Philosophical Roots Research Articles

Trust, Anarcho-Capitalism, Blockchain and Initial Coin Offerings

Blockchain - distributed ledger technology - is seen as heralding what some call the internet of trust because it provides an immutable chain of authority that is difficult to hack. Satoshi Nakamoto created an algorithm that required immense amounts of computing power to solve cryptographic problems that when resolved would create consensus throughout the blockchain community by rewarding miners with Bitcoin and prevent the double-spend problem. Trust, in either one's opposite party or intermediaries would be unnecessary. The cryptographic work made trust redundant. Unfortunately, Satoshi could not predict how the blockchain community would behave once the software was launched into the community. Trust became the core issue as different factions among developers and miners squabbled over changes to the software. Trust is also deeply implicated in the ways the community uses blockchain to raise money to fund developments through initial coin offerings (ICO). In this paper we trace how this these issues emerged in blockchain's short history. We use arguments over block sizes, transaction fees, and hard forks, and the process by which ICOs are run to exemplify our account. We contextualise our story by examining the history of blockchain. Blockchain seems so recent that it doesn't really have a history, but in fact it has a long history stretching back to the Austrian School of Economics. We argue that blockchain can trace its philosophical roots to the anarchy-capitalist strain of the Austrian school. Anarcho-capitalists believe in peer to peer contractual transactions as the foundation for society, They abhor collective action even that which includes the defence of the realm. Dyadic collaborations are sufficient for a society to survive by. Theorists such as Murray Rothbard and Leland Yeager promoted these views in the second half of the 20th century. Satoshi's paper was published in the Great Recession (2008) and incorporated this philosophy. As the blockchain community has developed distributed ledger technology these basic philosophical tensions have surfaced causing dissension and strife. It has all come down to a fundamental issue: who do you trust?

Time for a Change: Topical Amendments to the Medical Model of Disease

There is a conceptual crisis in the biomedical sciences that is particularly salient in psychopathology research. Underlying the crisis is a controversy that pertains to the current medical model of disease that largely draws from causal-mechanistic explanations. The bedrock of this model is the analysis of biological part-dysfunctions that aims at unequivocally defining a pathological condition and demarcating it from its neighboring entities. This endeavor has led to a quest for physiological, biochemical, and genetic signatures. Yet, so far there is little evidence for reliable biomarkers for any mental disorder. The contemporary biomedical paradigm largely ignores historical, dynamic, and system-level aspects—a view that has contributed much to the conceptual disjunction of the patient as a person from his/her disease. Notwithstanding the impressive progress in the biomedical sciences, increasingly more critics question whether the constituting framework is sufficient to convey a comprehensive understanding of illnesses, especially mental illnesses. Thus, the medical model urgently requires an update. But rather than revamping it by methodological advancements, it will be necessary to critically review its philosophical roots. The most problematic issues that require reworking are: the preponderance of the biostatistical theory; the undue decoupling of physiological from evolutionary explanations of function; the clinging to the Modern Synthesis (if etiological aspects are ever considered); and the neglect of dynamic and system-level properties. The proposed overhaul requires the heeding of historical explanations that draw from the Extended Evolutionary Synthesis as well as systems biology approaches for tackling multilevel and dynamic phenomena of complex systems.

Rhetoric in Tooth and Claw: Animals, Language, Sensation

Rhetoric in Tooth and Claw: Animals, Language, Sensation

UNEARTHING THE PHILOSOPHICAL ROOTS OF PANCASILA ON DISTINCTIVE LEGAL TREATMENTS FOR CHILDREN IN CONFLICT WITH THE LAW

Thus far, equality before the law is understood as an ideality without limitation and exception. Its enforceability is considered to apply indiscriminately for every law breaker. However, reality of law enforcement says differently when a perpetrator of the crime is called an early age child. Special regulations exist injustice system, law governing it as well as provisions derived from the children rights, although the child is positioned as dealing with the law. In such context of an establishment of law regarding children in conflict with the law, it is interesting to find philosophical roots of distinctive treatment negating equality before the law. The explorative step is more attractive, especially when many mosaics of conception has been discovered about what are the truths whena child is in conflict with the law: 1) violations committed by children are not purely mistakes of the children, 2) children are, nevertheless, having rights that must be fulfilled including when dealing with the law, 3) children has privileges with broad distribution of regulations in various sectors and according to the view based on Pancasila, they are <em>keten</em> (a link) of a nation. Such varied conceptions elicit necessity of unearthing philosophical roots, truths and realitiesthat are always plural. So that, the law established is not only be legal because it is formed in legitimate manner and by legitimate power (<em>pedigree thesis</em>), also incorporating theexisting basic values or moral principles, though not absolute, depending on condition of society (the moral thesis) (Twining, 2009). Thus, study of such legal products is not only be seen as the work of professional, but as Satjipto Rahardjo viewed, it is placed as an scientific object to explain that a law codified in legislation, though, is not something sacred to examine for its philosophical content.<br />

Menelusuri Konsep Filsafat Islam tentang Sejarah

Islamic philosophy is not only a study on theology, but also a study of way of life as a whole. Even though Greek Phylosophy regarded as a philosophical root, but it is not the one reference for Muslim Philosophers who try to absorp history as a consept. Greek and Islamic Philosophy have two different view -- if it is not contradictive -- on history.History in Islamic viewis to record on a part of God planning which is already appeared. It should be recognized that this world is existed because of God power, where everything is planned since azali time. Knowledge about history is a thing opened by God to the universe. From this point of view, history has influenced by religiousity. Thus, Islam adds morality in historical consept. Al-Quran, Muhammad, and all Muslims form the first generation had talked us about how important of a history. We all need to history. Therefore, study from the past and history should be placed as a guidance for the life in the future.

The Concept of Value for CSR: A Debate Drawn from Italian Classical Accounting

AbstractThis paper underlines the importance of the concept of value for corporate social responsibility (CSR) and then explores it beyond economics, looking for its social and philosophical roots. Considering the most recent literature on the matter, the dilemma between a non‐monetary, multi‐variable conception and a monetary, one‐variable conception is set. To obtain the origins of the meaning for this basic concept in CSR, Italian literature regarding ‘value in accounting’ is explored. The main result from this first survey is the existence of a ‘chain’ from the highest conception of value (philosophical, ethical), to the most practical conception (accounting techniques of measurement). By this first approach, some provisional normative clauses are then deduced, in a ‘problem‐setting attitude’ to be tested by means of further research on the topic, exploring other literature and building a new general paradigm to finally provide a commonly shared measure for social value. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment

MyStoma - putting phenomenology into practice

In this paper I will use an example of a person-centered approach to healthcare in action gained from my own experience of coping with serious illness. My overall endeavour will be to show how a philosophical position, based on the phenomenological work of Heidegger and Gadamer, can be effective in the practice of commissioning and providing healthcare and conversely how, in the practice of person-centered healthcare, this philosophical ground is made manifest. First, I give an account of the MyStoma project in East Kent as an example of person-centered care in practice which has led to improvements in care for people with a stoma. The project gives a voice to people who have a stoma and ensures that the care that they receive reflects their own needs as expressed by the service users themselves. The aim of MyStoma is to change the way that people who have a stoma are involved in the development of the services provided to them and to put their needs and expectations at the heart of all decisions made about stoma care services.This is followed by a discussion of how the insights gained from MyStoma can provide lessons for those seeking to engage patients in the development and improvement of services by suggesting that they listen to the first hand accounts, or stories, of those who are ill and use what they hear in the development of Service User Agenda, which can then be used as the basis for service development.Finally I will argue that the success of MyStoma and the primacy it gives to the first hand lived experience of those who are receiving care, rests on a reading of Heidegger’s affirmation of Being-with-Others and his notion of authentic solicitude. By the conclusion of this paper it will be clear that the understanding of the philosophical roots of MyStoma offers the opportunity to extend this successful approach to other care communities based on the understanding of our relationship with Others, like ourselves, as constitutive of our own Being.

Professional identities of school leaders across international contexts

This introductory article attempts to set a conceptual stage for the special issue on identities of school leaders. We do this by beginning with a discussion of identity – its definition, philosophical roots, nature, and components. We then move to a discussion of identity development and the various dimensions that characterize this development. The article ends with a brief description of a critical constructivist model of identity. Our intention in the article is not to offer a theoretical framework that will be used by the article authors, but to offer a conceptual stage that provides the background for understanding identity.

Imitation of Affects and Mirror Neurons: Exploring Empathy in Spinoza’s Theory and Contemporary Neuroscience

In Spinoza’s philosophy affects illustrate the way human beings interact with each other and the world, where the necessary meetings with other particular things define their being and its expressions. Most human beings don’t know themselves, are not conscious of their affects and, even less, do they know what the affects of others are. Although, they are by their definition as particular things obliged to exist in society and create a minimum of consensus. According to Spinoza, this consensus is built upon the biological substrate defined by human body’s physiology, through the mechanism of imitation and is supported by empathy. Leading researchers in affective neuroscience argue for a theory of embodied cognition and recent research in neurosciences attributes human capacity for empathy to mirror neurons, recognising in Spinoza’s texts the philosophical roots of current scientific thinking on body, mind and feeling. Keeping in mind the debate concerning how different levels of explanation can be related to each other or how different disciplines can form the context for interpreting neuroscience’s data, we attempt to promote an implicit dialogue between Spinoza’s psychological theory and the neuroscientific findings, supporting that is legitimate and necessary to examine these questions from the point of view of philosophy and formulate new research questions that can promote further theoretical and empirical study of the complex phenomena concerning human nature and society.

Professional identities of school leaders across international contexts

This introductory article attempts to set a conceptual stage for the special issue on identities of school leaders. We do this by beginning with a discussion of identity – its definition, philosophical roots, nature, and components. We then move to a discussion of identity development and the various dimensions that characterize this development. The article ends with a brief description of a critical constructivist model of identity. Our intention in the article is not to offer a theoretical framework that will be used by the article authors, but to offer a conceptual stage that provides the background for understanding identity.

Once More about Boesch's Ontological Predication in Focus.

In this article I address some more aspects regarding Boesch's ontological predication aiming to clarify mistaken comprehensions as appeared in Perez-Campos" (2017) detailed work on my former paper about this issue (Simão 2016b). With this purpose, the following three aspects will be approached: the philosophical roots of my former proposal; the place of Boesch's symbolic action theory in that proposal and the relevance of this discussion for the relationship between ontology and psychology.

Let's Go to the Movies! Using Film to Illustrate Basic Concepts in Public Administration

Although both the practical and philosophical roots of modem public administration rise from the Egyptian and Chinese dynasties, as from the Greek polis and Roman imperium, the academic discipline of public administration has to a large extent developed directly pursuant to Wilson's Study of Administration. The use of films as teaching tools enriches teaching by framing pedagogic content in ways that enable students to discover the relationship of academic concepts to their own life experience. To use movies and other popular art forms as tools for teaching, and to invite students to explore them as tools for learning, is a risky venture. It requires that academicians move away from the forms of communication at which we tend to excel to those in which we also become students. But isn't this what real teaching is about?

Relations in KOS: is it possible to couple a common nature with different roles?

PurposeThe purpose of this paper, which increases and deepens what was expressed in a previous work (Mazzocchi et al., 2007), is to scrutinize the underlying assumptions of the types of relations included in thesauri, particularly the genus-species relation. Logicist approaches to information organization, which are still dominant, will be compared with hermeneutically oriented approaches. In the light of these approaches, the nature and features of the relations, and what the notion of a priori could possibly mean with regard to them, are examined, together with the implications for designing and implementing knowledge organizations systems (KOS).Design/methodology/approachThe inquiry is based on how the relations are described in literature, engaging in particular a discussion with Hjørland (2015) and Svenonius (2004). The philosophical roots of today’s leading views are briefly illustrated, in order to put them under perspective and deconstruct the uncritical reception of their authority. To corroborate the discussion a semantic analysis of specific terms and relations is provided too.FindingsAll relations should be seen as “perspectival” (not as a priori). On the other hand, different types of relations, depending on the conceptual features of the terms involved, can hold a different degree of “stability.” On this basis, they could be used to address different information concerns (e.g. interoperability vs expressiveness).Research limitations/implicationsSome arguments that the paper puts forth at the conceptual level need to be tested in application contexts.Originality/valueThis paper considers that the standpoint of logic and of hermeneutic (usually seen as conflicting) are both significant for information organization, and could be pragmatically integrated. In accordance with this view, an extension of thesaurus relations’ set is advised, meaning that perspective hierarchical relations (i.e. relations that are not logically based but function contingently) should be also included in such a set.

Восприятие М.М. Бахтина на Западе: несколько общих замечаний

In the present work is a translation of the short introductory work of Turin’s Professor Roberto Salizzoni dedicated to the analysis of art of M.M. Bakhtin and some reflections of the author of the translation, which led him to assess creativity Russian thinker, present in this book of the Italian scientist. First of all, the author of the translation does not agree with the disparaging assessment of creativity of Bakhtin how unoriginal and more abounding plagiarism. The author of the translation argues injustice exaggerated influence on the concept of Bakhtin from literary trends and ideas, including by the media those of the so-called “circle of Bakhtin”. The necessity of considering of creativity of Russian thinker as philosophical, creativity independent and original. Such a conclusion can fail and approval of Neokantian origin of “philosophical roots” of Bakhtin’s concept of philosophy of culture.

Quantum Mechanics and Multi-World Interpretation—A Dialogue between a Cat and Everett

Quantum mechanics is an important understanding of modern physics, and one of China’s first quantum experimental satellites is also launched in July of this year, but around the confusion about the interpretation of quantum philosophy, yet there has not a perfect answer today. “Schrodinger’s cat” is put forward by the Austrian physicist Schrodinger in 1935; it is a name for a quantum state, its production not only has its specific physical incentives, but also has the corresponding philosophical roots. Everett, the author of the “multi-world explanation”, explains that the explanation of “multi-world explanation” to the quantum philosophy from the point of view of Schrodinger’s cat in physics has not only helped us understand the nature of quantum mechanics, to solve the philosophical controversy that has revolved around quantum mechanics, but also deepened our understanding of multi-world interpretations where physics and philosophy blend. This article starts with the famous experiment Schrödinger’s Cat and then tells us two well-known answers to quantum mechanics in the history, that is the Copenhagen Interpretation and the Multi-World Interpretation. By comparing the differences between the two, it emphasis on the correctness of the “multi-world interpretation”. Then it can deepen our understanding of the concept of “Schrodinger’s Cat”, “Quantum Mechanics” and multi-world interpretations.

ФИЛОСОФСКИЕ ВОЗЗРЕНИЯ СОВРЕМЕННЫХ СЛАВЯНОФИЛОВ

<p>This article has the Russian philosophical community as its object of study. Within the community there are some thinkers and groups that declare their identity as orientation to the native culture and national mentality features. As a concrete object of research the author considers the history of the emergence of these thinkers and groups in post-Soviet Russia, the formation of their institutions and history of relations with other intelligence groups. The author examines in detail the aspects of such topics as historical roots of these new emerging traditions, their representation in the academic and educational institutions, and especially the theoretical platform of their leaders.</p><p>The research methodology is based on an approach under which the structure network of relationship between intellectuals determines valid intellectual attention space, which is structured into several competing products.</p><p>The main results of the study can be considered as follows. Firstly, the author presented a description of the history and theoretical features of three intelligent approaches: conservative revolutionaries, Orthodox immanentists and existentialists of tradition. Secondly, the author has given the characteristic stylistic features of selfexpression, historical and philosophical roots and the historic-philosophical concepts of the main representatives of the traditionalists. Finally, the article discusses the features of the vicissitudes of their communication with other members of the Russian intellectual community.</p>

Review of Rational intuition: Philosophical roots, scientific investigations.

Review of Rational intuition: Philosophical roots, scientific investigations.

Note on "History of psychology in India: Problems and prospects".

Discusses the indigenization movement of psychology in India, which attempts to develop a context sensitive discipline that can understand the concept of mind and human behavior from the cultural perspective. It emphasizes the culturally bound aspects of human nature and uses methods to explore the ways in which culture emerges from history. Given the directions of scientific research, it is not absurd to engage with Western theories. Nevertheless, some Indian psychologists have resisted what they consider the intrusion of modern psychology. They have forwarded premises about human nature in the philosophical roots of traditional Indian thought which look tautological and feed back to our oppressive social structures; for example, the patriarchy and caste systems. The scope of social change is limited under the garb of indigenization, unless the movement of indigenization calls for social change. Several points are made, of which Indian psychological approaches should become cognizant to better understand the relevant contexts for social responsibility. In addition, several recommendations are suggested for a new wave of psychological research in India. (PsycINFO Database Record

English Schools with a Religious Ethos: For a Re-Interpretation of Religious Autonomy

Rooted in a principle of non-interference in matters of religious beliefs, supported by an ideology of parental school choice, faith state schools in England have enjoyed a large discretion to promote their religious ethos. Recent judicial and legislative interventions into the affairs of religious schools may be criticized as they betray these philosophical roots, without offering an alternative coherent justificatory model for law and religion relationships. By seeking to remove the allegedly socially or racially divisive edge of religious autonomy, these interventions have provoked an unwarranted and inconsistent mingling of the secular and the religious. Moreover, they have imposed a form of state governance which has reinforced religious authorities to the detriment of the autonomy of local stakeholders, parents and schools. It is claimed that a more deliberative and contextual re-interpretation of the principle of religious autonomy in English Law would lead to less confrontational and more acceptable outcomes.

La recepción de la Hermenéutica Analógica en Argentina

The purpose of this exhibition is to review the reception in Argentina, of the hermeneutic theory by Mexican philosopher Mauricio Beuchot. My personal contribution to the process of dissemination and research of his thoughts was carried out from my role as a teacher and researcher at the Philosophy, Humanities and Arts College of the National University of San Juan. Analogical Hermeneutics is a philosophical conception designed both out of and for the Ibero-American context. This paper provides in the first place, a brief overview of the main ideas concerning this theory and its fundamental philosophical roots. Secondly, a number of publications, academic and research activities are mentioned, showing the reception Hermeneutics has had in Argentina so far.