Phosphorus Pentoxide Research Articles

Phosphorus Heterocycles and Their Biological Applications

AbstractLife of the living organism is based on phosphorous, and it is involved in almost all important biological and biochemical processes such as energy transfer, bone development and storing genetic information. Many of the therapeutic agents having C─P bond, isolated naturally as well and widely used in daily clinical practices are phosphorus‐containing drugs (e.g: phosphotriesters, phosphonates, phosphinates, phosphine oxides, phosphoric amides, bisphosphonates, phosphoric anhydrides, etc.) and growing further. The phosphorus heterocycles (PHs) integrate the merits of both phosphorus atom and heterocyclic scaffolds representing an important class of organophosphorus compounds, which are constantly drawing the attention among both industrial and scientific society as these compounds have shown varieties of related applications. Owing to its seminal biological importance PHs have inspired a whole generation of medicinal chemists to come up with novel scaffolds containing phosphorous atom. This review is focused mainly on the compilation of different classes of bioactive phosphorus containing heterocyclic skeletons (which includes phosphorus atom within the heterocyclic ring system or as substituted phosphorus atom attached with another heterocyclic ring system) having both therapeutic and other material chemistry applications since the year 2000 onwards barring their synthetic routes.

A green inorganic binder for material extrusion of ultra-low shrinkage and relatively high strength metakaolin ceramics at low sintering temperature

Ultra-low shrinkage and relatively high strength metakaolin ceramics printed by material extrusion were innovatively fabricated using inorganic aluminum dihydrogen phosphate (Al(H2PO4)3) as a binder and low sintering temperature. The optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electronic vernier caliper, three-point bending test, Archimedes method and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to measure and evaluate the surface morphology, microstructure, dimensional shrinkage, flexural strength, porosity and phase composition of the printed ceramics sintered at different temperatures. The results showed that when the mass ratio of metakaolin, Al(H2PO4)3 and deionized water was 17:6:2, the rheological characteristic of the purely green inorganic ceramic slurry was very suitable for material extrusion additive manufacturing, and the corresponding printed ceramic green bodies possessed high-quality formability. The ceramic samples sintered at 750 °C possessed the best whiteness, the lowest shrinkage (<2%), relatively high flexural strength (9.02 MPa). As the sintering temperature increased, Al(H2PO4)3 transformed to aluminum metaphosphate Al(PO3)3, and then decomposed into aluminum phosphate (AlPO4) and phosphorus pentoxide gas (P2O5), which caused pores and reduced strength, and alumina oxide (Al2O3) and silicon oxide (SiO2) in metakaolin gradually transformed to mullite and cristobalite with more stable structure and higher strength.

Evaluating the Impact of Phosphorus and Solid Oxygen Fertilization on Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.): A Two-Year Field Study

The snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is highly sensitive to both phosphorus (P) deficiency and hypoxic stress, which together can significantly hinder plant growth, nutrient uptake, and yield; however, limited information exists on the effect of P and oxygen (O2) fertilization to alleviate these stresses and enhance yield. A two-year field experiment assessed the effects of P and O2 fertilization on plant growth, pod yield, and P uptake in acidic sandy soil. Using a randomized complete block design with four replications, we tested five P rates (0, 45, 90, 135, and 179 kg ha−1 of phosphorus pentoxide, P2O5) in the form of triple superphosphate (TSP) along with two rates (0 and 45 kg ha−1) of solid O2 fertilizer as calcium peroxide (CaO2). Phosphorus and O2 fertilizers improved plant growth and pod yield, with the highest yield from the combination of 135 kg ha−1 P2O5 and 45 kg ha−1 CaO2. Pearson correlation analysis indicated strong associations between plant growth, pod yield, and nutrient accumulation. Principal component analysis (PCA) highlighted notable seasonal differences in snap bean and soil characteristics. This study provides essential insights into the use of O2 fertilizers as a cost-effective approach to mitigate hypoxia, enhance P use efficiency, and improve yield in snap bean. Our findings may inspire the development of sustainable nutrient protocols for high-quality snap bean production and serve as a foundation for similar applications in other crops.

The Effects of Phosphate Compounds on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Fly Ash Geopolymer Mortars.

Coal-fired power plants are a main source of energy in Poland. In the rapidly growing demand for the reduction of CO2 emission in the energy industry, the use of biomass for energy purposes has increased significantly. The combustion of biomass results in the generation of fly ash, with higher levels of CaO, K2O, P2O5, in contrast to the fly ash derived from the combustion of coal. The aim of this study was to examine the influence of phosphate compounds on fly ash-based geopolymer mortars. Geopolymers were made by mixing two types of fly ash-one from the combustion of wood biomass and the second from the combustion of coal in a heat and power station. Basic activators (NaOH and Na2SiO3) were used for the alkali activation. The maximum level of tetraphosphorus decaoxide addition was established at 5% of the total mass of the aluminosilicate precursors mass. The results showed that the phosphate oxide concentration within the specimens demonstrated a positive correlation with flexural and compressive strength across all temporal intervals (7, 28, and 56 days). The porosity, however, for samples with a 5% addition of P4O10, increased more than twofold in comparison to reference samples (from 4.26% to 9.98%).

Sustainable Grease Lubrication Induced by Graphene Oxide and LiFePO4

This study investigates the possibility of modifying lubricating greases by 2D graphene oxide (GO) and lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) to enhance their tribological performance. GO's layered structure plays a crucial role in reducing friction by facilitating easy sliding between rubbing surfaces, making it an effective solid lubricant. The impact of these additives on friction reduction, wear resistance, and the tribolayer formation ability is evaluated by ball‐on‐disc tribometry with an emphasis on durability and sustainability. Comparative results reveal that unmodified greases exhibit a high susceptibility to wear, including oxide formation and severe plastic deformation. In contrast, greases with GO show a notable reduction in friction, while the addition of LiFePO4 contributes to the formation of a continuous protective layer that substantially reduces abrasive wear. The combination of GO and LiFePO4 results in a homogeneous, durable tribofilm that effectively protects surfaces against severe wear providing long‐term friction stability. Although lab‐scale LiFePO4 is used, the findings suggest a great potential for extending the useful life of recycled LiFePO4 from lithium‐ion batteries, similar to commercial LiFePO4 thus confirming significant improvements in the grease performance but also highlighting the potential to advance toward more sustainable solutions in industrial applications and electric vehicles.

Evaluation of the efficiency of dry anaerobic digester in the production of biogas and fertilizer using activated sludge and plant waste.

The process of dry anaerobic digestion (DAD) is an effective economic and environmentally friendly method due to its features such as reducing the volume of waste, destroying pathogens, consuming less energy, and producing biogas rich in energy and fertilizer. This study was conducted on a pilot scale with a reactor volume of 24L in 30 days for three ratios of C/N: 30, 25, and 20 separately using a mixture of activated sludge and plant waste. During the process, the temperature, pH, and ratio of C/N were measured at certain times, and the percentage of gases produced by the Gas chromatography (GC) device was also measured. The results were compared with the National standard of Iran (Compost, Physical, and Chemical Specifications) at the end of the process. The results showed that the average volume of biogas produced in ratios of C/N: 30, 25, 20 is 1.7, 2.5, and 1.5L. d-1, respectively. The results showed that in the C/N ratio of 20, and 25, the amount of, C/N ratio and NO3 are in the range the standard of class 1, and the amount of Phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5) is in the range the standard of class 2. The results showed that the average microbial parameters in ratios of C/N: 30, 25, and 20 are lower than the national standard of Iran. The dry digester is an efficient method in waste treatment, methane gas production, and quality fertilizer close to the national standard of Iran.

A clearer understanding of the dynamic structuring of different natural rubber genotypes on a macroscopic and mesoscopic scale by asymmetrical-flow field-flow fractionation (A4F) analysis

Unlike synthetic elastomers, the structure of natural rubber (NR) evolves (dynamic structuring) and so do its properties during the storage before reaching an industrial mixer. In the rubber industry this is known as storage hardening. NR samples from three genotypes (GT1, RRIM600 and PB235) were subjected to different levels of structuring by varying the structuring time (t) on phosphorus pentoxide (0 < t < 28 h). Storage hardening (ΔP) of the samples was then determined by measuring the increase in Wallace plasticity (P) (macro-scale) and by analyzing their mesostructure (meso-scale) using asymmetrical flow field flow fractionation (A4F). Monitoring ΔP as a function of structuring time revealed a diversity of behaviors specific to the genotype from which the rubber originated. For example, NR samples from genotypes GT1 and PB235 exhibited different kinetics for t < 12 h, an increase in ΔP with structuring time, but reached the same final plateau (t > 12 h). An A4F analysis of the samples was used to quantify the fraction of microaggregates smaller than 1 μm (microgel<1μ). The microgel<1μ rate decreased with structuring time to varying extents depending on the genotype. A very significant negative relationship was found between ΔP and the microgel<1μ rate, indicating that the NR samples that hardened the most contained the lowest microgel<1μ rate, but the highest macrogel rate.

Treatment of Slaughter Sub products: High Health Risk Classification

Brazil is one of the largest producers and exporters of food in the world, but faces significant challenges in agricultural production, especially in relation to dependence on imported fertilizers. By-products of animal slaughter, condemned by the Health Inspection System (SIF) during the slaughter process, are classified as Animal By-products (ABPs) with a high health risk (Cat1). Cat1 ABPs cannot be used for human food or animal feed, even after being treated by rendering. This biomass is rich in nutrients but presents an imminent risk of pathogenicity. Heat treatments at high temperatures (&gt;2500 C), in the absence of oxygen, are more efficient at controlling pathogens. This study aims to discuss the opportunity to recover nutrients from ABPs Cat1 from the Brazilian meat production chain as potential biomass for the production of biofertilizers. Pyrolysis shows signs of denaturing pathogens, as it converts the biomass in a controlled environment above 5000 C. The results indicate that every year Brazil misses out on the opportunity to recover tons of phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5) from the biomass of Cat1 ABPs in landfills. This is in addition to the health risk and environmental impact associated with the main source gas of organic biomass decomposition, methane (CH4), which is 80 times more polluting than carbon dioxide (CO2). Waste management is the main challenge to achieving nutrient recovery in the Brazilian meat chain.

KARAKTERISASI KOMPOSISI KIMIA DAN POTENSI PEMANFAATAN CAMPURAN TANAH GAMBUT KALIMANTAN TIMUR DENGAN FLY ASH DAN BOTTOM ASH UNTUK PERTANIAN

The utilization of coal combustion waste, specifically fly ash and bottom ash, as a soil amendment offers an opportunity to enhance the fertility of peat soils in East Kalimantan, which typically have low levels of essential nutrients such as nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K). This study aims to evaluate the impact of adding coal ash on peat soil's chemical composition and quality as a growing medium. The chemical composition analyzed includes alumina (Al₂O₃), silica (SiO₂), phosphorous anhydride (P₂O₅), iron(III) oxide (Fe₂O₃), and calcium oxide (CaO). X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) was used to determine changes in nutrient content. The results indicate that adding coal ash increases the levels of potassium (K) and silica (SiO₂), but decreases the levels of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P₂O₅). Additionally, adding coal ash affects soil pH, which impacts nutrient availability. These findings indicate that while coal ash can enhance soil enrichment with potassium and silica, its impact on nitrogen, and phosphorus must be carefully managed to optimize fertilization and promote healthy plant growth.

Synthesis and characterization of the dental adhesive monomer 10-MDP

Many studies have demonstrated the excellent performance of 10-MDP (10-methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate) as a functional monomer for dental adhesive materials and as a primer for ceramic surfaces. Although adhesive performance is affected by the purity level of 10-MDP, this parameter is rarely described, and possible byproducts have been suggested in the literature, but have not been identified to date. The present study aims to present an accessible 10-MDP synthesis strategy with easily handled reagents and address the characterization challenges, especially in identifying byproducts. 10-MDP was synthesized from 10-hydroxydecyl methacrylate and phosphorus pentoxide in acetone. The final product was characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and mass spectrometry MALDITOF/TOF. The main chemical groups associated with 10-MDP were identified by 1H, 31P, and 13C NMR analyses. Only mass spectrometry analyses (MALDITOF/TOF) could identify the presence of dimers as byproducts. Its proposed chemical structure indicates that the dimers were formed by the reaction between the phosphate ester groups and others formed by the reaction of the methacrylic group of 10-MDP molecules. Careful adjustment of the synthesis conditions to reduce the formation of these byproducts is also described. The results indicate that the characterization of 10-MDP batches as raw materials is an important task because, depending on the byproduct present, its ability to polymerize or acid etching capacity may be compromised.

Valorization potentials of phosphate tailings at Minjingu mines in Northern Tanzania

Sedimentary and igneous rocks are the two primary sources of phosphate that are mined and beneficiated to fertilizer. During the beneficiation process, phosphate is lost into the tailings. We investigated phosphate concentrations in tailings dumps at Minjingu mine, Tanzania using energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry to quantify the chemical compositions. The phosphate content in the tailings varied from 12.91% phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5) in Tailings 2 to 19.61% in Tailings Dump 1. The naturally occurring phosphate concentration in rocks ranges from 3% to 35%, and phosphate tailings from various locations with P2O5 concentrations as low as 6.46-12.65% have been beneficiated to commercial fertilizer. Our investigation revealed that phosphate concentrations in Minjingu tailings may be sufficient to be recovered for commercial applications. Suitable recovery methods are discussed, and we recommend that beneficiation should be performed to minimize the loss of phosphate into tailings. Further research is needed to identify the optimal beneficiation methodology.

Advancing Periodontal Care: Development of a Novel Collagen-Chitosan-Bioglass Scaffold as a Substitute for Autologous Soft Tissue Grafts.

Introduction Modern dentistry prioritizes aesthetic outcomes, making root coverage for gingival recession a key focus. Various approaches, including autologous grafts, address this issue, yet no substitute matches the properties of autogenous connective tissue grafts. The innovative collagen-chitosan-bioglass scaffold presents a promising solution, surpassing the limitations of the traditional methods. This scaffold blends the advantages of collagen with chitosan's antibacterial and regenerative properties, enhanced by bioglass, which promotes tissue healing through angiogenesis. It was evaluated for its physicochemical characteristics, as well as antioxidativeand anti-inflammatory properties, making it a promising solution for soft tissue management in dentistry. Materials and methods Chitosan, collagen, and bioglass were combined into a scaffold through the lyophilization process (freeze-drying). Chitosan was sourced from shrimp, collagen from bovine, and the bioglass 1% comprised 58% tetra-ethyl ortho silicate, 33% calcium silicate, and phosphorous pentoxide. After the scaffold was created, it was subjected to physicochemical characterization via scanning electron microscopic and infrared spectroscopic analysis. Its anti-inflammatory and antioxidantproperties were evaluated using DPPH (2,2-diphenyl -1-picrylhydrazyl) assay and by measuring the scaffold's radical scavenging activity. Results This study employed infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy techniques to analyze the sample components and their morphology. The infrared (attenuated total reflection) analysis revealed various elements confirming the presence of all the biomaterials required to fabricate the scaffold. Scanning electron microscope imaging displayed a folded-like morphology with a porous structure. The protein denaturation inhibition increased from 25% at 50 μg of scaffold weight to 45% at 200 μg of scaffold weight. Similarly, the antioxidant activity increased, with values rising from 23% at 50μg to 35% at 200μg of scaffold weight. Conclusion The fabricatedcollagen-chitosan-bioglass scaffolddemonstrates promising antioxidant andanti-inflammatory properties. These findings suggest that this scaffold holds significant potential as a viable substitute for soft tissue augmentation.

Stress and Strain Characterization for Evaluating Mechanical Safety of Lithium-Ion Pouch Batteries under Static and Dynamic Loadings

The crashworthiness of electric vehicles depends on the response of lithium-ion cells to significant deformation and high strain rates. This study thoroughly explores the mechanical behavior due to damage of lithium-ion battery (LIB) cells, focusing on Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (NMC) and Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP) types during both quasi-static indentation and dynamic high-velocity penetration tests. Employing a novel approach, a hemispherical indenter addresses gaps in stress–strain data for pouch cells, considering crucial factors like strain rate/load rate and battery cell type. In the finite element method (FEM) analysis, the mechanical response is investigated in two stages. First, a viscoplastic model is developed in Abaqus/Standard to predict the indentation test. Subsequently, a thermomechanical model is formulated to predict the high-speed-impact penetration test. Considering the high plastic strain rate of the LIB cell, adiabatic heating effects are incorporated into this model, eliminating heat conduction between elements. Addressing a notable discrepancy from prior research, this work explores the substantial reduction in force observed when transitioning from a single cell to a stack of two cells. The study aims to unveil the underlying reasons and provide insights into the mechanical behavior of stacked cells.

Investigations into the Impact of Deposition or Growth Techniques on the Field Oxide TID Response for 4H-SiC Space Applications

The total ionising dose (TID) reliability of a phosphorous pentoxide (P2O5) treated SiO2 (silicon dioxide) layer is compared for the first time to other industrially relevant oxides formed on 4H-silicon carbide (SiC). Metal-oxide-semiconductor capacitors (MOSCAPs) are characterised before and after irradiation to ascertain changes in flat band voltage shift, leakage current, and dielectric breakdown (BV). Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) profiling reveals a significant phosphorus concentration near the SiO2/SiC interface, which led to improved TID resistance. The P2O5 treated oxide had the lowest leakage current at high voltage bias due to the high-temperature (1,000°C) anneal, though it had a significantly negative flat band voltage due to the high concentration of deposited phosphorus atoms. The thermal and P2O5 oxides demonstrated a TID resistance, suffering only minor shifts in flat band voltage, while the P2O5 oxide suffered the smallest decrease in its BV and the smallest leakage current rise, post-irradiation.

Measurement of the water vapor transmission rate at temperatures above 100 °C

ABSTRACT Water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) and water vapor permeability coefficient were measured at temperatures between 110 and 138°C using the modified cup method. The cup, placed in a Highly Accelerated Stress Test chamber, allowed water vapor to permeate the sample film attached to the cup. The WVTR was determined based on the increase in mass of the cup. To prevent sample damage during measurement, a cup with a pressure adjustment mechanism was utilized. Carrier-incorporated phosphorus pentoxide was used as the desiccant instead of anhydrous calcium chloride to ensure a consistent moisture absorption rate, especially at high temperatures. The water vapor permeability coefficients for the polycarbonate, polyimide, and adhesive films were distributed on an approximately straight line in the Arrhenius plot. Additionally, the Arrhenius plots for the polyethylene terephthalate and polyethylene naphthalate films captured the permeability bending point near the glass transition temperature. To accurately measure the high-temperatureWVTR, upper and lower limits were established for the weighing interval, cup mass gain, and WVTR measurement range.

Sustainable heavy metal (Cr(VI) ion) remediation: Ternary blend approach with chitosan, carboxymethyl cellulose, and bioactive glass

Heavy metal pollution poses a significant environmental challenge to worldwide, especially in developing countries. This study focuses on eliminating the heavy metal chromium (VI) ion from wastewater, employing an eco-friendly and economical ternary blend composed of Chitosan (CS), Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), and bioactive glass (BAG). The innovative bioactive glass is crafted from biosilica extracted from biowaste of cow dung ash, calcium oxide from eggshell ash, and phosphorus pentoxide. The CS/CMC/BAG blend is prepared via sol-gel method and characterized using XRD, FT-IR, TGA, BET, TEM and SEM revealing a porous structural morphology during blending. Batch adsorption studies explore various parameters such as pH, adsorbent dose, contact time and initial metal ion concentrations. The results are then evaluated through adsorption kinetics and adsorption isotherms (Langmuir, Freundlich, D-R, and Temkin isotherm modeling). The investigation concludes that the optimal conditions for Cr (VI) removal are pH 3, contact time of 300 min, adsorbent dosage of 0.5 g, and an initial metal ion concentration of 50 ppm. The adsorption isotherm model indicates an excellent fit with the Freundlich isotherm (R2 = 0.9576) and pseudo-second-order kinetics (R2 = 0.981). In summary, the CS/CMC/BAG ternary blend exhibits a remarkable ability to effectively remove heavy metal Cr(VI) ions from industrial wastewater.

The intrinsic flame retardant multifunctional composite phase change material with phosphorus pentoxide for battery thermal safety system

The temperature distribution has severely affected the performance of lithium-ion battery modules in electric vehicles (EVs), composite phase change material (CPCM) with excellent temperature controlling function as a passive battery thermal management system is essential to ensure the safety of battery module. In this study, the polyethylene glycol phosphate ester (PEGP) has been synthesized by esterification of phosphorus pentoxide and polyethylene glycol through the reaction of PEGP and melamine (MA), the network crosslinking structure has been built to greatly improve the anti-leakage performance. The flame-retardant CPCM containing PEGP/expanded graphite /epoxy resin/MA (PPEM) has been successfully designed and prepared. The results indicate that PPEM2 containing 20 wt% melamine and 7 wt% epoxy resin exhibit excellent antileakage and prominent flame retardant properties comprehensively. It should be noted that the peak heat release rate of PPEM2 has been reached to 352.41 KW/m2, which is obviously decreased by 47.55 % comparing with pure PEG. The main reason is that the grafting flame retardant elements (P) and melamine onto polyethylene glycol molecular chain by chemical reaction. In addition, it can maintain the operating temperature below 36 °C at 23 A discharge current. The battery module with PPEM2 can transfer the heat timely and promptly, exhibiting outstanding flame-retardant effect to avoid thermal runaway. With these prominent performances, this intrinsic flame-retardant CPCM can not only exhibit an excellent thermal management effect but also provide a promising approach to inhibit the thermal runaway propagation.

Effects of phosphorus pentoxide on viscosity-temperature characteristics of sewage sludge ash slags under mild reducing atmosphere

Gasification is one of the promising ways for resourceful utilization of municipal sewage sludge (MSS). For the application of MSS to slagging gasification technology, the effects of phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5) content on slag viscosity-temperature characteristics needs to be investigated. In this study, two series of representative slags containing 0–20 wt% of P2O5 with Al2O3/CaO ratio of 2:8 and 8:2 were prepared synthetically. The viscosity-temperature curves of samples were measured, and the structures and the crystalline behavior of slags were characterized to explore the role of P2O5 in the slags. The results show that the addition of phosphorus slightly increased the high-temperature viscosity of Ca-rich slags but significantly raised their temperatures of critical viscosity (TCVs). When P2O5 content exceeded 10 %, the slag type changed from glassy to crystalline. As for the Al-rich slags, although their viscosity and TCVs decreased significantly with increasing phosphorus content, it was not suitable for use in the slagging gasifier due to their high viscosity. According to Raman and NMR spectra, the addition of phosphorus induced the repolymerization of silica-oxygen tetrahedra in both kinds of slags. However, partial Al3+ ions in the Al-rich slag shifted from tetra- to penta-coordination and extensive [AlPO4]-like units were formed, which weakened the effect of silicon-oxygen network repolymerization in increasing the slag viscosity. SEM-EDS map-scanning results revealed that the precipitation of apatite crystals was an important factor of the rapid increase in viscosity of the Ca-rich phosphorus-containing slag during cooling. The elevated phosphorus content, on the other hand, changed the type of crystals precipitated in the Al-rich slag from large-particle sillimanite to small-particle berlinite, which further moderated the increase in viscosity.

Substitution of a Microstructure-Simulation with a Data-Driven Approach for Modelling Mechanical Degradation of Electrodes

One significant aspect of battery aging involves the mechanical degradation of battery electrodes. The intercalation of ions into the active material particles of a lithium-ion battery creates a concentration profile along the radial direction of the active material particle, influenced by transport properties and kinetics. Mechanical stresses arise due to the spatial constraints of intercalated ions, leading to the mechanical degradation of the electrode.Common cathode materials used in practical applications, such as Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (NMC) or Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP), undergo a transition from a lithium-poor phase to a lithium-rich phase during the intercalation process. Along this phase boundary, high mechanical stresses occur due to the inconsistency of the concentration profile, resulting in particle fractures. This can lead to electrical isolation and, consequently, the electrochemical inertization of the active particle material, manifested as a reduced battery capacity on a macroscopic scale.Simulating these processes poses computational challenges. Given current computational power, accurately simulating a sufficient number of cycles for a microstructure simulation, which describes transport processes within a battery, is computationally prohibitive. Therefore, this study employs data-driven models. To predict radial concentration profiles within the particle, a physics-informed neural network (PINN) proves useful by extending the cost function with the transport equation. Classical neural networks (ANN) are utilized to calculate the electrical voltage of active material particles. These models are trained with results from microstructure simulations to develop a grey-box model, enabling the inclusion of mechanical degradation in the electrode simulation.Mechanical stresses and degradations are thus investigated under various galvanostatic discharge rates to define an aging-resistant operational window for the battery.

Kinetic study of reaction formation of phosphate products from thermal dissolution of wolframite using fusion technique

This study examined an alternative technique of extracting tungsten from wolframite ore using a fusion method with ammonium phosphate salt. Current techniques use alkali salts to decompose tungsten ores and use various purification methods to produce ammonium paratungstate, which is a key intermediate precursor in the extraction of tungsten. In this study, a two-step extraction process, which involves thermal decomposition of the ore using fusion and a separation stage, is examined. The novelty of this technique is the ability to completely decompose wolframite ore and form an unstable tungsten oxide phosphate (WO2(PO3)2) compound. The instability of WO2(PO3)2 in deionized water enables selective isolation of tungsten as insoluble precipitates of WO3 and WO2. The decomposition reaction of WO2(PO3)2 is influenced by the presence of oxygen and determined to be first order under ambient conditions. Scanning electron micrographs and X-ray diffraction analysis showed above 80% of the tungsten precipitated compared with the amount that remained in the filtrate solution.