Processing text across different scripts presents significant hurdles in natural language processing, especially when dealing with non-standardized orthographies and informal writing systems common in low-resource languages. To address this, we introduce Sawtone, an integrated framework designed to enable consistent cross-script phonetic alignment and text normalization. At its heart is an architecture built for interoperability, combining a unified phonological feature space rooted in linguistic principles with modular, language-specific adapters. This structure allows for robust mapping and comparison between any pair of scripts. Crucially, it enables diverse adapters—developed using different methods or data—to work together cohesively for cross-language tasks. The framework readily supports alloglottographic text and is designed to function with minimal resource requirements. We demonstrate its practicality through implementations for transliteration, cross-script sequence alignment, and text normalization, further illustrated by a case study on preprocessing Moroccan Arabic data for Large Language Model (LLM) training. Initial results are encouraging: transliteration reached an 88% BLEU score, phonetic-based text sequence alignment achieved 87-95% accuracy across various language and script pairs, and text normalization significantly reduced variations in spelling. Sawtone offers a structured, interoperable foundation for advancing phonetic-aware NLP across linguistic boundaries.

Pan-Homophonic events denote fluctuations in stock prices that are triggered by phonetic similarities between event keywords and stock tickers. As a relatively novel and under-researched phenomenon, they mirror a subtle yet influential behavioral deviation within financial markets. Centering on the case of Chuandazhisheng, this study delves into how such events produce dynamic and time-varying impacts on stock prices. A linguistic amplitude segmentation method is devised to discriminate between high- and low-intensity events based on information entropy. To separate pan-homophonic-driven price movements from broader market trends, the Relational Stock Ranking (RSR) model is integrated with a Dynamic Conditional Correlation-Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity (DCC-GARCH) framework to establish an adjusted price benchmark. The empirical analysis reveals a sequential price response: initial moderate fluctuations in the low-amplitude phase often yield to more prominent volatility in the high-amplitude phase. While price surges typically occur within one or two days of the event, they generally revert within approximately three weeks. Moreover, repeated exposures to homo- phonic stimuli seem to attenuate the response, indicating a decaying spillover pattern. These findings contribute to a more profound understanding of the intersection between linguistic cues and market behavior and provide practical insights for investor education, information filtering, and regulatory supervision.

ABSTRACT While sound change and phonological/phonetic cross-linguistic influence both entail flexibility in the sound system, they are rarely investigated together. This study addresses this gap by examining word-initial /n/ and /l/ in a read-aloud task with multilingual speakers (N = 22) of Cantonese, Mandarin, and English in Guangdong, China, where Cantonese exhibited widespread merger in the 2000s. Results show reduced merger in Cantonese and clear /n/-/l/ distinction in Mandarin and English, suggesting a contact-induced merger reversal driven by the growing dominance of Mandarin. Acoustic analysis indicates no cross-linguistic phonetic similarity for /n/ or /l/, indicating cross-linguistic composite sound categories and supporting an exemplar-based account for L2/L3 to L1 transfer. Building on previous findings, a cognitive mechanism is proposed for contact-induced merger reversal in the presence of extensive cognates. The observed individual variation necessitates further research on the language ideology regarding /n/-/l/ merger in Cantonese.

Abstract Parallel tracking of distant relations between speech elements, so‐called nonadjacent dependencies (NADs), is crucial in language development but computationally demanding and acquired only in late preschool years. As processing of single NADs is facilitated when dependent elements are perceptually similar, we investigated how phonetic similarity affects parallel dependency processing in preschoolers (2–4 years old, N = 54). In a passive‐listening electrophysiology study, children heard syllable sequences with nested dependencies of the form [A 1 [A 2 C B 2 ] B 1 ], with A i predicting B i . Across sequences, either the inner, the outer, or both NADs were phonetically similar. Additional deviant sequences violated the dependencies by exchanging the last two syllables. Independent of age, children showed electrophysiological mismatch responses to dependency violations, but only when either outer or inner NADs were phonetically marked. This suggests that phonetic similarity can aid preschoolers in parallel dependency processing, but only if marking is distinctive in the linguistic structure.

IntroductionInductive reasoning develops from similarity-based to category-based processes, and linguistic labels are thought to facilitate this shift, though whether they provide similarity or conceptual information remains debated.MethodsTo clarify the role of labels, we examined how Chinese children aged 5–10 interpret pictophonetic characters, focusing on semantic radicals that convey category information. Across three experiments, we manipulated cue strength (no, weak, strong) to test children’s inductive reasoning.ResultsChildren relied on phonetic radical similarity in the absence of cues but increasingly favored semantic radicals as cue strength intensified. Younger children tended to reason by perceptual similarity, whereas older children relied more on conceptual information, with evidence suggesting that ages 7–8 mark a developmental turning point.DiscussionThese findings indicate that orthographic awareness and literacy shape the transition from perceptual to conceptual reasoning, and that cue strength significantly influences semantic radical use. The study highlights the educational importance of supporting categorization skills and calls for further research on how character structures contribute to inductive categorization.

Abstract Language change arising from language contact is a complex phenomenon. Peter Matthews encouraged researchers to consider it as firmly grounded in the behaviour of individual speakers. We apply this perspective to investigate the integration of Norse‐derived terms into medieval English, testing for the effect of their phonetic similarity to their English (pseudo)cognates. Controlling for etymology, meaning and textual attestation and using a novel data transcription method and coding scheme, we have compiled a database of hundreds of Norse‐derived and native forms. The proportion of Norse‐derived terms compared to their English (pseudo)cognates is used as a measure of integration; we apply three measures of formal similarity (regarding sound class, articulatory features and historical change). We have found a significant negative relationship: Norse‐derived terms are more frequent if they are more similar to their English equivalents. This effect is strongest at the extremes of similarity. There are also significant effects related to the impact of alliteration on the choice of Norse‐derived terms and whether forms might have been perceived as more characteristically Norse. Moreover, our results suggest that the rate of use of Norse‐derived terms can be taken as an important pointer of the chronological and dialectal origin of a text/manuscript.

Abstract This study introduces a quantitative phonetic distance metric to evaluate and improve the practical transcription of Japanese names into Ukrainian. We argue for a standardization of Japanese–Ukrainian transcription grounded in objective phonetic similarity, while also proposing a phonetic-phonemic model that accounts for coarticulation effects in Japanese. By applying a metric method grounded in articulatory phonetics, this work identifies the closest phoneme pairs between Japanese and Ukrainian and assesses their alignment in several established transcription systems. Special attention is given to Japanese palatalized consonants such as [ɕ], [ʑ], and [t͡ɕ], which correspond more accurately to Ukrainian soft alveolar phonemes [sʲ], [zʲ], and [t͡sʲ] than to their post-alveolar counterparts. The results reveal that the modified Fedoryshyn system – replacing the Ukrainian letter “ґ” (“g”) with “г” (“gh”) – most closely aligns with both phonetic and phonological principles of the Ukrainian language. Statistical frequency data from the Ukrainian language corpus further support these findings. The metric method used here provides a replicable framework that can be extended to other language pairs and transcription contexts. This approach enhances linguistic precision and supports the development of consistent, phonetically accurate, and computationally useful transcription systems.

This paper explores possible linguistic contact between the Turkic and Hurro-Urartian language families through new lexical and morphological comparisons. It identifies several likely Hurro-Urartian loanwords in Turkic, mostly in basic vocabulary, and notes parallels in morphology. The distribution of these items suggests direct, late contact. A historical scenario is proposed in which Proto-Hurro-Urartian speakers, originally near the southeastern Caspian Sea, migrated westward under Achaemenid pressure. The analysis focuses on compelling examples beyond accidental phonetic similarity.

Abstract My contribution focuses on the rhetorical structures found in the verses and laisses of the Cantar de mio Cid. It examines the phonetic, semantic, and syntactic-metrical repetitions that give the elocutio of the Cid its unique form and expressive power. My thesis posits that these rhetorical repetitions reshape, embellish, and interpret the primary linguistic foundation of the verses. They create interpretations, valuations, and «secondary» signifiers, as defined by Lotman, that overlay the «primary» statements of the verses and laisses. Simultaneously, these repetitions transform the text with surprising word and sound combinations, a variety of rhetorical figures, and a tendency toward supralinguistic innovation, turning it into an aesthetic artificium that demands admiration and demonstrates a high level of metalinguistic awareness and literary professionalism. The Cid favors repetitions that juxtapose phonetic similarity with semantic incongruence. From a rhetorical perspective, this includes homonymy, paronomasia and tmesis, which are central to my analysis. These rhetorical figures are also significant because they reference potential pretexts, primarily Latin literature. The author of the Cid, who combines similarity and dissimilarity in unusual ways, draws on the rhetoric of classical Roman and medieval Latin writings. My concluding thesis asserts that he is undoubtedly a well-educated Latinist.

This research focuses to analyse the morphological and semantic structure of the Indonesian word memohon, particularly in its usage as a synonym for berdoa (to pray or to request earnestly). It also explores the possibility that memohon originates from the noun pohon (tree), considering the phonological transformation that typically occurs when the prefix me- is attached to root words beginning with the consonant "p." A qualitative methodology is applied in this study, incorporating both descriptive and analytical analysis. The data of the study are drawn from dictionaries, linguistic references, and relevant Indonesian language corpora. The analysis involves the examination of word formation (morphology), phoneme shifts, and lexical as well as contextual meanings of memohon. The findings reveal that although pohon and memohon may appear phonologically similar, there is no direct etymological connection between them. The verb memohon is derived from the base word mohon, which has long existed in Classical Malay with the meaning of 'to respectfully request.' The prefix me- forms the active verb memohon, commonly used in both formal and spiritual contexts. Therefore, although memohon is often associated with praying, it is not derived from pohon. The study concludes that phonetic similarity alone is insufficient for determining word origins and highlights the importance of etymological evidence in morphological analysis. The findings of this research enhance understanding of the fields of lexicology and semantics in Indonesian, especially concerning the formation and use of spiritually significant verbs.

The aim of the research is to determine the principles of implementing substitutional transformations of usual phraseological units in Russian-language media discourse and to identify the direction of the dynamic development of the phraseological fund of the Russian language. The paper considers a number of typical examples of replacing a part of a usual phraseological expression with a component reflecting the national-cultural specificity of the country and people. In the work, substitutional changes were identified and justified, and the principles of substitution were put forward based on the examples given. The scientific novelty of the research lies in developing structural-systemic, linguo-cognitive and communicative-functional approaches in the study of phraseological transformations, as well as in considering occasional components of transformed phraseological units, which are associated with Russia by the international community, and in highlighting the principles of component replacement in the process of phraseological transformation in media texts. The analysis of the corpus of substantivized phraseological units in Russian-language media discourse allowed us to identify some new trends in their development. Thus, the paper presents for the first time the specifics of the development of a phraseological sign, a picture of the current state of the phraseology corpus, and its pragmatic properties. The result of the study was a series of principles of substitution as a type of phraseological transformation in media text headlines, which, in addition to randomness and unpredictability justified by the context, includes phonetic similarity, syllabic identity, and the location of the usual and occasional component within the same semantic field.

Abstract This paper provides an overview of contact-induced influences that Polish exerts on Polish Sign Language (PJM). It investigates strategies such as mouthing and fingerspelling as well as lexemes, including loan signs, initialized signs and signs originating from semantic translations of and phonetic analogy. Mouthing is the voiceless articulation of Polish words while signing, whereas fingerspelling uses a manual alphabet for transliterating words. Both strategies help disambiguate polysemy and express concepts lacking dedicated signs. Moreover, fingerspelled words can be reduced to loan signs. Initialized signs incorporate initial letters of Polish words through manual letter handshapes. Semantic translation involves borrowing a word’s meaning and expressing it with an equivalent sign. In contrast, phonetic analogues occur when a single sign represents two semantically unrelated concepts due to their phonetic similarity in Polish. This study is framed in the context of translanguaging and semiotic repertoires research, but also a broader field of linguistic multimodality.

The present study aims to contribute to the research field of the intralingual subtitling of dialects. It attempts to bring to the fore the unique way in which humorous interdialectal communication, in the ST, notably wordplay, is rendered into one target standard language, MSA; a language deemed unable to vehiculate emotions such as humour, anger, frustration and lust. For this purpose, a qualitative and quantitative analyses of the series From Al Haram Street to…(Al-Muthanna Sobh, 2022) was conducted. First, the quantitative analysis examined the main mechanisms of expressing humour in interdialectal communication based on a typology inspired by Zabalbescoa (1997), Delabastita (1996), Spanakaki (2007) and Thaler (2016)’s taxonomies of verbal humour. Second, it investigated the main subtitling strategies of rendering verbal humour in interdialectal communication using Gottlieb’s (1992) strategies for subtitling. The qualitative analysis, on the other hand, provided deeper insights into the subtitler’s tendencies in rendering wordplay in intralingual subtitling. The three dialects of the ST were Egyptian, Lebanese, and Kuwaiti Arabic (KA). The results came as follows: first, humour is chiefly conveyed in the ST via phonetic wordplay, notably malapropisms. Second, the subtitler adopts a neutralizing subtitling strategy exemplified in paraphrase due to linguistic and technical constraints. Last, the subtitler’s neutralizing strategy is not deemed suitable when phonetic wordplay is vital to the storyline and when the SL and TL share significant linguistic features and phonetic similarities.

The etymological origin of the word "Perú" presents historical gaps that have traditionally been attributed to the Spanish. However, the globalization of knowledge and access to new sources allow for the exploration of alternative hypotheses. The study aims to demonstrate that "Perú" has roots in indigenous South American languages, specifically in Amazonian, Tupi-Guarani, Quechua, and other indigenous Amazonian languages. The research uses a basic qualitative approach, with an exploratory descriptive level, utilizing the historical method to analyze documentary and etymological sources. The results reveal that the Amazonian origin is supported by the phonetic similarity with river names such as Pará, Paru, Apere, Purús, Paraná, and Perené. In the Tupi-Guarani context, it is related to terms such as "Peabirú" (road to Birú or Perú), Paraguay, and Uruguay. In Quechua, "Pirwa" or "Pirhua" (corn granary) and "Purutu" (bean) are phonetically parallel. In indigenous Peruvian languages, "Peabirú" is similar to "Abiro" (greeting or "you") and Piro, Piró. These findings suggest that "Perú" is a precolonial term of South American origin.

The origins and migration routes of Taiwanesian populations have long been a topic of scholarly debate, with various theories suggesting connections to regions in Southeast Asia, mainland China, and beyond. Clarifying these connections is essential for understanding the ethnic and linguistic development of Taiwan’s indigenous peoples and their ties to other Austronesian-speaking communities. This study seeks to explore the phonetic and historical relationships between Taiwanesians and Southeast Asian ethnic groups, especially those from the Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia, New Guinea, and Vietnam, addressing gaps in earlier migration theories that often overlooked oceanographic conditions and linguistic evidence. To accomplish this, the research applies a comparative phonetic analysis of basic vocabulary across 67 ethnic languages, using data from four historically documented Taiwanesian languages alongside sixteen contemporary ones. The analysis draws on digitized dictionaries and historical sources and incorporates insights from regional linguists and anthropologists to strengthen the comparative approach. The results show notable phonetic similarities between Taiwanesian languages and several languages spoken in the Philippines—such as Hiligaynon, Ivatan, Ilocano, and Tagalog—as well as connections with Indonesian languages like Bugis, Sangir, Toba Batak, and Minangkabau. In contrast, the phonetic overlap with languages from New Guinea is limited, indicating weaker linguistic ties. Historical records, including evidence of ocean currents and oral histories, support the hypothesis of a south-to-north migration pathway that enabled the movement of populations from the Indonesian archipelago and central Philippine Islands toward Taiwan. This research questions previous assumptions that Taiwanesians once spoke early forms of Bahasa Malay or Bahasa Indonesia, instead revealing complex linguistic diversity and migration patterns within the broader Austronesian world. By combining phonetic comparisons with historical context, the study offers new perspectives on the ethnic and linguistic affiliations of Taiwanesian populations. These findings provide a foundation for further interdisciplinary research on Austronesian migration and highlight the value of phonetic evidence as a tool for uncovering ancient population movements and fostering greater cross-regional collaboration in historical linguistics and anthropology.

Статья посвящена исследованию функционирования в венгерском ономастическом пространстве отэтнонимных имен собственных, восходящих к северокавказским и другим этносам, контактировавшим с венграми в разные исторические эпохи. Рассматривается происхождение венгерских антропонимов и топонимов, включая годоним, связанных, в частности, с этнонимом черкесы, но также и половцы, хазары, болгары и др. В диахроническом срезе рассматриваются фамилии (Черкес, Карачай), топонимы (хутор Нодьчеркес, Черкесская пустошь, Черкесская улица). В статье отмечается фонетическое сходство этнонима cserkesz (черкес) и лексемы cserkész (пластун, скаут; ранее – лесник, помощник рыбака). В работе анализируется сложная динамика этнических и языковых контактов, проявляющаяся через ономастику, и подчеркивается важность этих имен как части культурного наследия Венгрии. Отмечается, что венгерские исследователи, начиная с графа Енё Зичи и Габора Балинта, обращали внимание на возможные исторические, лингвистические и этнокультурные связи венгров с народами Кавказа, в том числе через созвучие фамилий, топонимов и теонимов (например, Isten), при этом высказывая различные гипотезы об их кавказском, иранском или ином происхождении, что также находило отклик у В.И. Абаева. The article is devoted to the study of the functioning in the Hungarian onomastic space of ethnonymic proper names originating from the North Caucasian and other ethnic groups, which contacted the Magyars in different historical epochs. The study examines the origin of Hungarian anthroponyms and toponyms, including hodonyms, particularly those connected with the ethnonym Cserkesz (Circassian), but also Kuns, Khazars, Bulgarians, etc. Such anthroponyms as Cserkesz, Karacsay, toponyms Nagycserkesz hamlet, Cserkesz wasteland, Cserkesz streetare considered diachronically. The author notes the phonetic similarity of the ethnonym cserkesz (Circassian) and the lexeme cserkész (scout; formerly – forester, fisherman's assistant). The article analyses the complex dynamics of ethnic and linguistic contacts manifested through onomastics, and highlights the importance of these proper names as part of Hungary’s cultural heritage. It is stated that Hungarian researchers, beginning with Count Jenő Zichy and Gábor Bálint, have explored possible historical, linguistic, and ethnocultural connections between the Hungarians and the peoples of the Caucasus – through similarities in surnames, toponyms, and theonyms (such as Isten) – proposing various hypotheses about their Caucasian, Iranian, or other origins, which was also reflected by V. Abaev.

Pshal P’shaw investigates the sonic instability of speech—where phonetic dissonance, vocal fragmentation, and gestural sound challenge structured linguistic norms. Developed during my residency at the Max Planck Institute for Empirical Aesthetics, this work explores how speech patterns morph in response to unfamiliar dialects, sonic environments, and computational intervention. Inspired by Hermann Finsterlin’s fluid, dimensionally unbound architectural forms, I approach language as an unfixed structure, revealing phonetic articulation's unstable, adaptive nature. At its core, Pshal P’shaw is a multi-channel sculptural sound installation, neural instrument, and experimental phonetic composition that deconstructs oral adaptation and linguistic convergence. The project is based on 28 recorded voices engaging with a script designed to test the phonetic contours of a contemporary US Western dialect. Participants articulated words in controlled EEG lab settings, allowing for an analysis of phonetic deviation, mimicry, and emergent vocal patterns. I collaborated with Cornelius Abel, the Head of the EEG laboratory at the Max Planck Institute for Empirical Aesthetics, to create a participant-based study. This study focuses on neural responses to phonetic adaptation and linguistic instability. It examines how the brain processes disrupted phonetics, prosodic shifts, and unfamiliar articulatory patterns, providing insights into cognitive processing beyond structured linguistic norms. By positioning phonetic instability as an expressive and cognitive site, this work aligns with my broader research on interstitial sonic spaces—the liminal areas between signal and noise, order and disruption, articulation and abstraction. The project extends into machine learning and human-machine interaction, where a neural algorithm dissects and reorganizes speech based on phonetic similarity and difference. The system works within a granular information base of over 3,000 phonetic variations, revealing the rhythmic, percussive, and spectral structures embedded in vocal articulation. Working with designer and Max/MSP specialist Matthew Ostrowski, I developed a custom Max/MSP script to explore how an AI-driven phonetic instrument can exist in a wandering state rather than optimization. Through sessions envisioning a system that resists linear progression, we designed a model that moves fluidly between pattern recognition and deviation, continually reorienting itself within the dataset rather than seeking a fixed resolution. This keeps the AI suspended in a process of recombination, allowing for unexpected phonetic proximities, spectral collisions, and recursive vocal transformations. The work employs Flucoma and MUBI as Max/MSP patches for phonetic and vocal analysis, mapping articulatory gestures through spectral decomposition, transient detection, and dynamic filtering. The script was developed in MATLAB by the EEG labs, enabling phonetic feature extraction and computational manipulation. A 12-channel sculptural sound installation hosts the generative algorithm, continuously reshaping the recordings based on vocal proximity and divergence. Simultaneously, a 5-channel raster video system maps the frequency data of each voice onto facial deconstructions, amplifying the inherent instability of articulation. A special edition record release with an accompanying booklet is available through Raster Media (Germany). This vinyl expands the project’s inquiries into a fixed yet fragmented format, extending the phonetic research into a sonic document. Side A, “Transients Script,” isolates the percussive elements of speech, revealing the microtonal instability of articulation as a rhythmic force. Side B examines spectral interplay across the 28 voices, exposing harmonic shifts, tonal variances, and dynamic resonances. Pshal P’shaw interrogates how language operates beyond fixed linguistic hierarchies, where vocal adaptation and sonic fragmentation become sites of expanded meaning-making by engaging with phonetic mimicry, algorithmic processing, and embodied sound. In doing so, the work contributes to larger conversations in experimental phonetics, accessibility in assistive sound technologies, and the role of noise in cognitive and communicative systems. Through historical research (on linguistic shifts in 19th-century US boomtowns) and contemporary computational modeling, this project reimagines how phonetic structures evolve, break apart, and reform—not as errors but as integral components of human interaction and cognition. Notes on Contributor Victoria Keddie is an artist whose work explores sound beyond structured language, investigating how communication fractures and reconstitutes through error, interference, and technological mediation. She has been Co-Director of E.S.P. TV for over a decade, using televisual media for performance. Her work has been performed and exhibited internationally, with recent fellowships at the NYSCA/NYFA, the Max Planck Institute for Empirical Aesthetics, Elektronmusikstudion, and the Bemis Center for Contemporary Art. Keddie’s video works are distributed by Lightcone (FR) and The Filmmakers Co-op (US), and her sound works are released with Raster Media (DE), Chaikin Records (US), and Fridman Gallery (NYC/US).

Generating images from textual descriptions is a complex and captivating area of artificial intelligence, blending computational creativity with linguistic analysis. This study pioneers an innovative approach by exploring the relationship between phonetic and phonological structures and their visual representations, extending text-to-image generation to include nonwords—linguistic constructs that do not exist within a given language. By analyzing acoustic properties such as intonation, rhythm, and stress patterns alongside linguistic features, our system establishes a robust mapping between auditory inputs and visual outputs. Using a phonetic conversion and phonological similarity module, nonwords are transformed into meaningful embeddings, which are then processed by an interpolation module and an image synthesis network. The model generates images that align with the phonetic essence of both real and imagined language constructs, expanding text-to-image synthesis beyond traditional semantics. This approach offers applications in language learning, digital art, and AI-driven creativity, enhancing contextual relevance in text-based visual generation.

Purpose: This study investigates how native language interference, based on the countries of origin (China and Vietnam) of marriage migrant women, impacts the articulation and phonological variations in their children’s speech development. The ultimate goal is to proactively intervene and reduce articulation-related difficulties during the children’s critical speech development period.Methods: The participants were 29 elementary school children from multicultural families in South Korea, aged from 6 years 11 months to 12 years 11 months. The children consisted of 14 with Chinese backgrounds and 15 with Vietnamese backgrounds, all demonstrating receptive language skills within or above -1 standard deviation. Assessments were conducted individually by the researcher in quiet, isolated environments.Results: First, no statistically significant differences were found in correct articulation counts between the two groups. Both groups frequently exhibited errors in phonation types, highlighting significant difficulties, as well as omissions of final consonants. Second, common phonological variations observed included deaspiration, lenition, fortition, fronting (palatal, alveolar, velar), alveolarization, plosivization, bilabialization, omission of plosives, and nasalization, with no significant differences between groups.Conclusions: The observed articulation and phonological errors, especially frequent phonation type errors and final consonant omissions, reflect linguistic constraints inherent in Chinese and Vietnamese languages. Chinese lacks tense consonants within its phonetic structure, while Vietnamese struggles with precise differentiation despite phonetic similarities. These findings emphasize the necessity for proactive, targeted intervention strategies to effectively mitigate native language interference impacts in children from multicultural families.

Trademark protection is a crucial aspect of intellectual property law, aimed at safeguarding trademark owners and preventing consumer confusion. This study analyzes the implementation of the "substantial similarity" principle in a trademark dispute case involving the registered trademark owner "GOTO" against similar trademark variations, such as "goto" and "Goto Financial." Using a normative approach, this research evaluates trademark infringement based on visual, phonetic, and conceptual similarities, which may cause confusion and potential loss to the actual trademark owner. The findings indicate that the principle of "substantial similarity" plays a vital role in maintaining the exclusive rights of registered trademark owners while providing legal certainty and fairness in resolving trademark disputes. These findings reinforce the importance of strong trademark protection regulations to prevent conflicts and safeguard brand reputation in an increasingly competitive market. Keywords: Trademark Protection, Substantial Similarity, Exclusive Rights, Trademark Dispute