Bioactive additive for modulation of immune responses and gut microbiota in weanling pigs: In vitro and in vivo study.

In this study, the design and the synthesis of a thiophene-based phosphoric acid based on a chiral decahydroquinoxaline scaffold derived from enantiopure trans-1,2-diaminocyclohexane was reported. This catalyst was then employed in stereoselective transformations such as the enantioselective Friedel-Crafts reaction of indoles with imines to afford 3-indolyl methanamines. High yields (up to 98%) and high enantioselectivities (up to 98% ee) were obtained. DFT calculations were performed to investigate the key transition states, providing mechanistic insight and confirming the origin and sense of the observed stereochemical outcome.

A distinctive feature of the microwave-assisted phosphorylation of diaryl ketones with red phosphorus in the KOH–DMSO(H2O) system is the very high rate of the process (complete conversion of phosphorus at 140°C is achieved for 1 min versus 50 min with conventional heating at 140°C). The main reaction products are potassium salts of bis(diarylmethyl)phosphoric acids (7–34%), as well as diaryl carbinols and diaryl methanes with overall yields of 29–84%. It was shown that the microwave-assisted reaction begins with a nucleophilic attack on the carbonyl group by a P-centered anion, in contrast to its purely thermal variant, for which the anion-radical nature was previously established.

• POA- co -POT/rGO nanocomposite synthesized via eco-friendly electropolymerization. • Achieved high specific capacitance of 590 F g⁻¹ at 5 mV s⁻¹ in 1.0 M H₂SO₄. • Sulfuric acid enables optimal doping, conductivity, and redox reversibility vs. other acids. • Exceptional cycling stability: over 90 % capacitance retention after 500 cycles (−0.2 to 1.2 V). • Synergistic rGO-copolymer design enhances charge transfer, surface area, and stability. Conducting polymers are promising candidates for high-performance supercapacitors due to their rich redox activity, synthetic versatility, and tunable electrochemical properties. In this work, poly( o -anisidine) (POA) and its copolymer with poly( o -toluidine) (POA- co -POT) were electrodeposited onto reduced graphene oxide-coated stainless steel (rGO/SS) via cyclic voltammetry, using oxalic, phosphoric, nitric, and sulfuric acids as polymerization electrolytes. Comprehensive physicochemical characterization confirms the formation of a uniform coating composed of spherical polymer nanoparticles on rGO, along with a semi-crystalline structure, robust thermal stability, and a hierarchical porous network that facilitates rapid ion diffusion. Electrochemical evaluation in 1.0 M H₂SO₄ reveals that the POA- co -POT/rGO nanocomposite exhibits a high specific capacitance of 240 F g⁻¹ at 0.9 A g⁻¹ (from galvanostatic charge–discharge) and 590 F g⁻¹ at 5 mV s⁻¹ (from cyclic voltammetry), outstanding cycling stability (90 % capacitance retention after 500 cycles over a wide potential window of −0.2 to 1.2 V), and high Coulombic efficiency (95 %)-significantly outperforming both POA/rGO and pristine POA electrodes. This enhancement stems from the synergistic interaction between the rGO scaffold and the copolymer matrix, which collectively improve electrical conductivity, mechanical integrity, and charge-transfer kinetics, as confirmed by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Notably, sulfuric acid emerges as the optimal polymerization electrolyte; it's SO₄²⁻ anions enable superior doping efficiency, film homogeneity, and capacitive response-attributed to high proton mobility and anion stability during electropolymerization. The resulting POA- co -POT/rGO electrode displays hybrid electric double-layer and pseudocapacitive behavior, positioning it as a compelling architecture for next-generation supercapacitors targeting high energy and power densities. These findings highlight the potential of such nanocomposites for practical applications in advanced energy storage devices.

The development of catalysts requires a large number of fundamental and empirical studies. If the objective of the work is industrial implementation, then the tasks include studying the properties of industrial large-tonnage raw materials and the work is complicated by the need to adapt it to the technology being developed. The paper compares the structural characteristics and elemental composition of a number of industrial aluminum hydroxides with the physical and chemical characteristics of metastable aluminum oxides obtained from them. The performance of aluminum oxide catalysts was studied in the reaction of skeletal isomerization of n-butylenes in laboratory stands. It has been established that impurity ions have a greater effect on the catalytic performance of samples, unlike textural characteristics. The effect of peptizers (orthophosphoric and citric acids) on the properties of acid-type catalysts has been studied for the first time. It has been shown for the first time that despite the increase in the concentration of acid sites on the surface of aluminum oxide obtained using orthophosphoric acid, its catalytic activity is several times lower than that of a catalyst pre-peptized with citric acid and characterized by a lower concentration of acid sites.

C-N/N-N atropisomers constitute pivotal structural elements in privileged scaffolds of natural products, bioactive compounds, chiral ligands, and advanced functional materials. With these wide-ranging utilities, the construction of these axially chiral frameworks has garnered increasing attention from chemists. This review highlights asymmetric annulation as a powerful and efficient strategy to construct such scaffolds, enabling simultaneous aromatic ring formation and axial chirality control in a single step. Recent advances up to August 2025 are summarized, covering both transition metal catalysis (eg., palladium, rhodium, copper, cobalt with chiral ligands) and organocatalysis (e.g., chiral phosphoric acids and N-heterocyclic carbenes). Key methodologies include [4 + 2] cyclizations, ynamide annulations, C-H activation, and annulations involving acroleins or aminocarbonyls, offering versatile routes to diverse C-N and N-N atropisomers with high enantioselectivity. This work provides an integration of catalytic systems previously reviewed in isolation, underscoring the progress in synthetic efficiency and catalytic system diversity.

ABSTRACT This study investigates the rheological behavior of industrial phosphoric acids (H 3 PO 4 ) produced at the JORF–LASFAR phosphoric plant in Morocco, with P 2 O 5 concentrations of 18%, 29%, 42%, and 54%. Rheological measurements were performed using a rotary cylinder rheometer over a shear rate range of 1–1000 s −1 . The influence of temperature, density, and magnesium monoxide (MgO) content on the flow behavior and viscosity of the acids was examined, and the fluid flow activation energy ( Ea ) was determined for each concentration. The results indicate that phosphoric acid with 54% P 2 O 5 exhibits dilatant behavior in the temperature range of 40°C–80°C while showing Newtonian behavior at lower temperatures between 25°C and 30°C. Furthermore, MgO content was found to have a significant effect on the rheological properties and viscosity of industrial phosphoric acids. The experimental rheological data were successfully analyzed and modeled using several empirical models, including the Casson, Bingham, power law, and Herschel–Bulkley models.

Abstract The design of three‐dimensional covalent organic frameworks (3D COFs) incorporating chiral phosphoric acids represents a promising strategy to enhance enantioselectivity in asymmetric catalysis while providing good framework stability, but their development remains a significant challenge. Herein, by using the multivariate approach, we report the construction of two highly crystalline chiral phosphoric acid‐functionalized 3D COFs with the 4‐fold interpenetrated qtz topology. Notably, the resulting frameworks exhibit exceptional chemical stability, remaining crystallinity even in 12 M HCl, saturated NaOH, and boiling water. Moreover, benefiting from the confined chiral porous architecture, these COFs deliver good activity, enantioselectivity, and recyclability in asymmetric N, N ‐acetalization reactions, significantly outperforming their homogeneous analogues. This work not only reports a highly stable chiral phosphoric acid‐functionalized 3D COF for asymmetric catalysis, but also provides a foundation for constructing robust, reusable heterogeneous chiral organocatalysts.

The design of three-dimensional covalent organic frameworks (3D COFs) incorporating chiral phosphoric acids represents a promising strategy to enhance enantioselectivity in asymmetric catalysis while providing good framework stability, but their development remains a significant challenge. Herein, by using the multivariate approach, we report the construction of two highly crystalline chiral phosphoric acid-functionalized 3D COFs with the 4-fold interpenetrated qtz topology. Notably, the resulting frameworks exhibit exceptional chemical stability, remaining crystallinity even in 12M HCl, saturated NaOH, and boiling water. Moreover, benefiting from the confined chiral porous architecture, these COFs deliver good activity, enantioselectivity, and recyclability in asymmetric N, N-acetalization reactions, significantly outperforming their homogeneous analogues. This work not only reports a highly stable chiral phosphoric acid-functionalized 3D COF for asymmetric catalysis, but also provides a foundation for constructing robust, reusable heterogeneous chiral organocatalysts.

Abstract Asymmetric catalysis is indispensable for the synthesis of optically active molecules, where chiral ligands play a pivotal role in governing both stereoselectivity and catalytic efficiency. Cyclopentadienyl (Cp) ligands form stable complexes with Ir(III), enabling asymmetric transformations through strategies including the use of external chiral additives or inherently chiral Cp derivatives. However, recent progress in Cp*Ir(III) catalytic systems—specifically those incorporating preinstalled chiral ligands—has yet to be systematically summarized. This review summarizes advances in N,N′-; N,C-; and N,O-chelating ligands, focusing on their applications in Cp*Ir(III)-catalyzed asymmetric reactions: (transfer) hydrogenation of ketones, imines, and quinolines; nitrene transfer for C(sp3)–H amidation; borrowing-hydrogen catalysis; and cooperative catalysis with chiral phosphoric acids. Key reaction mechanisms, rationales for stereocontrol, and substrate scopes are highlighted. Finally, current challenges (e.g., limited accessibility and diversity of ligands) and future research directions are also addressed.

Experimental studies suggested potential adverse effects of preservative food additives, but epidemiological data are lacking. We aim to investigate associations between exposure to these compounds and type 2 diabetes incidence in the NutriNet-Santé prospective cohort (n = 108,723; 79.2%women; mean age=42.5 (SD = 14.6); France, 2009-2023). Dietary intakes are assessed using repeated 24h-dietary records. Exposure is evaluated through multiple composition databases and ad-hoc laboratory assays in food matrices. Associations between cumulative exposures to preservatives and diabetes incidence are characterised using multi-adjusted Cox models. The sum of total preservatives encompasses 58 substances. Among those, 17 are consumed by at least 10% of the study population and thus individually investigated. Thirteen (12 after multiple test correction) widely used individual preservatives are associated with higher diabetes incidence (n=1131cases): potassium sorbate, potassium metabisulfite, sodium nitrite, acetic, citric and phosphoric acids, sodium acetates, calcium propionate, sodium ascorbate, alpha-tocopherol, sodium erythorbate, and rosemary extracts. These findings call for their safety re-evaluation and support recommendations to favour fresh and minimally processed foods without superfluous additives. Trial registration: The NutriNet-Santé cohort is registered at clinicaltrials.gov (NCT03335644).

The growing demand for advanced data storage and signal processing technologies has intensified the search for novel materials with tunable optical and electronic properties. Chiral 2D perovskites have emerged as promising candidates due to their unique ability to selectively absorb and emit circularly polarized light, as well as to interact with polarizable currents. To exploit these properties in applications, chiral 2D perovskites should be integrated as thin films in various device architectures, yet the means to control their crystallization and film formation processes remain underdeveloped. This study demonstrates that additive engineering can be applied to control the microstructure and strain in chiral 2D perovskite thin films. It is shown that the addition of small amounts of hypophosphorous acid to the precursor solution of (R‐3BrPEA) 2 PbI 4 chiral perovskites results in the dissolution of colloids, leading to a significant increase in the grain size and a release of lattice strain. Consequently, the intensity of their photoluminescence is significantly enhanced, demonstrating that grain boundaries and strain lead to nonradiative recombination losses in chiral 2D perovskites. The findings motivate the exploration of novel additive engineering approaches to improve the optoelectronic quality of chiral 2D perovskite thin films.

Enantioenriched indole frameworks constitute the structural core of a wide array of biologically active natural products and therapeutic agents; as such, their synthesis has emerged as a central and enduring objective in organic synthesis. In this regard, suitably substituted indolylmethanols have emerged as versatile precursors to a series of catalytic asymmetric transformations to construct complex indole-based architectures. This article provides a concise overview of the fundamental chemistry of n-indolylmethanols, with a specific emphasis on their role as key substrates in enantioselective cycloadditions catalyzed by chiral phosphoric acids.

The adsorption of the potentially toxic industrial dyes, Acid Red 18 (AR18), Acid Yellow 23 (AY23), Reactive Yellow 84 (RY84), and Reactive Black 5 (RB5). was assessed in this work using non-activated and activated sunflower seed husks as environmentally sound adsorbents. Hydrochloric, phosphoric and sulfuric acids activated the sunflower seed husk, and the best chemical activation method was determined by surface morphology and the adsorption performance. The optimal temperature for thermal treatment to convert biomass into activated carbon has been established. The structural and chemical characteristics of the adsorbents were investigated by the characterization techniques such as Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), and Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The percentage removals of Reactive Yellow, Reactive Black 5, Acid Red, and Acid Yellow 23 were determined to be (95.02%, 90.00%, 85.00% and 70.00% for the acid-activated sunflower seed husks. These values were significantly higher than the adsorption capacities of non-activated husks, 80.02%, 75.27%, 55.70%, and 45.00%, respectively, for the corresponding dyes. The findings demonstrate an improvement in the properties of acid-activated sunflower seed husks in the adsorption of dyes (Reactive Black 5 and Acid Red), reflecting the influence of acid activation on expansion of the specific surface area and availability of functional groups. Adsorption efficiency was highest under acidic conditions due to enhanced electrostatic attraction between the adsorbent surface and dye molecules. Reactive dyes showed greater sensitivity to pH variation, with efficiency dropping sharply in alkaline media. In contrast, Acid dyes—particularly Acid Yellow—retained higher performance across the pH range, indicating additional binding mechanisms beyond electrostatic interactions.

The catalytic enantioselective Pictet–Spengler reaction (PSR) of aldehydes is well-established, with chiral phosphoric acids, ureas, and squaramides commonly employed as catalysts. We report herein that a readily accessible, simple prolyl amide bearing a single H-bond donor serves as an efficient catalyst for the PSR between tryptamine derivatives and α-diketones. In the presence of a catalytic amount of prolyl amide, o-fluorobenzoic acid, and molecular sieves, the title reaction proceeds smoothly at room temperature to afford 1-alkyl-1-acyl tetrahydro-β-carbolines (THBCs) in high yields and high regio- and enantioselectivity, with broad functional group tolerance. A primary kinetic isotope effect (KIE = 2.64), observed using C2-deuterium-labeled tryptamine, suggests that rearomatization of the pentahydro-β-carbolinium ion may be the rate-determining step. The results of DFT calculations aligned with the experimental observations. A concise formal synthesis of (−)-subincanadines A and B was achieved. Moreover, highly diastereoselective and stereodivergent nucleophilic addition of organocerium reagents to the ketone function in THBCs enabled the development of rapid access to analogues of ibophyllidine, subincanadine, and eburnane families of monoterpene indole alkaloids via conformation-controlled regio- and chemo-selective domino cyclizations.

In the search for effective HIV-1 protease inhibitors,the designof symmetrical phosphinic pseudopeptides derived from a dual additionof hypophosphorous acid to acrylates (PACs) has emergedas a promising strategy due to their nonhydrolyzable nature and highaffinity for this protease. In this study, we report the synthesis, in vitro evaluation, and docking studies of a series ofnew symmetrical phosphinic inhibitors, synthesized via simple andcost-effective procedures. This approach overcomes the complexitiesof previous methods and utilizes commercially or readily availablereagents. The synthesized PACs, featuring various P2and P2’ substituents, have been evaluated for their inhibitoryactivity against the HIV-1 protease. Among them, the PAC-Phe-Val derivative(9c) demonstrated potent inhibition, with an IC50 value of 33 nM, comparable to the FDA-approved Darunavir. Resolutionof the isomers of 9c revealed the most potent candidate,with an IC50 value of 1 nM. Molecular docking studies revealedstrong hydrogen bonding interactions between PAC-Phe-Val and key activesite residues, suggesting a stable and effective binding profile.The compound’s structure–activity relationship (SAR)was explored, identifying crucial features for its inhibitory potency.This work highlights the potential of symmetrical phosphinic pseudopeptidesas HIV-1 protease inhibitors and provides a foundation for furtherdevelopment of these compounds as novel antiretroviral therapies.Future research will focus on optimizing the pharmacokinetic propertiesand evaluating resistance profiles, aiming to advance the next generationof HIV treatments.

Nanostructured targets showed improved interaction with ultra-intense laser pulses in comparison to planar ones, both in simulations and in experiments. By increasing the surface area, the absorption and conversion efficiency of the laser energy to the accelerated particle energy are enhanced due to volumetric heating, leading to advanced proton acceleration, x-ray emission, ultra-high energy density matter creation, and terabar pressure generation. This work is focused on exploring the limits of the electrodeposition methods for the fabrication of nanostructured targets suitable for ultra-intense laser experiments at focused intensities as high as 1023W/cm2. The geometrical characteristics of the nanostructures are expanded to meet a wide range of experimental requirements: diameter, length, distance between structures, and substrate thickness. Nickel nanotubes and nanowires on few hundreds nanometer thick substrates were fabricated using porous alumina as template, obtained by aluminium anodization in various electrolyte solutions. The resulting structures revealed diameters and spacing of several hundreds of nanometers, with length varying between 1–10 micrometers, covering homogeneous areas of several square centimetres. The influence of temperature on the current density, with two electrolyte mixtures containing oxalic, citric, phosphoric acids used for anodization, is also reported. In the initial testing using high-power lasers, we found an increase in proton energy by 1.5 times and flux at high-energy tail of the spectrum higher by an order of magnitude, from the nanostructured targets.

1. IntroductionVarious reducing agents have been investigated for electroless Ni plating1), and it is still used in a wide range of fields. Among them, hydrazine baths have peculiarities such as needle-like crystals, which significantly restrict industrialization. Therefore, we investigated the causes of the peculiarities of hydrazine baths and studied how to optimize them.2. Experimental methodThe composition of electroless Ni plating baths used in this experiment are shown in Table 1. The hypophosphorous acid bath and DMAB bath are accompanied by the generation of hydrogen gas, while the hydrazine bath is accompanied by the generation of not only hydrogen gas but also nitrogen gas. The test pieces for deposition rate, appearance, and crystal state were Ni plates, Pt and Ni rotating electrodes were used for electrochemical measurements, and Cu plates with electrolytic Ni plating were used for thermal desorption gas analysis. Thermal desorption gas analysis was measured using a TDS1200Ⅱ (Denshi Kagaku Co., Ltd., Japan).3. Results and Discussion3.1. Deposition rate, appearance, and crystal stateAs shown in Fig. 1, a Ni-P film (light gray appearance) was obtained from the hypophosphorous acid bath, and a Ni-B film (dark gray appearance) was obtained from the DMAB bath. A pure Ni film (black appearance) was obtained from the hydrazine bath. When the hydrazine concentration was 0.20 M or higher, needle-like crystals with a black appearance were obtained, and the deposition rate also showed a large variation. In the electroless Cu plating bath, similar needle-like crystals were obtained when a surfactant with extremely high adsorption power was added. Therefore, it was speculated that hydrazine itself has an extremely high adsorption power in the electroless Ni plating bath.3.2. Electrochemical measurementsExcluding Ni salt from the basic composition, the anodic oxidation reaction of various reducing agents on a rotating Pt electrode was measured. As shown in Fig. 2, the current density of the anodic oxidation reaction of sodium hypophosphorous and DMAB increased with increasing concentration. On the other hand, the anodic oxidation reaction of hydrazine showed a stable current density at 0.04 M, but showed extremely unstable behavior at 0.20 M or more. Since the same tendency was observed when using a rotating Ni electrode, it was inferred that the adsorption force of hydrazine itself is much higher than that of other reducing agents in electrochemical measurements.3.3. Temperature-programmed desorption gas analysisThe film obtained from the DMAB bath desorbed a large amount of hydrogen, as shown in Figure 3. In contrast, the films obtained from the hypophosphorous acid bath and the hydrazine bath showed little hydrogen desorption. The hypophosphorous acid bath may have been affected by the additives, but the hydrazine bath is accompanied by the generation of nitrogen gas as shown in the reaction formula in Table 1, so it is assumed that the amount of hydrogen generated was extremely small. In addition, the nitrogen desorption was suggested, and it was assumed that the hydrazine itself was adsorbed thickly and firmly on the Ni surface to form needle-like crystals. Therefore, as a result of reducing the concentration of hydrazine to 0.02-0.10 M, a smooth pure Ni film with a light gray appearance was obtained. It is expected that reducing the concentration of hydrazine, which has not been considered until now, will enable the formation of a smooth pure Ni film with a light gray appearance on Cu without a Pd catalyst, and will also solve problems such as bath stability. Figure 1

Background and Objectives: Peri-implantitis is a biologically driven complication that jeopardizes dental implant longevity. While chemical decontamination is frequently employed as an adjunct to mechanical debridement, its impact on implant surface integrity and cellular compatibility remains insufficiently defined. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of several chemical agents used in peri-implantitis treatment on the surface morphology and potential biocompatibility of titanium dental implants. Materials and Methods: Twenty-five Ti6Al4V implants were exposed to one of the following agents: saline solution, 3% hydrogen peroxide, 40% citric acid, 17% EDTA, and a mixture (1:1) of citric (2%) and phosphoric (1N) acids. This in vitro study employed a 7-day immersion protocol to accentuate surface effects under controlled laboratory conditions, acknowledging that clinical exposures are substantially shorter. Surface topography was evaluated by Atomic Force Microscopy, while cellular response and corrosion products were assessed using Scanning Electron Microscopy. Surface roughness parameters were statistically analyzed. Results: Hydrogen peroxide induced selective corrosion of the β phase and formed a compact passivation layer that supported mesenchymal stem cell adhesion. Citric acid etched grain boundaries, producing localized roughness that also permitted cell proliferation. EDTA caused advanced grain dissolution and debris accumulation, increasing surface roughness but impairing cellular adhesion. The citric–phosphoric acid mixture led to the highest roughness values and visible corrosion debris. In all cases, macrostructural integrity of the implants was preserved. Conclusions: Chemical agents used in peri-implantitis treatment induce distinct surface alterations on titanium implants. Controlled use of hydrogen peroxide and citric acid may enhance surface biocompatibility, while aggressive protocols such as EDTA and acid combinations require caution due to their adverse effects on surface morphology and cellular response. These findings may inform the development of optimized decontamination protocols for clinical management of peri-implantitis.

The utilization of eggshells as calcium source is regarded as a non-renewable natural resource that mitigates environmental impact. This calcium source was utilized for the synthesis of nano calcium. This study focuses on the preparation and characterization of nano calcium oxide (nCaO) obtained from eggshells. Characterization will be conducted using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and particle size analysis (PSA) of the resultant compound. The resulting nCa underwent treatment with acetic, nitric, and phosphoric acids to produce three distinct forms of nCa. In the summer of 2021, a field experiment was done using a split-plot design with three replications to see how different forms and rates of nCa affected peanut production and nutrient status compared to the control (gypsum). The main plots were T1 (calcium oxide), T2 (calcium acetate), T3 (calcium nitrate), and T4 (calcium phosphate). Sub-plots included nCa rates (600 and 1200 g fed-1) applied as foliar treatments. The results indicate that different forms and rates of nCa treatments had a positive effect on the soil's chemical properties. The most effective treatment was T2 at 1200 g fed-1. Also, the data showed that the peanut yield components and the uptake of N, P, K, and Ca with all treatment were much higher than control treatment. T4 treatment exhibited the most significant mean improvement in crop productivity. Finally, organic waste is a valuable source for alternative fertilizers, especially nCa as compared to gypsum. Moreover, management of organic waste is eco-friendly to the environment, low cost, and reduces chemical inputs in agriculture.