era from the eleventh to the early second millennium Cal BC. In concluding, I present a broader picture of everything from rural anchorages to those invisible maritime behaviours that may help us better to understand seafaring as an everyday practice on Cyprus.

A Major Change in Rate of Climate Niche Envelope Evolution during Hominid History.

SummaryHomo sapiens is the only species alive able to take advantage of its cognitive abilities to inhabit almost all environments on Earth. Humans are able to culturally construct, rather than biologically inherit, their occupied climatic niche to a degree unparalleled within the animal kingdom. Precisely, when hominins acquired such an ability remains unknown, and scholars disagree on the extent to which our ancestors shared this same ability. Here, we settle this issue using fine-grained paleoclimatic data, extensive archaeological data, and phylogenetic comparative methods. Our results indicate that whereas early hominins were forced to live under physiologically suitable climatic conditions, with the emergence of H. heidelbergensis, the Homo climatic niche expanded beyond its natural limits, despite progressive harshening in global climates. This indicates that technological innovations providing effective exploitation of cold and seasonal habitats predated the emergence of Homo sapiens.

EVALUATION OF A CORRELATION BETWEEN SLEEP HOURS, SLEEP QUALITY AND SALIVARY LEVELS OF 8-HYDROXY-2'-DEOXYGUANOSINE IN CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS PATIENTS- AN OBSERVATIONAL STUDY

Aims: To determine if there was a correlation between sleep hours, sleep quality with the salivary levels of 8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine in chronic periodontitis patients, and to decide its relationship with the established clinical periodontal parameters. Settings and Design: Observational analytical study with 100 patients based on the inclusion criteria, who visited the Department of Periodontology of a tertiary care setting. Methods and Material: Bleeding on probing, pocket depth, clinical attachment loss, plaque index score were recorded. Sleep behaviour longer than a month time stretch was surveyed by Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, a validated questionnaire. 8-OHdG levels in un-stimulated saliva of all subjects were examined by ELISA. Statistical analysis used: Sleep-hour correlations with sleep quality at salivary 8-OHdG levels as well as clinical periodontal parameters were assessed using the Pearson correlation coefficient. All statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software version 17.0. Results: Salivary 8-OHdG levels and clinical parameters (PPD, CAL, PI) were significantly higher among sleep deprived individuals. On comparison, subjects with a poor quality of sleep (PSQI score>5) showed a significantly higher 8-OHdG levels. Conclusions: Short sleep durations and poor sleep quality can instigate inflammation and oxidative stress and could be a risk factor for periodontitis.

Non-mimetic jumping spider responses towards three species of ants and their mimics

Ants and jumping spiders are prominent invertebrate predators in terrestrial ecosystems. Many jumping spiders are thought to avoid ants and their ant mimicking spiders, yet little is known if they discriminate among different species of ants or mimics. Chances of encountering multiple ants, and mimics all in a relatively short stretch of time and space is fairly common in the tropics, but how all these species interact with each other is not known. In a laboratory setup, we first examined the behavioral response of three ant species (Oecophylla smaragdina, the weaver ants; Camponotus sericeus, the golden backed carpenter ants, and Leptogenys processionalis, the procession ants), and their mimics in the genus Myrmarachne towards the non-mimetic jumping spider Plexippus paykulli. We then examined the response of P paykulli towards the three ant species, and their mimics. Our results suggest that weaver ants and procession ants are more aggressive towards non-mimetic jumping spiders as compared to golden backed ants. The three mimics also differed in their response towards the non-mimetic jumping spider: both weaver ant mimics and golden backed ant mimics charged at the non-mimetic jumping spiders as compared to the procession ant mimics. On the other hand, P. paykulli did not treat all ants similarly: while they looked, and approached the black procession ants by visual cues, they stayed away from weaver ants and golden backed ants. However, P. paykulli treated the three ant mimicking spiders similarly: while they looked at the mimics, they rarely approached or attacked them. Jumping spiders and ants are sympatric, and it may be advantageous to selectively avoid some ants over others. Studies, such as ours go a step closer in understanding multispecies predator–prey interactions.

Spectral dynamics on saturable absorber in mode-locking with time stretch spectroscopy

A mode-locked laser that can produce a broadband spectrum and ultrashort pulse has been applied for many applications in an extensive range of scientific fields. To obtain stable mode-locking during a long time alignment-free, a semiconductor saturable absorber is one of the most suitable devices. Dynamics from noise to a stable mode-locking state in the spectral-domain are known as complex and a non-repetitive phenomenon with the time scale from nanoseconds to milliseconds. Thus, a conventional spectrometer, which is composed of a grating and line sensor, cannot capture the spectral behavior from noise to stable mode-locking. As a powerful spectral measurement technique, a time-stretch dispersive Fourier transformation (TS-DFT) has been recently used to enable a successive single-shot spectral measurement over a couple of milliseconds time span. Here, we experimentally demonstrate real-time spectral evolution of femtosecond pulse build-up in a homemade passive mode-locked Yb fiber laser with a semiconductor saturable absorber mirror using TS-DFT. Capturing 700 consecutive spectra (~ 17 µs time window) in real-time using the time-stretch technique, we are able to resolve the transient dynamics that lead to stable mode-locking. Before setting stable mode-locking, an oscillating or shifting fringe pattern in the consecutive spectra was detected. This signature proves the existence of multiple pulses (including a soliton molecule) which is temporally separated with a different relative phase. The dynamics on multiple pulses is originated from a fast relaxation time of the saturable absorption effect. This study provides novel insights into understanding the pulse behavior during the birth of an ultrafast mode-locked laser pulse and the stable single-pulse operation which is highly stabilized.