Photodiode Module Research Articles

Bonding-wire compensation effect on the packaging parasitics of optoelectronic devices

The effect of bonding-wire compensation on the capacitances of both the submount and the laser diode is demonstrated in this paper. The measured results show that the small-signal magnitude-frequency responses of the TO packaged laser and photodiode modules can be improved by properly choosing the length of the bonding wire. After packaging, the phase-frequency responses of the laser modules can also be significantly improved (c) 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

High-speed uni-travelling-carrier photodiode module for ultra-low temperature operation

A high-speed uni-travelling-carrier photodiode module that operates at ultra-low temperatures is developed. The fabricated module has a very stable optical connection in the temperature range from 300 to 15 K.

D-band rectangular-waveguide-output uni-travelling-carrier photodiode module

A uni-travelling-carrier photodiode module with a WR-6 waveguide output port for operation in the D-band has been developed. The bandwidth with the output power above -10 dBm ranged from 104 to 185 GHz. The module stability was also confirmed under an optical input stress test, a temperature cycle test, and mechanical vibration and shock tests.

SYSTEM FOR AUTOMATIC SEPARATION OF SUGAR CANE TOPS

In Japan, mechanical sugarcane harvesting has been introduced in many regions. Although it improves theefficiency of sugarcane harvesting, it also brings the cane tops into sugar factories, which decreases yield and causeseconomic losses. In a previous study, a laser scanning technique was investigated for distinguishing cane tops from themechanically harvested raw sugarcane materials. This study improved the previous technique and developed a new patternanalysis method. A green He-Ne laser (wavelength 543.5 nm, output 4 mW) was used to scan the raw sugarcane materials.The back-reflected light intensity was measured by a light sensor (avalanche photodiode module). The surface conditions ofeach cane sample can vary in terms of the surface roughness and the substances that are adhered to it. Due to theirnon-uniform surface conditions, cane tops and cane stalks can be distinguished by analyzing the different distribution patternsof the back-reflected light intensity. During the experiment, 40 cane top and 40 cane stalk samples were used. The patternswere first analyzed by kurtosis and Fourier transformation, followed by linear discriminant analysis to classify these samples.The results showed that the overall accuracy for sample classifications reached 96.8%, of which the accuracies for cane stalksand cane tops were 95.7% and 97.8%, respectively.

Pre-amplifier integrated uni-travelling-carrier photodiode module for operation in 120 GHz band

A pre-amplifier integrated UTC-PD module with a rectangular-waveguide output port for operation in the 120 GHz band has been realised. The integrated amplifier achieves an 8 dB increase in the output power, resulting in an equivalent responsivity as high as 1.0 A/W. A 10 Gbit/s error-free wireless transmission at 125 GHz has also been demonstrated using the fabricated module.

Receiver Modules for 40 Gbit/s Lightwave Systems

We designed and fabricated receiver modules with an optimized fiber-chip coupling set-up and high electrical bandwidth up to 45 GHz. The set-up is suited as well for high volume production and also for rapid prototyping of waveguide-fed InP and GaAs OEICs with optical spot size expanders. The light output of these OEICs is collected with high efficiency into butt-ended single mode fibers. The fabricated photodiode modules are ready for usage in 40 Gbit/s lightwave systems.

High-Directivity Photonic Emitter Using Photodiode Module Integrated With HEMT Amplifier for 10-Gbit/s Wireless Link

We present a high-directivity photonic emitter with a high-gain antenna and waveguide-output photodiode module (WG-PM) for extending the transmission distance of a wireless link that uses a 120-GHz millimeter wave. The module employs a uni-traveling-carrier photodiode, broad-band high electron-mobility transistor (HEMT) amplifier, and planar-circuit-to-waveguide transition substrate. The maximum output power of the WG-PM is 8 dBm at a frequency of 120 GHz, and it has a 3-dB bandwidth of over 16 GHz. The wireless link with the high-directivity photonic emitter achieved 10-Gbit/s wireless data transmission, and using a high-gain Gaussian optic lens antenna and an HEMT amplifier reduced the input optical power necessary for error-free transmission. The transmission characteristics of the link showed that its transmission distance can be extended to over 100 m.

Beta spectroscopy with a large-area avalanche photodiode module and a plastic scintillator

Beta spectroscopy utilizing a large-area avalanche photodiode module (LAAPD) and a plastic scintillator is investigated. Beta-emitting radionuclides including 36Cl, 90Sr/ 90Y, and 99Tc are detected in the plastic scintillator that is coupled to the LAAPD. The detector system is capable of recording energies as low as about 60 keV before noise becomes significant. The LAAPD by itself, without the scintillator present, is well suited to detecting beta particles, enabling it to act as a counter or rate meter. Some spectroscopic information can be gained for low-energy beta emitters, such as 14C, that are measured directly by the LAAPD.

100 and 160 Gbit/s operation of uni-travelling-carrier photodiode module

A uni-travelling-carrier photodiode module with a 1 mm connector output port has been developed. The fabricated module shows clear eye opening at data rates of 100 and 160 Gbit/s. A high output peak voltage of 0.8 V is also achieved at a data rate of 100 Gbit/s, demonstrating a significant advantage of the uni-travelling-carrier photodiode.

Performance of Subaru Cassegrain Adaptive Optics System

Abstract The design and performance of the Cassegrain Adaptive Optics (AO) system for the 8.2 m Subaru Telescope are reported. The system is based on a curvature wavefront sensor with 36 photon-counting avalanche photodiode modules and a bimorph wavefront correcting deformable mirror with 36 driving electrodes. The engineering first light of the AO system took place in 2000 December. The AO system has been in service since 2002 April for two open-use instruments, an infrared camera and spectrograph and a coronagraph imager with adaptive optics. The Strehl ratio in the $K$-band is around 0.3 for bright guide stars under ${0\rlap {.}{}^{\mathrm {\prime \prime }}4} K$-band seeing condition. The control loop performs with 2060 corrections per second. High sensitivity of the wavefront sensor allows significant improvement in the image quality, even for faint guide stars down to $R = 18 \,\mathrm{mag}$. The FWHM of stellar images in a globular cluster was measured to derive an estimation of the isoplanatic angle and was found nearly constant out to $30''$ from the guide star, indicating that the height of the effective turbulent layer of that particular night was less than 1.8 km. The on-going upgrade plans for a fivefold increase in the number of control elements and for the installation of a laser guide AO system are described.

Photonic generation of millimetre- and submillimetre-waves using rectangular-waveguide-output uni-travelling-carrier photodiode module

The generation of millimetre- and submillimetre-waves by uni-travelling-carrier photodiode module with WR-8 output port is investigated in a frequency range of up to 800 GHz. A steep decrease of the output power with increasing frequency is observed, implying that an additional loss in the electrical waveguide has a considerable influence.

Rectangular waveguide output unitraveling-carrier photodiode module for high-power photonic millimeter-wave generation in the F-band

A compact unitraveling-carrier photodiode (UTC-PD) module with a WR-8 rectangular waveguide output port for operation in the F-band (90-140 GHz) has been developed. A resonating matching circuit integrated with a UTC-PD and a microstrip-line-to-rectangular-waveguide transformer are designed to have high output powers with a wide bandwidth covering the F-band. The module size and configuration are equivalent to those of conventional optoelectronic devices, which enables the use of standard assembly technology. The fabricated module exhibits a record millimeter-wave output power of 17 mW at 120 GHz for a bias voltage of -3 V. The 3-dB bandwidth is as wide as 55 GHz, which fully covers the F-band. An optical input stress test at a photocurrent of 10 mA performed to confirm the long-term stability of the module showed that the dark current stays below 1 /spl mu/A for more than 4000 hours.

Uni-travelling-carrier photodiode module with bandwidth of 80 GHz

A uni-travelling-carrier photodiode module having a 1 mm connector output port has been developed. The module has a 3 dB bandwidth of 80 GHz at an average photocurrent of 10 mA with a responsivity of 0.35 A/W.

Intercomparison of a correlated-photon-based method to measure detector quantum efficiency.

We report on the absolute calibration of photodetector quantum efficiency by using correlated photon sources, performed independently at two laboratories, the National Institute of Standards and Technology and the Istituto Elettrotecnico Nazionale (IEN). The goal is to use an interlaboratory comparison to demonstrate the inherent absoluteness of the photon correlation technique by showing its independence from the particular experimental setup. We find that detector nonuniformity limited this comparison rather than uncertainty inherent in the method itself. The ultimate goal of these investigations is development of a robust measurement protocol that allows the uncertainties of individual measurements to be determined experimentally and verified operationally. Furthermore, to demonstrate the generality of the procedure, the IEN measurement setup was also used to calibrate a fiber-coupled avalanche photodiode module. Uncertainties are evaluated for the detector both with and without fiber coupling and differences are discussed. The current IEN setup using a thinner and higher transmittance nonlinear crystal for the generation of correlated photons shows a significant improvement in overall accuracy with respect to previously reported results from IEN [Metrologia 32, 501-503 (1996)].

W-band uni-travelling-carrier photodiode module for high-power photonic millimetre-wave generation

A uni-travelling-carrier photodiode module with a waveguide output port for operation in the W-band is developed. The module has a configuration equivalent to those of conventional optoelectronic devices, which is essential for higher stability and better manufacturability. The maximum saturation output power obtained from the module is 11 mW at 100 GHz.

A low-cost edge-illuminated refracting-facet photodiode module with large bandwidth and high responsivity

We have demonstrated a low-cost, high-speed and high-responsivity photodiode module utilizing an edge-illuminated refracting-facet photodiode (RFPD), in which the incident light parallel to the up-side surface is refracted at an angled facet and absorbed in a thin absorption layer. Since the incident light refracted at an angled facet penetrates at a definite angle to the absorption layer, the absorption length is effectively longer, resulting in high responsivity. In addition, since the RFPD chip has a large tolerance to optical-axis misalignment, the module can be produced with a simple single-lens alignment configuration, which enables low-cost fabrication. The fabricated RFPD module has a large-bandwidth (38 GHz) and high-responsivity (1 A/W). The measured polarization dependence of responsivity is less than 0.2 dB at a wavelength of 1.55 /spl mu/m.

Low-cost, high-speed and high-responsivity photodiodemodule employing edge-illuminated refracting-facet photodiode

A large-bandwidth (38 GHz) and high-responsivity (1 A/W) photodiode module has been developed which employs an edge-illuminated refracting-facet photodiode (RFPD). The RFPD provides a large optical axis misalignment tolerance, which enables the module fabrication costs to be reduced.

A retina with parallel input and pulsed output, extracting high-resolution information

Animal eyes resolve images 10-100 times better than either the acceptance angle of a single photoreceptor or the center-to-center distance between neighboring photoreceptors. A new model of the fly's visual system emulates this improved performance, offering a different approach to subpixel resolution. That an animal without a cortex is capable of this performance suggests that high level computation is not involved. The model takes advantage of a photoreceptor cell's internal structure for capturing and transducing light. This organelle is a waveguide. Neurocircuitry exploits the waveguide's optical nonlinearities, namely the shoulder region of its gaussian, angular-sensitivity profile, to extract high resolution information from the visual scene. The receptive fields of optically disparate inputs overlap in space. Photoreceptor input is continuous rather than discretely sampled. The output of the integrating module is a signal proportional to the position of the target within the detector array. Input imbalance at the level of the photodiode modules is detected by circuitry connecting neighboring visual elements. A pulsed network of these connections forms a parallel array that segments edges of an object and continuously reports its position to the underlying layer of feature extractors, offering a new approach to real time processing with high resolution and reduced computational load.

光バス用ファイバ布線ボードと簡易結合型光モジュールの開発

This paper describes optical fiber boards, small laser-diode (LD) and photo-diode (PD) modules for high-speed optical-bus backboards. The optical fiber board consists of embedded optical fibers in a printed circuit board. We evaluated the effect of curvature on optical loss for the embedded fiber to obtain the optimum design condition. The increase of optical loss is negligible in the condition of over 20 mm radius. The LD/PD modules are composed of a fiber holder and a receptacle with a can-type LD/PD. These modules have suitable structure for attaching to the fiber board with a minimal spare length of fiber in a small space. We measured the bit error rate between the LD and PD modules at 1 Gb/s, and confirmed that bit error rate of 1012 can be achieved with 16 channel bus boards.

New type of optical fibre analogue SSB data communication system using edge-emitting LED coupled to single-mode optical fibre

This paper describes a single-mode(SM) optical fibre SSB data communication system for use in place of power-line data transmission. In the optical transmitter, SSB data is fed through the squarewave frequency (SWFM) modulator to the edge-emitting LED (ELED) module. The light beam of the ELED module is fed to the SM optical fibre having a length of 12km. In the optical receiver, the light beam received through the SM optical fibre is detected by the PIN photodiode module, and fed to the SWFM detector to obtain the double-pulse frequency modulation (DPFM) signal voltage. The DPFM signal voltage at the output of the SWFM detector is fed to the low-pass filter (LPF) to obtain analogue SSB data. When the transmission was experimentally carried out, the spurious component was as low as −50–−70 dB and the SNR of SSB data as high as more than 65–70 dB. The optical transmitter and receiver were attached to the conventional analogue SSB data communication system to constitute a new optical fibre analogue SSB data communication system. During the field test utilizing the new system, the crosstalk and SNR were 60–70 dB and 60–70 dB on each channel, respectively. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.