Human society is characterized by an interest in understanding the world and its phenomena. However, for most of society, science is a distant endeavor, reserved for a select group, and a wide gap exists between scientists and citizens. This gap is even more striking in psychology, where humans are the study subjects of interest. Citizen science (CS) is a recent approach that incorporates perspectives of nonprofessional scientists or "citizens" through their active participation in scientific research. Because CS remains largely unexplored within several subdomains of psychology, including cognitive psychology, this review highlights the opportunities that CS can offer for our field. After situating the relation between science and society and the emergence of CS in the history of science, we provide an overview of existing definitions and models of CS, which we then synthesize into a new model. We also describe CS studies within the field of psychology, with a specific focus on cognitive psychology. Crucially, we discuss the main opportunities and challenges of CS, zooming in on specific challenges that CS faces within psychology and cognitive psychology in particular. Ultimately, this review aims to bridge the gap between psychologists and their study subjects, by stimulating the development and application of a citizen science approach within cognitive psychology.

Background/Objectives: Schizophrenia is one of the most extensively studied yet conceptually unstable disorders in the history of medicine and brain sciences. Since its formalization at the turn of the twentieth century, the disorder has been repeatedly redefined, reflecting changes in clinical observation, diagnostic philosophy, and neuroscientific models of brain function. The objective of this review is to critically examine the historical evolution of schizophrenia as a medical construct and to analyze how shifts in diagnostic systems have shaped the search for biological and molecular biomarkers. Methods: A narrative-historical review of the literature was conducted, integrating classical psychiatric texts, diagnostic manuals, and contemporary neuroscientific studies. Key milestones in the conceptualization of schizophrenia were analyzed alongside the development of biological hypotheses, including neurochemical, electrophysiological, neuroimaging, genetic, immunological, omics-based, and digital approaches. Emphasis was placed on identifying conceptual continuities, ruptures, and methodological limitations across historical periods. Results: The analysis reveals that the evolution of schizophrenia has been characterized by increasing diagnostic standardization accompanied by growing biological heterogeneity. While successive biological models have provided valuable insights into specific aspects of the disorder, none have yielded single, robust diagnostic biomarkers. Instead, findings consistently reflect partial overlaps between clinical phenotypes and biological signals, strongly influenced by historically derived diagnostic categories. Conclusions: The persistent absence of definitive diagnostic biomarkers for schizophrenia reflects not only technical limitations but also the historical construction of the disorder as a heterogeneous clinical category. Understanding this historical context is essential for interpreting current findings in brain sciences. Future research is likely to benefit from stratification-based, dimensional, and integrative frameworks that move beyond categorical diagnosis while preserving clinical relevance.

ABSTRACT This article offers an overview of the history of historical demography and family history, from their golden age in the mid-20th century to the present day. We favor micro-level approaches applied to individual data. The first part revisits the resounding success of family reconstruction and household typology, and highlights the crisis of the 1980s. The main response was the emergence of the life course approach, which played a decisive role in the long-awaited integration of historical demography and family history. To illustrate the development of the life course, to flesh out and humanize this history, we follow the scientific trajectory of an individual, a craftsman, from his apprenticeship to his mastery. He is referred to by his initials, JK. We examine the evolution of his publications and interests, and analyze his involvement in social science history, both as part of a broader scientific dynamic and as a reflection of his own actions. This give us the opportunity to reflect on some topics and concepts that have played an important role in the development of historical family demography, and its transformation of historical demography into a social science like the other. The article concludes with some reflections on the current state of the field, which shows promising developments but also gives cause for concern.

The idea of the common good plays an important role both in the Polish legal system and in the system of administrative law. It is not only a constitutional principle, but also an important guideline for weighing the interests of individuals and the community as a whole. This principle has strong constitutional foundations, as its development is closely linked to the history of constitutional law and the history of administrative law and administrative science. Moreover, the principle of the common good has impressive administrative and legal connections, as it is closely related to concepts and tools of administrative law, such as administrative and legal interests. However, it turns out that, despite the importance of this principle for the entire legal system, it plays a relatively minor role in the case law of administrative courts for certain reasons.

This article presents a comprehensive analysis of the scientific activities of Ravil Usmanovich Amirkhanov (1946–2006) – Doctor of Historical Sciences and Honored Scientist of the Republic of Tatarstan, whose works significantly influenced the study of the history of Tatar society and the experience of intercultural communication. The research of his scientific heritage allows for a deeper understanding of the evolution of Tatar identity, the mechanisms of national self-consciousness formation, and the specifics of historical and cultural interaction. The scientific works of R.U. Amirkhanov cover a wide range of research areas and represent a significant contribution to the development of historical science, cultural studies, and sociology. Among the key aspects of his scientific activity, the following can be highlighted: 1. History of the Tatar periodical press, where R.U. Amirkhanov analyzes the evolution of printed publications as an important instrument for shaping public opinion and transmitting cultural values; 2. National liberation movement and public ideas of the Tatar people, within which he examines the ideology and strategy of the struggle for national self-determination, as well as analyzes the influence of enlightenment and reformist movements on the transformation of Tatar society; 3. Problems of cultural dialogue and interethnic interaction, where particular attention is paid to the study of mechanisms for the coexistence of various ethnic groups and cultures in a polyethnic space; 4. Biographical method as a tool of historical analysis, which the scholar uses to study the life and activities of prominent figures in Tatar history, such as Rizaeddin Fakhreddin and Ahmed-Zaki Validi. The research of R.U. Amirkhanov has enriched the historiography and cultural studies of the region, contributed to the popularization of historical knowledge, and made a significant contribution to the study of problems of national self-determination and intercultural interaction. The scientific biography of R.U. Amirkhanov demonstrates the consistent development of his professional competencies. The scientific heritage of the scholar maintains its relevance and significance in the modern scientific community. For citation: Tukhvatulin A.Kh. Scientific Heritage of Ravil Usmanovich Amirkhanov: Contribution to the Study of Tatar National Identity and Intercultural Interaction (Dedicated to the 80th Anniversary of his Birth). From History and Culture of Peoples of the Middle Volga Region. 2026, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 167–178. https://doi.org/10.22378/2410-0765.2026-16-1.167-178 (In Russian)

This review is dedicated to the analysis of a new fundamental monograph by Doctor of Historical Sciences A.M. Dubovikov. The book titled “Pre-Revolutionary Literature about the Role of the Ural Cossacks in the Annexation of Central Asia” is the fruit of his long-term scientific research on the participation of the Ural Cossacks in military campaigns to Central Asia in the 17th–19th centuries and the interpretation of these events in pre-revolutionary literature. The author thoroughly approaches their analysis, compares numerous accounts of contemporaries, and documentary facts on military campaigns in which the Ural (formerly Yaik) Cossacks took direct part, thus building an objective historical picture of the subject under study. The events considered by the author related to the participation of the Ural (Yaik) Cossacks are as follows: the raid of the Yaik Cossacks on Urgench led by Ataman Nechai in 1603, the Khiva campaign of 1717 led by Prince A. Bekovich-Cherkasskiy, expeditions to the “Kirghiz” (Kazakh) steppe for reconnaissance and equipping strongpoints there for further advancement south and laying routes for future expeditions to Central Asia in the 1st half of the 19th century, Central Asian military campaigns of the 2nd half of the 19th century, including the Akhal-Teke expedition of 1880–1881. This research on the participation of the Ural Cossacks in military campaigns to Central Asia in the 17th–19th centuries makes A.M. Dubovikov one of the leading specialists in the history of the Russian Cossacks. The author emphasizes the multinational composition of the Ural Cossacks, noting that never in history have there been conflicts on interethnic or interconfessional grounds within the military units of the Ural Cossack Host. The book by A.M. Dubovikov may be of interest to both professional historians, local historians, and ethnographers, as well as a wide range of readers interested in the history of the Cossacks and the military history of Russia. For citation: Nasyrov K.Z. Book review: Dubovikov A.M. Pre-Revolutionary Literature about the Role of the Ural Cossacks in the Annexation of Central Asia (Kazan, 2025). From History and Culture of Peoples of the Middle Volga Region. 2026, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 159–166. https://doi.org/10.22378/2410-0765.2026-16-1.159-166 (In Russian)

in East Central Europe, written by European and American authors. The publication of the basis of the analyzed book, which is a collection of articles in Czech and Polish, took place back in 2020.The reviewed edition includes a translation of these articles into English and additional chapters on Romanian, Hungarian and Yugoslav historiography. This situation is not new for the series in which the book is published. The translation into English of articles by non-native speakers did not affect the content, except for some subtleties that received critical feedback. The authors examine the situation in Polish, Czech, Hungarian, Romanian and Yugoslav historiographies, the following characteristic features of the development of historical science in each country in the 1950s-1960s: the Soviet influence (assessed negatively), the introduction of Marxist methodology into historical research, which led to a limitation of scientific potential in research and the development of previously unexplored issues (such as social history, etc). In the 1970s and 1980s, historians of East-Central Europe felt more free, and were often able to criticize the works of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels and go beyond the framework of Marxist methodology. Finally, the authors of this article examine the case of a chapter on Soviet historiography written by a researcher from outside the CIS, concluding that this is a reasonable approach for this publication. The work also notes the prospects for further research of East-Central European countries in the second half of the 20th century, proposing to take into account the context of the historical science development in the Soviet Union.

This article examines the deep entanglement of Amazonian artifacts housed in European museums, colonial science, and Indigenous cosmologies. By situating specific collection- and curation processes within their historical contexts, it reveals how scientific practices were intricately tied to colonial expansion, functioning as tools to legitimize and sustain European hegemony. Analysis of Amerindian masks and botanical specimens from the Amazon Basin – two distinct yet interrelated sets of Amazonian artifacts currently held in European institutions – highlights how colonial extractive practices, often reliant on Indigenous slave labor, and geopolitical dynamics shaped the acquisition, interpretation, and display of Indigenous materials. The article also critiques how European scholars and political regimes have treated regions such as the Amazon and Africa as interchangeable, enforcing a reductive, hierarchical view of non-European cultures and reducing the diversity of Indigenous societies to objects of control and categorization. By interweaving insights and critiques by Indigenous and Amazonian intellectuals, particularly Yanomami shaman Davi Kopenawa, and drawing on cosmologies of the Rio Negro region, in the Amazon, this study calls for a fundamental reassessment of knowledge-production frameworks shaped by colonialism and scientific exploration. It underscores the inadequacies of Eurocentric approaches and advocates for the transformative potential of Indigenous epistemologies – not as peripheral perspectives, but as foundational contributions that challenge, reshape, and enrich global histories of science.

ABSTRACT Postcolonial studies have extensively examined how colonial networks have shaped the past and present societal structures. While much attention has been given to European powers’ exploitation of overseas territories, this article contributes to the ongoing discussion of colonial entanglements within European settings by analysing Austria-Hungary’s occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (1878–1918). This study investigates how Bosnia and Herzegovina was framed within Austria-Hungary’s narrative, particularly through the role of archaeological and anthropological sciences in shaping knowledge production. It examines the scientific and institutional networks that shaped Austrian perceptions of Bosnia and Herzegovina, focusing on the activities of physical anthropologist Felix von Luschan and archaeologist Moriz Hoernes. Following their military service in Bosnia and Herzegovina, special emphasis is placed on the agency of these human remains and how their collection influenced both contemporary scientific discourse and the researchers’ later careers. By analysing the methods and motivations behind the excavations conducted, this article explores parallels between Austria-Hungary’s engagement in Bosnia and Herzegovina and more overtly colonial contexts while ultimately arguing that the scientific activities were more opportunistic than systematically colonial. Nevertheless, it highlights the need to decolonize European scientific histories and critically assess the ethical legacies of knowledge production shaped by imperial structures.

At this time, the issue of interdisciplinarity is being investigated in almost all sciences, both natural and social-humanities. The study of a subject from the perspective of different sciences has become relevant as science and technology have developed. Interdisciplinary research in historical science was first proposed by the Annales school in the 1960s. Since then, the issue of interdisciplinarity has undergone dramatic change and has brought changes to the research. Interdisciplinarity is a characteristic feature of postnonclassical science, i.e. the modern stage of science formation. Consequently, works on interdisciplinary research in different fields of science are increasing, which makes the issue of studying the essence and methodology of interdisciplinarity relevant. The field of historical research is vast, so one of the leaders of interdisciplinary research is history. The establishment of links between historical science and natural, social and humanities sciences is increasingly intensified and becomes necessary in many studies. The article discusses the emergence of interdisciplinarity, the definition of the object and subject of interdisciplinary research, the search for its methodology, as well as its application in historical cognition, the relationship of history with other sciences. Also the question of the possibility of using the synthesis of knowledge of different sciences in research.

This article examines historical memory as a key resource in shaping national identity and state legitimacy, focusing on the continuity between the Kazakhs and the Ulus of Jochi (Golden Horde). The theoretical section shows that collective memory is closely connected with nation, nationalism, and identity. Drawing on the works of E. Smith, A. Assmann, and social psychology, memory is defined as a “mnemonic resource” that strengthens group solidarity, values, and norms, while also carrying the potential for conflict in cases of competing interpretations of the past. The article then reviews the historiography of Kazakh–Golden Horde continuity. Pre-revolutionary scholarship largely recognized a direct historical and ethnocultural link between the Kazakhs and the Horde. In the early Soviet period, scholars sought to interpret Kazakh ethnogenesis within the context of the uluses of Jochi and Chagatai; however, from the 1930s–1940s this approach was labeled “nationalist” and removed from official historiography. Soviet historical science subsequently denied a direct Kazakh–Golden Horde connection, asserting the White Horde as the sole predecessor of the Kazakh Khanate. Special attention is given to contemporary memory politics, in which the Ulus of Jochi is presented not as an object of ethnic “privatization” but as a shared heritage of the Turkic peoples, with Kazakhstan as a key historical space. This approach emphasizes a civilizational perspective, rejects the instrumentalization of “historical traumas,” and promotes an integrative model of historical knowledge. The conclusion formulates the main elements of the contemporary interpretation: the formation of Kazakh ethnicity and culture within the Ulus of Jochi, recognition of the Golden Horde as the apex of Great Steppe statehood, its decisive impact on Central Eurasian political, cultural, and linguistic processes, and acknowledgment of the Kazakhs and other Turkic peoples as its joint heirs.

Abstract This presidential address discusses the developing body of research on the quality and idiosyncrasies of historical data, focusing in particular on historical census microdata. I argue that greater attention to source criticism as a genuine subfield of social science history is essential for four reasons: to fully benefit from the expansion of big historical data, to imagine new ways to analyze historical data beyond the intentions of creators, to share insights with a wider range of scholars, and to contribute nuanced perspectives on historical data to public debates surrounding the use of these sources. I contend that historians outside social science history are vastly underestimating the creativity that is happening in our field. I also argue that social science historians are underestimating how important our work is to informing public discourse.

ABSTRACT This article addresses the problems of uncertainty of information when conducting research on countries currently at war. During the spring of 2024, we conducted interviews with social sciences researchers from Sweden, Poland, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania studying Ukraine after Russia’s full-scale invasion in 2022. We asked what challenges they experienced during their research, and how they coped with research quality and reliability of sources in their work. Our findings suggest that researchers struggle with geographical and chronological distance to the research subject, cultural knowledge, language barriers, their positionality, and unreliability of sources. Most of these problems are practical in nature, yet they have negative consequences on the quality of analysis of the research. To overcome these uncertainties, the researchers used various coping strategies: lowering expectations, avoiding unreliable information, and reshaping research questions. Nevertheless, researchers reported that unreliable information is often used informally anyway, which is a problem for the quality of results. Although there is no panacea for handling uncertainty of research during wartime, we suggest a possible way to move forward: to apply the method of source criticism from historical sciences to social science research on current conflicts. We adapt historical source criticism methodology to this purpose and present a matrix to guide researchers who study contemporary wars.

For much of the 20th-century, developmental endocrinology was structured around a binary model that positions male differentiation as an active, hormone-driven process and female development as the passive consequence of androgen absence. This framework has profoundly shaped both experimental practice and conceptual understanding in reproductive and developmental biology. Yet, empirical evidence in molecular endocrinology, combined with insights from feminist science studies and the history of science, invites a revitalization of the long-standing critique of the persistence of this model. This review critically re-interrogates the longstanding notion of female sex development as an outcome of mere androgen deprivation. First, through a historical analysis of key experimental systems in 20th-century embryological endocrinology, we trace how this conceptual pattern emerged and became stabilized within the discipline. We show how the methodological privileging of androgenic mechanisms over other hormonal pathways contributed to defining femaleness as absence. Second, drawing on research in developmental and molecular endocrinology, we review the roles of oestrogens and their receptors in mammalian female genital development. Synthesizing these findings, we support a less reductionist model that opens the possibility to more research on oestrogen-dependent female sex differentiation and defines female sex development as an active, regulated process rather than a default state. Finally, we situate the 'absence' model of femaleness within its broader cultural and symbolic contexts. Through a material-semiotic analysis, we demonstrate how scientific concepts of sex are co-constituted with wider social meanings, and how this interplay shapes what is rendered visible or invisible in biological research. Emerging from a multidisciplinary dialogue between biomedicine, the history of science, and feminist science studies, our review highlights how cultural assumptions of gender are embedded within scientific practices of analyzing sex-differences. By integrating reflexive humanities perspectives with empirical biomedical research, we argue for a more accurate and equitable understanding of female development - one that recognizes oestrogenic activity as central to sex differentiation and challenges the reduction of femaleness to hormonal absence. This cross-disciplinary engagement illustrates the transformative potential of re-examining foundational scientific paradigms through collaborative, critical inquiry. Research on how sex develops in mammals was based for a long time on a simple binary model: male development is an active process driven by androgens, while female development happens passively when these hormones are absent. Our article re-challenges this long-standing view by referring to the history of the concept of female sex development as a passive process and reinforcing the critical works already available on its continued persistence. First, we trace how this 'female as absence' model emerged in 20th-century developmental endocrinology. Second, we review empirical evidence showing that oestrogens and their receptors play active roles in shaping female genital development, and we present a model of oestrogen-dependent pathways in this process. Third, we situate the idea of femaleness as absence within its wider cultural and symbolic background, showing how scientific concepts are influenced by historical and social meanings. Bringing together perspectives from biomedicine, the history of science, and feminist science studies, we use a multidisciplinary dialogue to show how gender bias becomes embedded in both research design and clinical interpretation. Recognizing these biases is not only a matter of scientific precision but also of improving health outcomes - for example, in the diagnosis and care of people with differences of sex development or in the advancement of women's health.

Mentoring graduate students and postdoctoral researchers shapes the development of future scientists and, by extension, the progress of science itself. Here we explain how scientific mentoring can be enhanced by incorporating history and philosophy of science (HPS). HPS can provide mentees with a vocabulary for interpreting scientific practice and help to foster creative and innovative biologists through attention to how and why science works. It can also encourage more conscious reflection among mentors on existing biological practices and spur the undertaking of new ones that ultimately contribute to the conceptual rigor and theoretical significance of life science inquiry. We provide concrete advice for experimenting with different strategies of incorporating HPS that range from slight modifications of widely used practices to more nonconventional ideas.

This article examines the Swedish forestry debate on swampification (försumpning) from the turn of the 20th century to the early 1930s, when concerns about declining forest productivity were framed as threats to the state body and the future. Using a biopolitical perspective, it shows how the debate reflected broader societal discourses on risk, degeneration, and national improvement. Imagined dangers and protective measures were part of the same rationality that shaped welfare, hygiene, and population governance. The forest’s swampification was cast as a degenerative process requiring state-led intervention, yet this protection also concealed internal contradictions. Alongside fears of decay, the debate was driven by science and a modernizing optimism that emphasized control, regeneration, and progress. Drawing on the concepts of immunization and fantasy, the article analyzes historical scientific reports, media sources and opinion pieces. The results illustrate how forest management was shaped both by anxieties about disorder and by desires for a better future. This article situates a specific forestry debate within the discursive logics of modernity and societal transformation and thereby connects environmental history, the history of science and ideas, and political theory.

Justification : The Military Medical Museum occupies a special place in the museum community of Russia. Created during the Great Patriotic War, it became a continuation of the traditions of medical museums that previously existed in Russia. A huge role in the creation of the museum, the formation of its funds belongs to the first chief Alexei Nikolaevich Maksimenkov. The long-term management of the museum showed his deep understanding of all aspects of museum work, the ability to use the capabilities of the exposition and funds for scientific, educational, educational purposes. Thanks to A.N. Maksimenkov, the task of studying, systematizing, and scientific description of materials received by the museum funds was successfully solved. With the direct participation of A. N. Maksimenkov, the museum developed medical documents for the work «The Experience of Soviet Medicine during the Great Patriotic War of 1941–1945», which became a great contribution to the history of Soviet medical science. A huge role belongs to A. N. Maksimenkov in the restoration of the estate of N. I. Pirogov in the estate of Cherry and the creation on its basis of a memorial complex of an outstanding surgeon. A.N. Maksimenkov was a co-author and editor of publications on operative surgery and topographic anatomy, many of which were awarded high prizes. A.N. Maksimenkov is a brilliant specialist in the field of operative surgery and topographic anatomy, a talented teacher, methodologist, historian of medicine, who made his unique contribution to the coverage of the life and work of many domestic scientists.

There is no consensus among historians when it comes to the importance of Vincenzo Galilei’s role in the history of music and science, especially when it comes to his contribution to the birth of modern experimentalism. Galilei’s written works, even those left in manuscript form, most of which have now been transcribed and published, do not provide a clear picture of his contribution. Moreover, there is a lack of private documents, such as letters, which informally describe his approach, working hypotheses, and doubts. Nevertheless, his writings enable us to conclude two things with certainty: he believed that reason-mediated experimentation was the only reliable source of knowledge, and he engaged in an intense and interesting experimental activity.

Abstract Scholars have long been aware of the link between migration and technological innovation in the nineteenth to twenty-first centuries, but our understanding of this connection in the early modern period is poor and hampered by presentist preconceptions. This article sets out to launch a new research agenda that puts the agency of migrants back at the centre of the analysis, establishing how this connection worked in practice in the period before Western hegemony. It does so in three steps: analytically, to show how recent advances in the history and philosophy of science demonstrate the logical link between migration, mobility, and innovation; via a typological survey, to show how widespread this connection was across the early modern world; and finally, via a series of microhistorical case studies from different cultural contexts that write migrant agency back into the story. These case studies identify the factors that contributed to the success and failure of the experience of the migrant, and the adaptation and diffusion of their skills and outputs.

The Bibliography contains material on the history of science and technology in the Australasian region.Australia is the main focus, but material is also included which related to New Zealand, New Guinea and islands close to Australia, and Antarctica.Science is interpreted broadly to cover the natural sciences (physics, mathematics, geology, geography, and natural history).Technology (applied sciences) includes medical and health sciences, agriculture and related subjects, and engineering and technology.Human sciences (anthropology and psychology) are also included.Biographical references are of particular importance.The range of sources used in compiling the Bibliography include an extensive number of journals and the digital resources of several of Australia's most comprehensive libraries.