Photographic Objective Research Articles

NoPhoto’s Memoria Colonizada projects: (re)creating collective memories?

ABSTRACT This article analyzes NoPhoto Collective’s Memoria colonizada photography projects (2011–2018), which feature some of the new agricultural colonies established by the Francoist regime between the 1940s and the 1960s through its Instituto Nacional de Colonización (INC). The stated aim of these projects is to reflect upon “the intervened landscape, the creation of new populations with a uniform architecture, official memory and that of the protagonists, giving special importance to the local actors” (NoPhoto Collective. 2011. Vegaviana memoria colonizada. NOPHOTO. Accessed 28 June 2024. http://nophoto.org/vegaviana-memoria-colonizada;http://vegaviana.nophoto.org /). Yet, the foregrounding of personal and intimate images and stories, while intended as a counterpoint to the villages’ official histories and a means to empower local residents, risks presenting a nostalgic and somewhat idealized view of these communities. Such slippages into idealization and cliché, however, coexist with photographs that mobilize representational strategies that undermine any illusion of photographic objectivity or neutrality, and which thus throw into question both the supposed transparency of the photographic medium and the notion of a collective rural memory that articulates the series as a whole.

From Photography to Radiology: How Physicians Leveraged Early Hospital X-ray Machines to Supplant Photographers.

At the end of the nineteenth century, the advent of x-ray machines fueled American medicine's reliance on technology, transforming hospitals and the medical profession. X-ray manufacturers pursued the nascent hospital market as competition and patent feuds accelerated x-ray machine modifications. Hospitals incorporated clunky new machines and employed x-ray photographers, but as the unruly apparatus stabilized, physicians joining the new specialty of radiology discounted the toils of machine troubleshooting and promoted their medically qualified x-ray interpretations. This article frames early medical radiography in terms of boundary work, highlighting how discourse among physicians, x-ray photographers, and hospital administrators vied to establish a privileged demarcation between radiological science and photographic craft. Ultimately, radiologists supplanted x-ray photographers by leveraging the automation of x-ray machines and capitalizing on the epistemic shift from photographic objectivity to qualified interpretations. By focusing on this overlooked aspect of x-ray incorporation into hospitals, this work provides a unique perspective on how harnessing mechanization and authoritative medical interpretations can shift professional boundaries.

Habsburg Imperial Image-Space: Negotiating Belonging Through Photography

This article examines the visualization of Hutsuls in German-Austrian, Ukrainian, Polish and Russophile ethnographic texts, asking how national and imperial imaginations of space were produced through such fluid cross-linking of texts and photographs. Considering the radical changes in image circulation since the late-19th century, we aim to reconsider the role of photography in image-making of the Habsburg Empire. This article shows how the same images were supposed to serve many purposes, when they were embedded in different settings. The construction of photographic objectivity, the circulation of images through imperial infrastructures and the exoticization of rural peoples were, however, common phenomena.

Studies on the Authorship of Albumen Vintage Photographs: A Combined Experimental and Chemometric Approach.

The differences in albumen photographs from vintage photographic studios were identified by energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The results inspired the concept of finding common features characteristic of a given photographic studio. The obtained measurement data (i.e., positions of vibrational bands for characteristic groups of albumen and the mass contents of chosen elements) were analyzed chemometrically by employing the Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The PCA technique allowed us to reduce the number of relevant experimental parameters characterizing the unique features of the photographic objects. The two major components were able to distinguish the photographic objects in terms of their authorship and the time to produce a photograph. The method developed was examined for a selected group of photographs consisting of albumen prints from three Polish photographic ateliers. To validate ED-XRF measurements and, consequently, the chemometric findings, reference albumen photo samples were designed and prepared. The empirical functional relationships between the content of photochemically reduced silver particles on the photographic paper and several physicochemical factors, including time of exposure to UV light, AgNO3 concentration in a fixed bath, and concentrations of other additives, were proposed. These results can be used for the prediction of the experimental conditions under which the investigated photographs were developed.

Neural Technologies for Objects Classification with Mobile Applications

This paper is related to the study of the features of the neural technologies’ application, in particular, ResNet neural networks for the classification of objects in photographs. The work aims to increase the accuracy of recognition and classification of objects in photographs by using various models of the ResNet neural network. The paper analyzes the features of the application of the corresponding models in comparison with other architectures of deep neural networks and evaluates their efficiency and accuracy in the classification of objects in photographs. The process of data formation for training neural networks, their processing and sorting is described. A web application and a mobile application for recognizing and classifying objects in a photo were also developed. A system for classifying objects, in particular airplanes in photographs, was developed using neural network technologies. It gives a recognition and classification accuracy of about 95%. Research results of ResNet models are of great practical importance, as they can improve the classification accuracy of various images. Features of ResNet, such as the use of skip connections or residual connections, make it effective in the relevant tasks. The results of the study will help to implement ResNet in various fields, including medicine, automatic pattern recognition and other areas where the classification of objects in photographs is an important task.

Painterly Image Harmonization by Learning from Painterly Objects

Given a composite image with photographic object and painterly background, painterly image harmonization targets at stylizing the composite object to be compatible with the background. Despite the competitive performance of existing painterly harmonization works, they did not fully leverage the painterly objects in artistic paintings. In this work, we explore learning from painterly objects for painterly image harmonization. In particular, we learn a mapping from background style and object information to object style based on painterly objects in artistic paintings. With the learnt mapping, we can hallucinate the target style of composite object, which is used to harmonize encoder feature maps to produce the harmonized image. Extensive experiments on the benchmark dataset demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed method.

Progressive Painterly Image Harmonization from Low-Level Styles to High-Level Styles

Painterly image harmonization aims to harmonize a photographic foreground object on the painterly background. Different from previous auto-encoder based harmonization networks, we develop a progressive multi-stage harmonization network, which harmonizes the composite foreground from low-level styles (e.g., color, simple texture) to high-level styles (e.g., complex texture). Our network has better interpretability and harmonization performance. Moreover, we design an early-exit strategy to automatically decide the proper stage to exit, which can skip the unnecessary and even harmful late stages. Extensive experiments on the benchmark dataset demonstrate the effectiveness of our progressive harmonization network.

The Oddy Test and the Photographic Activity Test (PAT): A Direct Comparison of Accelerated Aging Test Methods for Assessing Storage, Display, and Transport Materials

ABSTRACT Two accelerated aging tests, the Oddy test and the Photographic Activity Test (PAT), are used to predict the safety of storage, display, or transport materials used near cultural heritage objects. Despite being designed to predict possible chemical damage for metallic and photographic objects, respectively, results from both tests are often applied toward other collection types. A direct comparison between the two tests was completed by evaluating the same set of thirty-five materials. Results indicated very little correlation between the tests, both when comparing overall results as well as on the level of individual detector responses. An additional comparison with the lead acetate test (LAT), a selective test for reduced sulfur compounds, provided further evidence that while the Oddy and PAT are reliable at predicting the effect of volatile gases on metals or reactions with materials in direct contact with photographs, respectively, they are responding to reactive species differently. The Oddy test and PAT are selective and sensitive, but each to different species and concentrations of reactive chemicals. The tests are most effective when applied toward the object types each was intended to mimic, and results from the two tests should neither be equated nor applied globally toward all collection types.

USING AI TO DESIGN PICTURE TO SUPPORT TEACHING NATURE AND SOCIAL SUBJECT IN ELEMENTARY SCHOOL

This article focuses on researching the use of artificial intelligence (AI) to convert text into pictures to support the teaching of Nature and Social subject in elementary school. Qualitative research method is applied to analyze previous research documents, in order to identify research issues that have been explored by scientists about the use of AI in education and the potentials that AI brought about in the current era of digital transformation. Based on those results, the article proposes a process of using AI to convert text into pictures to support the teaching process. This process includes the following steps: i) Research the lesson's requirements; ii) Detailed descriptions of objects in paintings and photographs (including color, shape, size, etc.); iii) Use AI to create descriptive statements for paintings and photos; iv) Select AI tool to convert language into images; v) Adjust pictures and photos (if necessary). The results of this study will provide useful reference materials for elementary school teachers during the teaching process and at the same time open up potential research directions for future scientists.

Melanistic coloration does not influence thermoregulation in the crepuscular gecko Eublepharis macularius.

Body coloration in ectotherms serves multiple biological functions, including avoiding predators, communicating with conspecific individuals, and involvement in thermoregulation. As ectotherms rely on environmental sources of heat to regulate their internal body temperature, stable melanistic body coloration or color change can be used to increase or decrease heat absorption and heat exchange with the environment. While the function of melanistic coloration for thermoregulation increases solar radiation absorption for heating in many diurnal ectotherms, research on crepuscular and nocturnal ectotherms is lacking. Since crepuscular and nocturnal ectotherms generally absorb heat from the substrate, in these organisms melanistic coloration may have other primary functions beside thermoregulation. As such, in this work we hypothesized that the proportion of dorsal melanistic body coloration would not influence heating and cooling rates in the crepuscular gecko, Eublepharis macularius, and that changes in environmental temperature would not trigger color changes in this species. Temperature measurements of the geckos and of the environment were taken using infrared thermography and temperature loggers. Color data were obtained using objective photography and a newly developed custom software package. We found that body temperature reflected substrate temperatures, and that the proportion of melanistic coloration has no influence on heating or cooling rates or on color changes. These findings support that melanistic coloration in E. macularius may not be used for thermoregulation and strengthen the hypothesis that in animals active in low light conditions, melanistic coloration may be used instead for camouflage or other functions.

Yes. still. movement.

Abstract How does one attempt to look at a photograph that is not attached to an institutional archive and for which there is no known historical data? How does one attempt to look when all you have is the photographic object? Focusing on a circa 1893 tintype of a couple of bicyclists taken at an indoor photography studio, this essay offers a set of reading practices that position photographic subjects as coproducers with the photographer and argues for stillness as a form of movement, rather than the suspension of movement. Conceived this way, this stillness illuminates the connections between movement indoors and outdoors and imagines nineteenth century US-based photographic subjects as diasporic cultural producers. The tintype is part of a larger set of what this essay calls bicycling photographs that were popular in the late nineteenth century, through which individuals and groups remixed two of the most popular technologies — bicycles and photography — to create new material objects that they could frame and keep in a dwelling place and move within and between dwelling places. Moreover, through the coproduction of new material objects, the duo, and many others, gave themselves other mobile lives.

From a Private Archive to a Public Museum

This paper describes a curator’s personal experience in a museum of art with several “auxiliary” archives of museum collections, in which various photographic objects are the most numerous. The paper underlines the issue of experts’ unpreparedness within museum institutions for managing and preserving photographic material, which is especially challenging when it exists in a heterogenous documentation cluster that has been reassembled multiple times. In an effort to preserve the conceptual integrity of the new/old archive, which will as much as possible mirror all earlier uses, interventions, manipulations, etc. of the material, as a sign of its pre- and post-acquisition biography (Edwards, Morton), and equally the history of the museum, it has been resorted to a top-to-bottom archival description that will reach the level of each individual item. In this way, the archival imperative of acknowledging the provenance and original order is not being betrayed, while at the same time we are ensuring the visibility of each individual photograph, which is described both as a document and as an artifact. Taking into consideration the fact that this kind of approach is not universally applicable, all of its recognized benefits and inherent limitations are presented. Finally, the paper briefly discusses the challenges of applying the same approach to a digital context.

Rethinking symbolic and visual context in Referring Expression Generation.

Situational context is crucial for linguistic reference to visible objects, since the same description can refer unambiguously to an object in one context but be ambiguous or misleading in others. This also applies to Referring Expression Generation (REG), where the production of identifying descriptions is always dependent on a given context. Research in REG has long represented visual domains through symbolic information about objects and their properties, to determine identifying sets of target features during content determination. In recent years, research in visual REG has turned to neural modeling and recasted the REG task as an inherently multimodal problem, looking at more natural settings such as generating descriptions for objects in photographs. Characterizing the precise ways in which context influences generation is challenging in both paradigms, as context is notoriously lacking precise definitions and categorization. In multimodal settings, however, these problems are further exacerbated by the increased complexity and low-level representation of perceptual inputs. The main goal of this article is to provide a systematic review of the types and functions of visual context across various approaches to REG so far and to argue for integrating and extending different perspectives on visual context that currently co-exist in research on REG. By analyzing the ways in which symbolic REG integrates context in rule-based approaches, we derive a set of categories of contextual integration, including the distinction between positive and negative semantic forces exerted by context during reference generation. Using this as a framework, we show that so far existing work in visual REG has considered only some of the ways in which visual context can facilitate end-to-end reference generation. Connecting with preceding research in related areas, as possible directions for future research, we highlight some additional ways in which contextual integration can be incorporated into REG and other multimodal generation tasks.

Review of Warring Visions: Photography and Vietnam by Thy Phu (Duke University Press)

Thy Phu’s Warring Visions: Photography and Vietnam draws on archives of the Vietnam War that center Vietnamese perspectives to complicate the historical and contemporary visual representation of Vietnamese identities that have been filtered through the Western narrative of the Vietnam War. Her book emphasizes the significance of typically denigrated visual materials including propaganda and vernacular photographs. She focuses on the complex deployment and reception of photographic objects as politicized symbols, sources of memorialization, and identity formation.

The particularity of photographic experience

AbstractA common view in the philosophy of perception holds that states of seeing objects face to face have particular contents. When you see, say, a dog face to face, your visual state represents the particular dog that is in front of you. In this paper, I argue for a related claim about states of seeing objects in conventional photographs. When you see a dog in a photograph, for example, your visual state represents the particular dog that was in front of the camera when the photograph was taken, that is, the photograph's depictum. The argument in this paper proceeds in two steps. In the first step, I discuss states of seeing objects face to face. I argue that such a state represents the particular object whose surface is responsible for the optical information that the visual system uses to construct the state's attributive representational content. In the second step, I apply the result of this discussion to states of seeing objects in photographs. I argue that a state of seeing an object in a photograph has a particular content that represents the object that was in front of the camera when the photograph was taken.

Role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Changing Consumer Buying Behaviour

This case study examines how positively Artificial Intelligence (AI) has affected marketers' capacity to analyse and comprehend customer behaviour. Marketers are studying how people act online in order to improve the effectiveness of their marketing plans and strategies. Given the enormous amount of data presently available and the frequency of data breaches, AI might be the solution. By studying millions of instances, an image recognition technology may be able to detect and classify objects in photographs. A chatbot can learn to have realistic conversations with people by being shown instances of text chats. To keep ahead of the competition, businesses must now leverage the greatest AI talent. It can shed light on each stage of the customer journey and help marketers better understand the driving forces behind consumer behaviour. When done correctly, it can result in positive outcomes including a higher client lifetime value and stronger client connections. Marketing teams may use AI to decipher massive amounts of data in order to utilise the information and identify the target market. They can utilise it to create user-centred sales funnels and base their marketing strategies on them. More traffic is ultimately generated, which is positive for marketing teams looking to convert visitors. Technology like artificial intelligence (AI) is changing the way we view and comprehend marketing.

REPRESENTANDO EMOÇÕES: DOIS FOTÓGRAFOS VIAJANTES NO VALE DO RIBEIRA – SP

The Museu da Imagem e do Som de São Paulo has in its collection a set of photographic and audiovisual records produced by young researchers, photographers and filmmakers in the early 1970s in the São Paulo cities of Vale do Ribeira, the same place and same period in which part of Herta Scheuer's research was carried out. This article highlights the photographs taken in this context by Aloysio Raulino and Plácido de Campos Junior, the objective is to study the images using the photographic analysis methodology developed by Boris Kossoy, to understand how completely different images can be created from each other based on very similar photographic objects in practically the same situations.

The Influence of the Use of Rotary Photo Tables for the Presentation of Goods on the Volume of their Sale in Online Stores

Aims: The purpose of this article was to confirm the dependence between the volume of sales of goods by online stores and the use of rotary photo tables for the presentation of goods, using mathematical methods and models. The use of correlation-regression analysis to assess economic processes and trends, as well as the development of a model of dependence between the volume of sales of goods by an online store and the use of rotary photo tables for the presentation of goods.
 Study Design: In order to determine the relationship between the volume of sales of goods in the online store and the use of rotary photo tables for the presentation of goods, an economic and mathematical modeling was carried out in the work based on the database of online stores «Yin.gold», «Nihaoejwelry Wholesale Store», «W.P. Jewellery».
 Methodology: The following methods were used in this research: analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, comparison, grouping, methods of mathematical modeling and mathematical statistics. The use of these methods is aimed at achieving the tasks set in the research. The information base of the research consists of the works of recognized specialists, as well as data from the online stores «Yin.gold», «Nihaoejwelry Wholesale Store», «W.P. Jewellery».
 Results: On the basis of mathematical methods (correlation-regression analysis), it was confirmed an actual dependence between the volume of sales of goods by online stores and the number of goods that are presented with the help of photos and videos made with the use of rotary tables for photography. The economic effect of using rotary photo tables for object photography for the investigated online stores is quantified.
 Conclusion: The conducted research confirmed the high importance of using rotary photo tables for the presentation of goods in the online store. The economic interpretation of the parameters of each of the built models shows that the increase in the number of products presented on the website of the online store with the use of rotary tables for photography leads to an increase in the volume of sales.

Pace by Nino Migliori: Examination, Analysis and Treatment of a Contemporary Color Photography Experimental Artwork

The present work intends to focus on the examination, analysis and treatment of Pace, a contemporary color photography experimental artwork created by Nino Migliori in 1973. Given the particular nature of the artifact, in which the photographic materials and the media of contemporary art coexist in a complex interaction, an in-depth study of its creation, structure and components was deemed necessary to plan and perform an adequate conservation treatment. The preliminary research was conducted in order to contextualize the artwork within the author’s production, to understand the creation process, to identify the photographic technique of the print and the stratigraphic sequencing, and to characterize the constituent materials of each layer through non-invasive and micro-invasive diagnostic analysis. The severe detachments and lifts of the print from the underlying aluminum panel and the subsequent planarity alterations of the photograph, strongly compromised the legibility of the artwork and put its future conservation at risk. Therefore, the elaboration of a minimally invasive intervention methodology was required. Approaching contemporary works of art, which are at the same time also photographic objects, can present some theoretical and practical challenges, and in the near future lots of professionals in the field of art conservation are probably going to face analogue conservation problems on similar objects. The results obtained through the preliminary study phase and the conservation treatment may offer a good starting point for further research on how to examine, analyze and treat this kind of photographic objects.

Strategies for creating photographic objects – an attempt at classification

The article analyzes photographic objects, trying to propose a classification method in terms of their creation strategy, taking into account, first of all, the relationship between photography and an object. The author of the article distinguishes and defines four main strategies based on the analysis of selected photographic objects, as well as his own implementations. The main thesis is the existence of various creative strategies in which artists implement execute their concepts by using complementary features of objects and images. According to the author of the article, the analysis and appropriate classification of photographic objects may lead to the development of photographs' usage and knowledge about the perception of a photographic image in the context of architectural space.