Phosphorus Salts Research Articles

The Development of a Hydraulic Seeding Technique for Unstable Sand Slopes. I. Effects of Fertilizers, Mulches and Stabilizers

SUMMARY Hydraulic seeding is used to establish vegetation on steep slopes, but the technique is not reliable. This paper examines the effects of individual components of the technique on the germination and establishment of grasses and legumes on the sand waste left after china clay extraction. The inclusion of fast release compound fertiliser in the hydro-seeding mixture at rates above 125 kg ha- 1 seriously inhibited germination and establishment, especially of legumes. Nitrogen and phosphorus salts had the most inhibiting effect. The effect was reduced by the application of a mulch, which improved moisture levels around the surface-lying seed and increased germination, especially under dry conditions. Seedling establishment was greater on coarse than on fine sand. A peat mulch (0.8 t ha- ') increased establishment nore than did the application of most chemical stabilizers. Certain stabilizers actually inhibited germination, increased sand erosion and reduced the benefits of mulching. Seedling establishment was best on north-facing slopes. The time of sowing, and the prevailing weather conditions, determined the total establishment and determined which species became established. It was concluded that the normal practice should be modified, but that the technique should be flexible to suit the conditions prevalent at sowing. An outline of the components required and the rates of application for the effective hydraulic seeding of sand waste is given.

A Study of the Dissolved and Particulate Trace Elements in the Bristol Channel

A study of the dissolved inorganic salts of nitrogen, silicon, phosphorus and carbon and their particulate forms in the Bristol Channel (Abdullah, Dunlop & Gardner, 1973) has shown that the primary sources of these elements are run-off and waste disposal. Furthermore, the slow flushing rate of the Channel plays an important role in the accumulation of these materials in the eastern part. An important constituent of run-off is the heavy metal load especially in industrial waste. Some preliminary investigations (Abdullah, Royle & Morris, 1972; Butterworth, Lester & Nickless, 1972; Nickless, Atenner & Terille, 1972; Preston, 1973) have shown that certain trace metals such as Cu, Pb, Cd, and Zn are added to the Channel in sufficiently large quantities to produce high concentrations not only in the waters of the Severn Estuary and Swansea Bay, but also in the local fauna.

Ionic germination of spores of Clostridium perfringens type A.

Spores of Clostridium perfringens NCTC 8238 underwent so-called “ionic germination” under suitable conditions in aqueous solutions of either inorganic or organic salts. Chlorides of alkali metal ions except for Na+ were the most effective in inducing germination. Chlorides of alkali earth metal ions were effective to some extent, but those of heavy metal ions were rather inactive. Potassium salts of halogens, nitrogen, sulfur and phosphorus, as well as organic acids including fatty acids and polycarboxylic acids were also germinative. Preheating the spores at 80 C for 10 min was essential for rapid and complete germination by these salts. Maximum germination occurred at an incubation temperature of 40 C and at a fairly wide range of pH values (5.0–9.0). The germination was markedly inhibited by various uncoupling reagents such as carbonylcyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone, pentachlorophenol, hexachlorophene (HCP), and dicumarol. This inhibition was reversible because removal of these reagents allowed germination to proceed. The inhibiting effect of HCP was highly dependent on pH, suggesting that a molecular dissociation of the reagent affects the inhibition. Furthermore, the inhibition of germination by HCP was competitively overcome at higher KCl concentrations. The possible mechanism of ionic germination and the inhibitory effect of uncouplers on the ionic germination are discussed.

REDUCTION OF FUNGAL DISEASES AFFECTING SPRING TRITICALE SEEDLINGS AFTER TREATMENT WITH A NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS SALTS MIXTURE

The article presents the results of studying the effect of pretreatment of 20 triticale samples from the VIR collection seedlings with a solution of a mixture of ammonium nitrate (concentration 12.9 g / l) and monosodium phosphate (2.6 g / l)on the development of leaf rust, dark-brown leaf spot blotch and Septoria nodorum blotch. The seedlings were sprayed with this solution, dried, and infected with water suspensions of pathogens spores. As an inoculum, we used a complex population of Puccinia triticina, a mixture of Bipolaris sorokiniana and Stagonospora nodorum isolates. All samples in the control variants were highly susceptible to the diseases under studyin the juvenile stage of growth, and seven days after infection with pathogens of spot blotch and Septoria blotch seedlings died. Pretreatment of plants with a mixture of nitrogen and phosphorus salts led to a significant decrease in the development of the rust in all samples, and 6 of them in the experimental variant showed no symptoms of the disease. As a result of the treatment, the development of dark-brown leaf spot blotch was statistically significantly decreased in 18 triticale samples; in 10 samples, the development of the disease did not exceed 20% of the leaf area with leaf death in the control. Pretreatment of triticale seedlings with a mixture of solutions of ammonium nitrate and sodium phosphate reduced the development of Septoria blotch in 13 samples, in 8 the development of the disease did not exceed 20% of the leaf surface at plant death in control. A sharp decrease in the development of all three diseases as a result of seedlings treatment with a mixture of nitrogen and phosphorus salts was revealed in triticale varieties Dorothea, Yarik 11, Saur, Gorka, Dublet and Sandio.

An Examination of Ashbed Soils Growing Radiata Pine in Gippsland Victoria

SUMMARY Ashbed soils on which pines had been planted after the native eucalypt vegetation had been cleared, heaped and burnt were compared with non-ashbed soils from adjacent areas which had been cleared and planted. Tree growth, soil chemical properties and foliar nutrient levels were examined at sites of varying age and a pot trial was established to complement the field trials. Tree measurements at age 12 years revealed that radiata pine (Pinus radiata D.Don) on ashbed soils had produced 50 percent more timber than stands on adjacent non ashbed soils. Height growth differences favoured the ashbed sites to the greatest extent at age 5 to 6 years, but decreased and were not signficant at age 12 years. The ashbed soils had significantly higher percentages of total nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, manganese and soluble salts in the top 10 inches of soil; the pH of the ashbed soil was also higher by one unit. Trees on ash bed soils had correspondingly higher percentage of phosphorus and potassium in their f...

Growth and Nitrogen Balance with Steers Fed Hi-N-Molasses

A NEW sugar-refining technique 4 utilizing the ion exchange principle has resulted in a more economical production of sugar and a by-product molasses with high nitrogen (hiN) content (1.7 to 2.2% N.). The nitrogen is present as ammonium salts of sulfur, phosphorus, and carbon. If the new refining technique becomes widespread, a large amount of the hi-N-molasses will be available. The nutritive value of the molasses when fed to beef cattle has not been determined. The experiments reported here were conducted to gain information relative to the acceptability of the molasses and the availability of its nutrients to growing beef cattle.

The Effect of Feeding Various Levels of Calcium and Phosphorus on the Performance and Absorption of Chlortetracyline of Caged Layers

IT IS APPARENT that the presence of certain calcium and phosphorus salts inhibit the efficacy of broad-spectrum antibiotic activity (Price et al., 1957a, b, 1959; Stokstad et al., 1959; Peterson, 1960; and Boyd et al., 1960).Deleterious effects on egg production following deletion of dietary calcium and phosphorus have been reported. Deobald et al. (1936) reported that egg production had virtually ceased by the fourteenth day after the removal of calcium supplement. O’Rourke et al. (1954) stated that a ration containing 0.19 percent phosphorus did not support hatchability and egg production. Patterson et al. (1960) obtained a slight but consistent detrimental effect on egg production and shell strength by feeding a low-calcium diet for five days to laying birds. Donovan et al. (1960) observed that egg production was lowered about 10 percent by feeding a diet containing 0.119 percent calcium during a five-day period; however, the detrimental effect was quickly …

Effect of calcium and phosphorus salts on the utilization of iron by anaemic rats.

An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. As you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

Plankton as a Source of Food

THERE are several points which should be raised in connexion with the communication from Dr. Nicholas Polunin1 in which the value of phytoplankton as plant manure is discussed. He suggests that the development of a rich growth of algae in an open bucket or pan of water increases the value of this water as plant manure. It is, however, obvious that the only increase in total matter in the water is the carbon absorbed by the algae. This carbon, incorporated in the algal cells, is of very doubtful value as plant manure. Growth of algae in the water is dependent on the presence of dissolved nutrients, notably nitrogen and phosphorus salts, and the transformation of these into organic compounds does not increase their amount, or their value as plant manure, but rather the reverse, since the complex organic compounds must be decomposed by bacteria before the nutrients become available to the plants manured. For the purpose suggested, that is, the watering of vegetables, which are short–period crops, it would seem more important to add the nutrients in readily available form than to build up a reserve of organic matter in the soil. Furthermore, it is probable that there is a loss of nitrogen from the water during the development of the plankton, owing to the escape of gaseous nitrogen by denitrification or by the reaction between amino–nitrogen and nitrite. It is unlikely that any of the algae capable of fixing nitrogen, (that is, members of the Cyanophyceae) would grow in such tanks or buckets. It would therefore appear that the bucket of water constitutes a more valuable plant manure in its original state than it does after the development of a phytoplankton.

The Effect of Various Calcium and Phosphorus Salts on the Severity of Perosis

THE anatomical deformity of the leg bones of young chickens, known commonly as “slipped tendons” or “enlarged hocks” and more recently as perosis (Titus, 1932), has been generally recognized as a disorder distinct from rickets. The symptoms of perosis have been described fully elsewhere (Hunter and Funk, 1930; Payne, 1930, and so forth). The literature on this subject has indicated that it is a nutritional problem, that excessive calcium and phosphorus induce it and that certain feed-stuffs, such as rice bran, wheat germ, wheat middlings, and oats, possess a preventive factor. This information has been of practical value in reducing the incidence of perosis. On the other hand, the deformity still appears in the field and in the laboratory. This is perhaps due in part to a difference in the susceptibility of different breeds and strains of chicks (Payne, Hughes, and Lienhardt, 1932; Serfontein and Payne, 1934) and to different .

Types of Disturbances of Mineral Metabolism Associated With Bone Dystrophies

In addition to rickets arising from diets deficient in vitamin D or salts of calcium or phosphorus, bone dystrophy has been noted in various disturbances of mineral metabolism which lead to imperfect deposition of the mineral constituents of bone, or to their excessive mobilization. Because of the similarity of clinical picture and the mechanics of production, the term rickets may justifiably be applied to the whole of this diverse group of bone dystrophies. Those cases arising from deficient absorption of inorganic bone constituents should be considered of exogenous origin, whether the deficient absorption be due to inadequate intake of minerals or of vitamin D, to inadequate ultraviolet irradiation, or to other cause. Those instances in which the metabolic disturbance is not dependent upon inadequate absorption are secondary to some endogenous disturbance of metabolism.Several patients with endogenous rickets have been studied intensively in this clinic, and while their bone lesions were very similar, t...