Photographic Reconstruction Research Articles

Personalised 3D printed respirators for healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Widespread issues in respirator availability and fit have been rendered acutely apparent by the COVID-19 pandemic. This study sought to determine whether personalized 3D printed respirators provide adequate filtration and function for healthcare workers through a Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT). Fifty healthcare workers recruited within NHS Lothian, Scotland, underwent 3D facial scanning or 3D photographic reconstruction to produce 3D printed personalized respirators. The primary outcome measure was quantitative fit-testing to FFP3 standard. Secondary measures included respirator comfort, wearing experience, and function instrument (R-COMFI) for tolerability, Modified Rhyme Test (MRT) for intelligibility, and viral decontamination on respirator material. Of the 50 participants, 44 passed the fit test with the customized respirator, not significantly different from the 38 with the control (p = 0.21). The customized respirator had significantly improved comfort over the control respirator in both simulated clinical conditions (p < 0.0001) and during longer wear (p < 0.0001). For speech intelligibility, both respirators performed equally. Standard NHS decontamination agents were able to eradicate 99.9% of viral infectivity from the 3D printed plastics tested. Personalized 3D printed respirators performed to the same level as control disposable FFP3 respirators, with clear communication and with increased comfort, wearing experience, and function. The materials used were easily decontaminated of viral infectivity and would be applicable for sustainable and reusable respirators.

Fabrication of Integrated Lensless Cameras via UV-Imprint Lithography

We report on the construction of a lensless camera with a phase-modulating mask layer integrated directly on an image sensor using the UV-imprint lithography method. By replicating the master phase mask&#x2019;s surface structure directly on the image sensor, our method further simplifies the fabrication of lensless cameras and delivers a rigid and durable device with a small form factor. Our prototype device has an open-faced design without any apertures and generates high-quality photographic reconstructions with high light collection efficiency. We analyze the performance of our prototype device and demonstrate various imaging applications, including the digital refocusing capabilities.

Reconstruction on a photo of architectural monuments containing a rotation surfaces

Problem statement . The relevance of the reconstruction of architectural monuments is obvious. It is enough to note that entire cities were restored after the world wars in their original form. For the preparation of restoration projects, various sources are used, including archival photographs. Therefore, new methods of metric processing of photographs are important. There can be no general method for reconstruction of photographs, since it depends on the number of pictures, the shape of the depicted objects, and many other conditions. The special case is reconstructions from a single photograph. A single image without additional conditions determines neither metric nor positional properties of space. However, depending on the latter, you can determine the shape, size, data about the projecting apparatus and their relative position., An image of a single surface was used, to reconstruct images from sketches of projections of surfaces of revolution and the missing information was made up from combinations of various conditions of a different kind superimposed on the photograph of the object. Purpose. To develop a method of geometric reconstruction from a photograph of an object containing a number of surfaces of revolution that do not overlap, based on the use of the coordinates of points on the sketches of the projections of the surfaces, which will allow to reveal the sketch method. Conclusion . The proposed method for reconstruction of photographs allows using in maximum the information contained on them and, in combination with other methods, makes it possible to determine the values of the desired values and evaluate their accuracy. Metric processing of photographs makes it possible to eliminate the stage of prototyping for reduction of the cost of projects restoration.

Reflections on Photogrammetry

This article presents an overview of the history, principles, and current developments in the media technological field of photogrammetry. By chronicling the isomorphic shift taking place in image capturing, we seek to show that photogrammetry has led the way forward in seeing technical images not only as two dimensional projections, but as three-dimensional model-based images. In the mid-nineteenth century, photogrammetry was first used for the documentation of architectural objects and it later became a standard technique in aerial photography. Although its fields of application have become more extensive, photogrammetry’s basic principle hasn’t fundamentally changed: it is still defined as the three- dimensional geometric reconstruction of two-dimensional photographs through the measuring of reference points. With digital technological standards and advances in camera technology, photogrammetric imaging nowadays is intensively used for object recognition in machine vision and robotics. Beside this, photogrammetry is also opening new possibilities for documentation in the fields of investigative arts, this being explored with a discussion on the “Ground Truth” project from Forensic Architecture. Keywords: investigative art, machine vision, object recognition, photogrammetry, photography

Pilbara rock art: laser scanning, photogrammetry and 3D photographic reconstruction as heritage management tools

Recording techniques such as laser scanning, photogrammetry and photographic reconstruction are not new to archaeology. However as technology evolves and becomes more readily available such methods are being more regularly employed within a cultural heritage management context, often by people with little experience in using these technologies for heritage applications. For most cultural heritage management practitioners, the awe and lure of technology and the ease with which it can bring archaeology to life can distract from the end game of managing the site on the ground. This paper examines the advantages and disadvantages of laser scanning, photogrammetry and photographic reconstruction in recording, managing and interpreting rock art sites with an emphasis on its practical applications to the field of heritage management. Using a case study from West Angelas in the East Pilbara region of Western Australia, we will examine how these technologies assist in the practical management of heritage sites, and the significant outputs achieved for Aboriginal stakeholder groups in remote access to, and the interpretation of indigenous heritage sites.

An objective 3D photographic reconstruction analysis of frown lines after incobotulinumtypeA treatment

An objective 3D photographic reconstruction analysis of frown lines after incobotulinumtypeA treatment

DISSECTION OF THE NECK: A WAX ANATOMICAL MODEL FROM THE SPITZNER COLLECTION IN THE ORFILA MUSEUM OF ANATOMY: AN OBSERVATION AND PHOTOGRAPHIC TRI‐DIMENSIONAL RECONSTRUCTION

An anatomical model of the dissection of the human neck with its supra‐clavicular and sub‐mandibular regions was studied in order to determine its anatomical accuracy. the model was made of brightly colored wax and was of female appearance. Formerly it belonged to the collection of Dr Spitzner (1833–1896), and was labelled as #23. It was 36cm wide and 27cm high. The model's primary views were photographed at 5° increments in alignment with a 270 degree vertical axis, in order to obtain a tri‐dimensional photographic reconstruction. The arterial and venous vessels were enhanced as well as the thyroid and sub‐mandibular glands. The musculo‐cutaneous frames were limited to five main regions of dissection. The nerves and the lymphatics were not represented.

AN ANATOMICAL MODEL OF HEAD IN WAX MADE BY ZUMBO (1700): OBSERVATION AND PHOTOGRAPHICAL TRI‐DIMENSIONAL RECONSTRUCTION

A composite head in wax which was mounted on a real skeleton, was studied. It was photographed with a numerical camera, in rotation every 5° all along 360° and with three incidences in relationship with the sample: horizontal, at 25° and at 50°. 72 photographs were shot in each incidence, i.e.: a total of 216 was obtained. This wax was realized in the year 1700 by Gaetano Zumbo. It belonged to the Orfila museum collection closed in december 2009. The Quick Time Virtual Reality software permited the tri‐dimensional photographic reconstruction. The introduction on the internet permitted to spread the knowledge of this sample to the general public. he photographic data completed previous personal works (Le Floch‐Prigent, 1999; Le Floch‐Prigent, Guerini, Chevrot, 2006) radiographical ones and CT‐scanographical ones which proved the composite nature of the sample and the youth and female nature of the underneath head skeleton with an intra‐cranial capacity of 1350cc3.

Dissection du cou : une pièce anatomique en cire de la collection Spitzner (n o 23) des musées d’anatomie Delmas, Orfila et Rouvière : observation et reconstruction photographique tridimensionnelle

An anatomical model of the dissection of the human neck, supraclavicular and submandibular regions, was studied in order to determine its anatomical accuracy. The sample was made of brightly coloured wax and was of female appearance. Formally, it belonged to the collection (n(o) 23) of a medical doctor: Spitzner (1813-1894). It was donated late in the 20th century to the Delmas, Orfila and Rouvière museums, 45, rue des Saints-Pères, Paris 6(e), université Paris-Descartes (catalog n(o): 1222, SRA-1995). It measured 36cm in width and 27cm in height. With the camera, it was pictured on its main views and every 5-degree on 270° along its vertical axis in order to obtain a tri-dimensional, photographic reconstruction. The arterial and venous vessels were enhanced and the thyroid and submandibular glands as well. The musculo-osseous frames limited five main regions of dissection. Neither nerves nor lymphatics were represented. The author of this wax sample remains unknown (no signature). The aspect does not look like the samples of the Tramond or Auzoux's factories. The Spitzner collection was primarily an itinerant exhibition; however, it is of a highly anatomical quality. It is well known by the anatomical art world, especially abroad: its aesthetical features and facial characters make it very recognizable.

Dickinsonia from Ediacara: A new look at morphology and body construction

During groundbreaking fieldwork on the taphonomy and sedimentology of the famous fossil deposits at the Ediacara sheep station [Goldring, R., Currnow, C.N., 1967. The stratigraphy and facies of the Late Precambrian at Ediacara, South Australia. Journal of the Geological Society of Australia 14, 195–214.], Roland Goldring formed one of the few collections of original Ediacara fossil materials that can still be accessed outside of Australia. This material, collected from the type locality at Ediacara, is now housed in the Natural History Museum at Oxford, and includes excellent specimens of the enigmatic fossil Dickinsonia costata [Sprigg, R.C., 1949. Early Cambrian ‘jellyfishes’ of Ediacara, South Australia, and Mount John, Kimberly District, Western Australia. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 73, 72–99.]. This first detailed description of the Oxford Dickinsonia material, and its associated wrinkle structures, is discussed with relevance to some wider problems facing Ediacaran taxonomy. Serial photographic reconstruction techniques are used to produce high resolution analyses of these fossils. Attention is drawn to features such as relief inversion of the upper surface, in which a ‘spatulate B segment’ is typically preserved in positive hyporelief while the rest of the fossil is mainly preserved in negative hyporelief. Segments can also appear to bifurcate and merge—a feature which, together with the glide plane of symmetry, is inconsistent with the bilaterian model often argued for this taxon. Controversial and conflicting claims for the presence of circular muscles, a rigid outer cuticle, an axial gut and even radial tentacles can all be explained by a single hypothesis that involves a simple, possibly coelenterate-grade, organism which had a distinctive, hydraulic body structure that underwent stretching, strain, collapse and contraction as the internal turgor pressure in the segments changed, especially during death and burial.

Hemingway's Michigan Landscapes

Ernest Hemingway's descriptions of the terrain of northern Michigan recall his experience, describe Nature, imply his ecological beliefs—and reconstruct what he sees in terms of post-Impressionist landscape painting. It was widely understood in his lifetime that landscape was an imaginative version of a scene rather than its photographic reconstruction. The way in which a scene was depicted implied much about artistic beliefs and intentions. Hemingway was particularly indebted to Cézanne for his ideas about landscape, but he took many cues from other painters ancient and modern.

Estimating 3-dimensional colony surface area of field corals

Colony surface area is a critical descriptor for biological and physical attributes of reef-building (scleractinian, stony) corals. The three-dimensional (3D) size and structure of corals are directly related to many ecosystem values and functions. Most methods to estimate colony surface area have been limited to laboratory settings and cannot be used for field corals. Photographic methods for digital 3D reconstruction were applied here to determine the accuracy of three different approaches for estimating colony surface area of field corals from simple underwater measurements. The approaches include a volumetric size-class method, a hemispherical surrogate and a suite of log–linear models generated from stepwise multiple regression analyses of digitally-reconstructed colonies. For each approach, surface area values were calculated from field measurements of colony size and the accuracy was determined by comparison with digitally-derived values for the same colonies. Accuracy varied among approaches; log–linear models (12% difference) were most accurate, followed by the hemispherical surrogate (17% difference) and size-classes (40% difference). The log–linear and hemispherical surrogate approaches are potentially applicable to at least nine common coral species. The photographic reconstruction method, although time-consuming and not intended for routine application, was shown by comparison with laser-scanned images to provide a highly accurate method for determining 3D colony surface area.

Pathogenesis of extra efferent vessel development in diabetic glomeruli

The development of extra efferent vessels (EEV) is a little-known feature of diabetic glomerulopathy. The only previous large study [Min W, Yamanaka N. Three-dimensional analysis of increased vasculature around the glomerular vascular pole in diabetic nephropathy. Virchows Archiv A Pathol Anat 1993; 423:201-7] known to us found that up to 5 EEV per glomerulus (glom) each drained a separate lobule. Most EEV connected to the second- and third-order branches of the afferent arteriole (AA), and drained into peritubular capillaries. Although not so stated, the illustrations suggested that some EEV could be shunts, and thus detrimental to glom function, and possibly glom health. There was no correlation between the unquantitated presence of increased EEV at the vascular pole (VP) and the severity of the major diabetic glomerular (glom) lesions. The authors opined that efferent arteriole (EA) stenosis by insudative lesions (IL) stimulated the formation of EEV. To confirm and extend these findings, we have repeated the study in 18 diabetic cases with mild to severe, but not end-stage, diffuse and nodular lesions (DL and NL), 8 controls, and the 2 normal traumatic nephrectomy cases. Up to 18 EEV per glom were found in diabetic cases along with occasional EEV in controls. EEV contained muscle and were almost identical to the EA in structure. Nearly all EEV connected with efferent glom capillaries at the VP, where they exited the glom through apparently preexisting gaps in the Bowman's capsule and/or glomerular capillary basement membranes (BCBM/GCBM). The EA exited through a similar gap, so the exit of EEV was accomplished without altering the anatomical relationships between the exiting vessels and the components of the VP thought to be important in the control of glom outflow. The largest number of EEV occurred in long-standing T2DM cases with mild to moderate DL and NL. Complete photographic glom reconstructions revealed numerous anastomoses among efferent glom capillaries in normal and diabetic gloms with mild to moderate DL and NL. No disproportionately dilated EEV were seen. The findings just cited confirm that EEV are common and surprisingly numerous in diabetic gloms. They suggest that EEV formation served to preserve glom function, and that EEV could neither shunt nor restrict glom outflow locally. In our opinion, the formation of EEV represents a significant, possibly hemodynamically induced, remodeling of the glom that should be added to the list of changes that occur in diabetes. It is hypothesized that EEV develop because of increased glom inflow, and that the latter may be attributable to AA muscle damage that impairs its contractile ability.

Whole-field NDT of thermal protection system using digital holography

In the development of re-entry space vehicles, thermal protection systems (TPS), which protect the vehicle from the high thermal environments during re-entry, constitute one of the most critical systems. Both metallic and non-metallic materials are candidates for TPS. Generally, the TPS materials are bonded to the structure in vacuum under load. For the successful performance of the vehicle, the TPS should be intact to the vehicle without any debond and hence the detection of debonds in TPS is very important. Holographic interferometry is established as a reliable NDT tool for detecting debonds. Digital holography is a technique that uses digital recording and numerical reconstruction of holograms, which does not require photographic films, wet processing and laser reconstruction. In this paper the application of the digital holographic interferometry technique in detecting debonds in different types of thermal protection systems is presented. The results of the tests on a few samples made of ablative and non-ablative TPS materials with debond are presented. The paper also describes the experimental details and stressing techniques used for the detection of debonds in TPS. The practical application of this technique for the NDT of TPS is explored.

Geoarchaeological studies in Nara, Japan: The integrated findings

AbstractIn this article, the authors summarize 20 years of scholarship and two field projects on geoarchaeology in Nara, Japan, carried out by researchers from 12 different institutions in 4 countries. The research goal was to test an aerial photographic reconstruction of surface landforms in the Nara Basin with subsurface data. Project A was conducted at Asawa; it tested, through geological coring, whether a suspected swampy backmarsh in the eastern basin existed and whether it would yield data on the transition to wet rice agriculture in the mid‐1st millennium B.C. Project B was conducted at Miwa; it tested, through geological coring and subsequent excavation, the nature of upland agricultural terrace formation in the southeastern basin and whether the suspected existence of a 4th‐century palace site could be confirmed.Two layers of carbonaceous clay at Asawa were dated to the Early (˜5000–3500 B.C.) and Final (˜1000‐300 B.C.) phases of the Jomon period. Pollen data revealed the establishment of an evergreen oak forest from 5,000 years ago and anthropogenic changes in forest cover from 2,000 years ago. Phytoliths from rice, millets, reeds, and bamboo were recovered in layers postdating the Final Jomon carbonaceous clay. A fault scarp with anthropogenic modification of the terraces was identified at Miwa. It was discovered that an incised stream valley had been infilled in the Medieval period at the same time surface layers were razed; the front of the terrace was extended in the premodern period. Remains were recovered from the Middle Yayoi (˜100 B.C.–A.D. 100) and the Medieval (˜A.D. 1185–1603) periods. However, as the terracing involved razing the early historic levels, no data were recovered on the alleged 4th‐century palace site.The significance of these findings lies in the identification of (a) a swampy backmarsh at Asawa, where initial agricultural efforts in growing wet rice in the basin may have occurred, confirming the aerial photographic reconstruction; and (b) hillside terracing activities at Miwa, from the Medieval period onwards, which have radically changed the configuration of the natural topography. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Zwischen Kriminalistik und Justiz. Zur Konjunktur der Fotografie als Evidenzstrategie

The paper deals with the criminalistic-judicial and media specific prerequisites, on the basis of which the scene of crime photography was employed as evidence and identification around 1900. Based on the only existing crime scene photographs in Germany, kept by the Berlin Police collection and Berlin Archives, the focus will be both on the criminalistic concepts and judicial laws – exemplarily reflected by the Dienstanweisung fur Kapitalverbrechen from 1902 [service instruction concerning capital crimes] and a decision of the criminal senate from 1903 – and on the photographic methods and aesthetics, taught in the forensic textbooks from 1893 through 1912, that allowed for the photographic reconstruction of crimes.

Teased-fiber technique for peripheral myelinated nerves: methodology and interpretation.

Teased-fiber technique is the best approach for studying peripheral myelinated nerve fibers in their continuity. It enables the assessment of size of myelin segments formed by Schwann cells and characterization of pathologic changes affecting the internodia, the paranodal regions, and the invested axons. Fiber teasing is performed on prestained proximodistally oriented portions of peripheral nerves. Specimens about 10 mm long are stained for 24-48 hours in Sudan black and then transferred to glycerin, where, using a pair of fine forceps and a stereomicroscope, they are separated into smaller fiber bundles from which single fibers are isolated. The work is performed on a glass slide with an adhesive surface (albuminized or "superfrost"), on which the fibers are placed in strict proximodistal orientation. Following drying in an oven, the slides are mounted with glycerin-gelatine (same as used for frozen sections). The changes, when present, can usually be recognized during the preparation, but fibers are reexamined and changes confirmed in mounted slides. Photographic reconstruction of the fibers facilitates their assessment and enables the documentation of findings. The teased-fiber technique is auxiliary to histopathology, and to limit the workload and save costs, it can be performed on only a few specimens selected for better characterization of changes recognized or suspected in tissue sections. In particular, segmental demyelination and early stages of Wallerian or secondary axonal degeneration can be recognized in teased fibers. Segmental demyelination is characterized by loss of fully myelinated segments and their replacement by newly formed short and thin segments, remyelinating the preserved axon. The early stage of secondary axonal degeneration is recognized by formation of ovoidal fiber fragments in the midinternodal region.

Remote-sensing Resources for Monitoring Glacier Fluctuations on Axel Heiberg Island

We document the abundant resources available for the photographic reconstruction of glacier terminus positions in the Canadian High Arctic, with particular reference to Axel Heiberg Island. Early terrestrial photographs may yet be discovered in the archives of explorers, but systematic photography of the High Arctic began with aerial coverage by the U.S. Air Force's Operation Polaris in the early 1940s. This oblique (trimetrogon) coverage was completed by the Royal Canadian Air Force in the early 1950s, and the coverage of vertical photography was completed in the late 1950s. Thereafter the resources become intermittent, but Axel Heiberg Island glaciers have been imaged quite frequently from the air. Visible-band satellite imagery is available from as early as 1962, but the number of useful archived images is limited by persistent, extensive cloud cover and, for some satellites, by distance of the region from ground receiving stations. Radar imagery, which is free of the cloud constraint, has recently become available both from the air and from space. We illustrate the potential of the photographic record by extending back to 1948 an earlier analysis of the terminus fluctuations of White and Thompson Glaciers. Analysis of an oblique photograph demonstrates a significantly more rapid retreat of White Glacier during 1948-60 than during 1960-95, while the advance of Thompson Glacier between 1948 and 1960, at 58 m/a, was almost three times faster than thereafter.

Collageless collages ? Photographic reconstructions, the easy way, of neurons and other extended objects

A small, movable aperture placed at or near the Köhler field diaphragm location of a light microscope permits making composite high contrast, high clarity photographs of objects, such as Golgi stained neurons, whose extensions in depth are greater than the depth of field of the microscope's objective. The technique is described.

Transaxial tomography camera with built-in photographic image reconstruction

Transaxial tomography is a radiographic technique that provides an image of a selected two-dimensional section of a three-dimensional object. The present paper describes a new analogue recording system that uses a fan-shaped X-ray beam and a built-in photographic summation technique for image reconstruction. The performance of the camera is illustrated with different test samples.