One of the most transformative advances in molecular systematics over the past several decades has been our understanding of how population processes like incomplete lineage sorting (ILS) give rise to phylogenetic discordance. Fossil clades, which are known almost exclusively from morphology, have benefited little from these developments. An emerging body of work has shown how processes related to those that cause discordance at the molecular level can also shape patterns at the phenotypic level. Conflicting signal can arise when phenotypic polymorphisms maintained in an ancestral taxon sort among descendant taxa or persist beyond speciation. Here, I explore how ancestral polymorphisms contribute to the landscape of phylogenetic discordance in Pleistocene Homo and late-Cretaceous Micraster. I found rampant discordance stemming from the sorting and persistence of ancestral polymorphisms in both clades. This suggests that mechanisms related to those that drive gene-tree discordance may also shape morphological patterns. Simulations show that explicitly modelling the processes that give rise to this discordance can dramatically improve reconstructions. Further studying how biological processes like ILS generate discordance in phenotypic characters and incorporating them into phylogenetic models can improve tree reconstruction and generate novel biological insights in fossil clades.

Recent methodological development in phylogenetic inference has focused predominantly on molecular data. However, renewed interest in other data types, particularly morphological data, has followed from the increased recognition of the power of total evidence and tip-dating approaches, including fossil data, for inference of time-scaled trees and rates of evolution. However, attention has largely focused on the improvement of models of morphological evolution and other analytical tools with much less discussion about data acquisition itself. Here we review past and current practice for describing and collecting morphological data for phylogenetic inference. We present a systematic review of 164 phylogenetic analyses conducted over the last 35 years and focused on a diverse group of extinct arthropods: trilobites. Trends in increasing matrix size, data type, and coding strategy are evident. Where present, polymorphic characters have been predominantly derived from discretized continuous characters, although increasingly practitioners are utilizing alternative approaches for the treatment of quantitative characters. Not surprisingly, traditional indices that describe character consistency are highly correlated with matrix size but show surprising variation at different taxonomic scales. More recent attempts to describe data quality using information theory imply that characters can have high information content even if data are missing for many tips, providing support against the exclusion of characters because of missing data. In consideration of this, as well as advances in the study of developmental biology and variational complexity, we identify several avenues for increasing the quality and quantity of morphological data going forward.

The practical utility of many modern phylogenetic comparative methods can depend on how accurately mathematical models capture the evolutionary process of traits. Boucher and Démery (2016) described a new quantitative trait model, Brownian motion with reflective limits, that they anticipated might be of use in testing hypotheses about a particular sort of constraint on phenotypic character evolution. Since their analytic solution for the probability function under this bounded evolutionary scenario was not practical to evaluate for reasonably-sized trees, Boucher and Démery (2016) also identified a creative technique for computing the likelihood of their model. The basis of this methodology derives from the convergence of an equal-rates, symmetric, ordered Markov chain and continuous stochastic diffusion in the limit as the number of steps in our chain goes to (or, alternatively, as their widths decrease towards zero). We refer to this convergence in the limit as the discretized diffusion approximation or (more compactly) the discrete approximation. We realized that this discrete approximation of Boucher and Démery (2016) unlocked a number of additional models for the phylogenetic comparative analysis of discrete and continuous trait data, and we explore several of these in the present article. Specifically, we examine application of this discretized diffusion approximation to the threshold model from evolutionary quantitative genetics, to a new “semi-threshold” trait evolution model, to a joint model of discrete and continuous traits in which the discrete trait influences the rate of evolution of our continuous character, as well as a model where precisely the converse is true, and to a discrete character dependent multi-trend trended continuous trait evolution model. We conclude with some context for the origins of our article and discussion of other possible applications of this powerful approach.

The analysis of autosomal short tandem repeat markers (STRs) using capillary electrophoresis (CE) technology remains the dominant method for forensic investigations globally. However, next-generation sequencing technologies are increasingly being adopted as they enable simultaneous amplification of both STR and SNP (single-nucleotide polymorphisms) loci in large panels, amongst other benefits. Unlike STRs, which are highly variable or polymorphic, the majority of SNPs are biallelic, meaning there are only two allelic variants. A single SNP marker on its own is unlikely to provide as much evidentiary value as a single STR marker. However, the interpretation of SNP markers from mixed DNA evidence is computationally simpler than that of STR markers because they do not produce stutter artefacts and, being biallelic, there are fewer possible genotype combinations. SNPs are increasingly recognised as valuable markers, complementary to STRs, and have been proven to be useful for applications including kinship analyses, informing ancestry, providing phenotypic characters for investigative leads, or forensic investigative genetic genealogy. The most common approach for the interpretation of autosomal STR (aSTR) profiles developed using CE technology within the US, UK, and Australasia is now based on probabilistic genotyping methods. Some of these published and tested models have been applied to aSTR profiles developed using NGS technologies and in this paper, we investigate the application of one such model (STRmix™ NGS) to the interpretation of mixed SNP profiles. Comparisons of likelihood ratios (LRs) assigned to donors and non-donors show expected trends in single-source profiles. However, in more complex mixtures, the system's ability to differentiate between true and false donors diminishes quickly. This is consistent with theoretical limitations for biallelic markers. While this study is limited to the 94 iiSNPs (identity informative SNPs) included in the ForenSeq kit, the findings suggest that simple SNP profiles can be interpreted within the existing STRmix™ NGS framework. This provides another potential tool for SNP profile analysis and lays the foundation for future joint interpretation of STR and SNP markers, or assays with more SNP markers.

In Jharkhand, indigenous poultry farming, also known as backyard poultry, is a widespread and culturally significant practice, particularly among the rural and tribal populations. The present study was conducted to survey, evaluate the performance under village and farm management conditions and molecular characterization of Khukhri chickens of Chotanagpur plateau of Jharkhand. The survey was conducted on 270 households and 540 native chickens. The phenotypic characters of native chickens studied showed the mix type predominant plumage colour. The overall shank colour was predominantly yellow (85.56%) followed by slaty-black. All the chickens (100%) had red earlobe, white skin and red comb.Adult body weight were observed to be 1552.18±27.46 and 1182.04±14.30 kg, however shank length (cm) were observed to be 9.85±0.08 and 8.73±0.05 for cock and hen, respectively. Twenty blood samples were collected in group 1 and 30 from Ranchi district in group 2. Twenty primers were screened, out of which 16 generated polymorphic amplification patterns. RAPD-PCR analysis generated a total of 172 bands, 168 of them were polymorphic. It was observed that primer OPA-16 amplified maximum number (16) of polymorphic bands and PBG-5 amplified lowest number (5) of polymorphic bands. Among the 16 primers used, three-fourth (75%) were highly polymorphic. The average number of amplified bands per primer ranged from 2.2 to 7.46 and the size of the amplified bands varied between 100 to 3000 base pairs. The mean value of Nei’s gene diversity and Shannon’s information index was 0.28±0.01 and 0.43±0.01 in group 1 and 0.29±0.01 and 0.44±0.01 165 in group 2 respectively.

Abstract Micarea is a crustose cosmopolitan lichen genus that belongs to the euascomycete class Lecanoromycetes. Recent molecular phylogenies on the genus based on one to three loci have mostly focused on Micarea s.str., including the type species M . prasina , and suggested that Micarea s.l. is paraphyletic. The remainder of the genus remains more poorly studied, and infrageneric delimitations and the phylogenetic position of many taxa are still insufficiently known. The aim of this study is to generate, for the first time, a multilocus phylogeny for Micarea that includes all the main lineages in order to assess phylogenetic relationships in the genus. We specifically examine whether Micarea is monophyletic and whether a broader sampling and the addition of further gene regions can increase the resolution and support in the backbone, and result in a more resolved and better‐supported phylogeny of Micarea as a whole. The phylogeny of Micarea was reconstructed using five loci (mtSSU rDNA, Mcm7 , nuITS rDNA, RPB1 , RPB2 ) from a worldwide sample of 314 Micarea specimens representing 102 species. 970 new sequences were produced for this study, including molecular data from 18 previously unsequenced species. In the combined analyses, Micarea s.l. is resolved as a monophyletic group if Fellhaneropsis and Szczawinskia are included, and consists of several strongly supported clades. Furthermore, Micareopsis is included in Micarea based on the separate phylogeny of the Mcm7 dataset. We discuss different alternatives to classify the clades and consider the mesogeneric approach as the currently most reasonable taxonomic solution, i.e., to treat the clade containing M. crassipes and relatives, the sister clade to the rest of Micarea , as a separate genus under the name Helocarpon , and to include the remaining clades in the genus Micarea . We reduce Szczawinskia to synonymy with Micarea but conclude that more data are needed to resolve the status of Fellhaneropsis and Micareopsis . Despite morphological and chemical variation, the infrageneric clades can often be characterized by a combination of several phenotypic characters, including thallus structure, ascospore and conidial morphology, and the occurrence of different pigments and secondary substances. Some of the characters are exclusive (such as the secondary substances methoxymicareic acid, prasinic acid, and micareic acid) or almost so (goniocyst thallus structure) for the core group of the genus, i.e., the M . prasina clade. Our study shows that the genus contains as yet undescribed diversity. Four lineages are described as new species: Micarea arthonioides , M. athromelaena , M. lignosorediata and M. regalis .

Phenotypic characters have long been central to species diagnosis and remain indispensable even in the age of genomics. However, phenotypic datasets are often complex-spanning dozens of traits of varying types and units, with correlated variables and unbalanced sampling-posing challenges for robust, reproducible analysis. Existing software solutions are fragmented, usually requiring labor-intensive workflows across multiple tools and manual steps, which undermines reproducibility and hinders comparisons across studies. To address these methodological and practical challenges, I introduce Orangutan, an R package designed to provide a reproducible, easy-to-implement framework for comparing groups using mensural and meristic data. Orangutan integrates statistical analysis and visualization for species diagnosis and population comparisons within a single workflow. The package streamlines the identification of diagnostic, nonoverlapping traits between species, while enabling rigorous assessment of both individual and multivariate trait differences in overlapping traits. Core features include optional allometric correction to remove size effects, optional outlier removal, automated selection of appropriate univariate tests with post hoc comparisons, and integrated multivariate analyses. All outputs, including tables and publication-ready figures, are generated with minimal coding, ensuring accessibility and standardization. Empirical validation with real-world datasets-including animal and plant species-demonstrates that Orangutan robustly identifies diagnostic traits, reveals both subtle and clear group differences, and achieves high classification accuracy with phenotypic data alone. By automating and unifying key analytical steps, Orangutan promotes reproducibility, transparency, and efficiency in phenotypic research. This package could empower researchers in taxonomy, ecology, and evolutionary biology to adopt quantitative good practices for species diagnoses, facilitating comparative studies and advancing methodological standards in morphological data analysis. Orangutan is freely available as open-source software with comprehensive documentation to facilitate broad adoption.

The Cladia aggregata group of lichen-forming fungi comprises multiple species that are difficult to differentiate based on phenotypic characters. It has a wide distribution across several continents, but is most diverse in Australasia. We aimed to delimit the species complex further, investigate the relatedness of the lineages, and examine their distributional ranges and phenotypic traits. We used Restriction Site Associated DNA Sequencing (RAD-seq) to compare thousands of loci across 91 individuals from the Americas, Asia, and Australasia. All Asian samples formed a distinct, monophyletic clade in all phylogenetic trees, while the American samples divided into two clades, one comprising South American samples and another comprising Caribbean samples, with the latter representing C. aggregata sensu stricto, as the type specimen was collected in Jamaica. Further population-genomic analyses support the conclusion that the Asian samples are genetically distinct and are here described as a new species. The new species, Cladia asiatica, accommodates the Asian samples previously included in C. aggregata. Our analysis highlights the potential of next-generation sequencing to reveal hidden diversity and resolve the phylogeny of this species complex and lichen-forming fungi in general.

IntroductionBrucella abortus poses a serious zoonotic threat in China, however its genomic epidemiology in Zhejiang Province remains largely uncharacterized. This study addresses this knowledge gap by conducting the first integrated genomic analysis of seven B. abortus isolates obtained from patients and cows in the region.MethodsThe phenotypic, genotypic, and phylogenomic characters of the isolates were illustrated by BCSP-31 and AMOS-PCR, MLST, ANI, cgSNP, and Pan-Genome analysis.ResultsAll seven isolates were identified as B. abortus via AMOS-PCR and belonged to a single sequence type (ST2) based on MLST, a classification further corroborated by an average nucleotide identity (ANI) of 99.99% to the reference strain B. abortus 544. Pan-genome analysis disclosed a highly conserved genome comprising 3,084 core genes and a minimal accessory genome of only 10 shell genes, alongside the prediction of 68 virulence-associated factors and one AMR gene, mprF. Core genome SNP phylogeny indicated that the Zhejiang strains form a monophyletic cluster with Russian references and trifurcate into three distinct subclades. Each subclade demonstrates specific phylogenetic connections to strains from separate northern Chinese provinces.DiscussionAs the first study to integrate phenotypic, genotypic, and phylogenomic data for B. abortus in this region, our work substantially expands the understanding of its local population structure and provides a critical evidence base for proactive genomic surveillance, thereby informing targeted public health interventions against brucellosis.

Patterns of Correlations among Phenotypic Characters in the Individual and Historical Development of Barbs of the Barbus (=Labeobarbus) intermedius Complex in Lake Tana, Ethiopia

Abstract The anatomical study focused on stem and leaf structures including epidermal features and transverse sections. The stems and leaves of the studied plants: Thickness of the epidermis(mm), cortex(mm), vascular bundles(mm), xylem(mm) and phloem(mm). The present study dealt with the study of wild species of the Brassicaceae family and included (6) species belonging to several genera except for the species Diplotaxis harra and Diplotaxis erucoides belonging to the genus Diplotaxis L in northern Iraq. The study of wind finishing focused on the finishing structures of the leaves, including epidermis, cross-sections, thickness of epidermis, cortex, vascular bundles, bark, xylem, upper and lower epidermis of leaves, meristem, spongy layer, and vascular bundles, all measured in micrometers, and number of vascular bundles. The epidermis thickness was highest in Diplotaxis harra , while Diplotaxis erucoides had the highest cortex thickness. Regarding the vascular conductivity, Diplotaxis harra was higher than Calepina regularis , and mango of the studied species. As for the xylem thickness, Diplotaxis erucoides recorded the highest value for the rest of the studied species. Regarding the bark, Diplotaxis harra recorded the highest value for the rest of the studied species, but for some vascular bundles, the highest value was for Diplotaxis erucoides . In terms of leaf cross-sections, the highest average thickness of the upper epidermis was found in Diplotaxis erucoides . As for the thickness of the lower epidermis, it was higher in Diplotaxis erucoides than in Rapistrum rugosum . In Calepina irregularis , there is no palisade layer, while Rapistrum rugosum had the highest average thickness of the palisade layer. In terms of the number of layers, Thlaspi perfoliatum had the fewest layers among the studied species. As for the spongy layer, Calepina irregularis had the highest average among the studied species, while Thlaspi perfoliatum had the lowest average. As for the vascular bundles, Thlaspi perfoliatum had the lowest average thickness, while Rapistrum rugosum had the highest average thickness among the studied species. In terms of the number of bundles, the species Diplotaxis harra had the highest rate, while the lowest rate was found in Thlaspi perfoliatum and Calepina irregularis .. Anatomical characters have been shown to be as important as phenotypic characters in isolating and identifying the Thlaspi perfoliatum, Calepina irregularis, Diplotaxis erucoides, Diplotaxis harra, Rapistrum rugosum .

ABSTRACTMale alternative reproductive tactics are taxonomically widespread, with many species showing males with distinctly different phenotypic characters such as body size or weaponry. Several mechanisms can drive the expression of these male morphs, including genetic polymorphism or environmental interactions during development. In insects, multiple male morphs are common in several orders, including Coleoptera, Odonata, and Hymenoptera, but are rare in Orthoptera. This study establishes the presence of two male phenotypic morphs in the bush cricket Satizabalus jorgevargasi, a species in which the males display mandibular weaponry, and tests the effects of diet on the expression of male dimorphic characters. Male nymphs were raised under standard conditions until adulthood, whereupon morphological measurements were taken. Males raised under standard conditions showed two male phenotypes on the basis of head size and body colouration—a major morph with larger heads and more colouration, and a smaller and duller minor morph. A second group of male nymphs were housed individually and fed either a high‐protein diet or a high‐carbohydrate diet. Body weight and pronotum length were measured on a weekly basis as the nymphs developed, and once the males had matured, morphological and bioacoustic characters were measured. Diet had a significant impact on these male dimorphic characters, with protein‐fed males having significantly larger heads and mandibles. Additionally, males reared on the high‐protein diet had significantly more regions with colour when compared to carbohydrate‐fed males. Our data parallel that seen in other invertebrate groups, where higher levels of protein during maturation are key to the production of larger male morphs.

A study was conducted to assess the genetic diversity of fifteen long melon genotypes collected from different parts of India, which were examined for variation in seventeen phenotypic characters during 2024-2025. Twelve characters such as predominant fruit skin colour, flesh colour, taste, fruit size, skin texture, ovary shape, seed weight, fruit ribbing, blossom end shape, placenta colour, fruit length width ratio and fruit hairiness were polymorphic, while the remaining traits were monomorphic. The variation observed among polymorphic traits indicates differing levels of morphological differentiation, with fruit length width ratio and fruit size showing the highest diversity. Overall, the diversity patterns underline the importance for trait based selection and provide valuable guidance for long melon germplasm improvement and breeding programmes.

Intraspecific phenotypic variation provides the basic substrate upon which the evolutionary processes that give rise to morphological innovation, such as adaptation, operate. Work in living clades has shown standing population-level variation fuels ecological speciation and gives rise to adaptive radiations. Despite its importance in evolutionary biology, the role of intraspecific variation in shaping phylogenetic and macroevolutionary patterns and processes has remained underexplored. I introduce a model of morphological evolution that accommodates polymorphism. The model describes the stochastic gain and loss of phenotypic character states within taxa, i.e., anagenesis, and the sorting of ancestral polymorphic variation during speciation, i.e., cladogenesis. I explore the behavior of the model using simulations, then deploy it to reconstruct evolutionary relationships between the highly variable species belonging to the Cretaceous echinoid genus Micraster. The analysis revealed strong statistical support for several contentious relationships. The clade depicts a pattern where morphological variation accumulates within a small number of ancestral lineages and then is sorted into descendants without being fully replenished by anagenetic gains. This disproportionate maintenance of variation within early taxa and loss among later taxa could provide a link between the population processes that maintain intraspecific variation and the radiation and decline of clades.

Comparative genome analysis of the Sphaerotilus-Leptothrix group supports the unification of the genera Sphaerotilus and Leptothrix into a single emended genus Sphaerotilus.

E. coli is an important source of β-lactam resistance. Extended Spectrum β-Lactamase (ESBL) producing E. coli and their phylogenetic transmission are an important problem for health. On the other hand, MALDI-TOF MS allows sensitive and specific applications in food safety and many clinical studies, and it is also a method approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for microbial identification. We thought that the protein phenotypic character of the bacteria might provide data on resistance. This study aims to investigate β-lactamases in E. coli and to examine the differences in protein properties of ESBL-producing bacteria. In the present study that is the first report for Duzce (Türkiye), 28.6% of 122 isolates were identified as Chicken Faeces E. coli (CFEC)-ESBL. blaCTX−M, blaCTX−M−1, blaCTX−M−15, blaSHV, blaTEM, blaOXA−10,blaCIT and blaMOX genes were determined with PCR and blaCTX−M gene was detected with the highest rate (88.5%). At least one of the resistance genes was detected in the phenotype screening tests, except one of the isolates (CFEC-ESBL-90). On the other hand, CFEC-ESBL-38 contained blaCTX−M−15 and the fact that this isolate was the only atypical ESBL strain with indole (−) and lac (−) characteristics among all isolates explains the highest variance (41%). It was also different from other Principle Component Analysis (PCA) components. Moreover, this isolate had a high degree of similarity (87%; CCI) with the other isolate (CFEC-ESBL-90), which had low similarity to CFEC-ESBLs. The study determined the differences and similarities between E. coli isolates with all PCA analyses. Our findings indicate that the ESBL group generally differed from susceptible strains, and the isolates had some heterogeneities and homogeneities. As a result, phyloproteomic analyses with MALDI-TOF MS are considered beneficial in characterising phenotypic bacterial behaviour. Despite that, there were some limitations in the study that need to be solved with further research.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1038/s41598-025-14114-9.

Success of any crop improvement programme always needs better knowledge about the genetic variation, which is available in the existing plant genetic resources or germplasms for different traits, their inheritance pattern and relationship with yield and the level of genetic diversity. True breeders always make use of the genetic diversity available in the existing germplasms. Available genetic variations among the existing germplasms supports the breeder’s decision on the selection of parental genotypes and in addition to this, it is also helpful to widen the genetic basis of a crop breeding programme. Conventionally Lablab cultivars have been identified based on phenotypic or morphological characters, which requires the establishment and maintenance of the crop plants till it matures. Though great advances in genomic technology observed in majority of the crop species, the molecular tools availability in Lablab is very scanty. A well saturated molecular map I not available till today and even trait specific markers are not identified in Lablab purpureus L. Sweet. Crop breeding programme through marker assisted selection always demands a well saturated genetic map. Assessment of genetic diversity using DNA markers is one of the key tools of crop improvement and germplasm conservation.

Growth promotion and salinity stress-attenuation ability of the metabolites secreted by plant growth promoting, halotolerant Arthrobacter sp. NIMD28 (LC189176) was evaluated on germination, establishment, and development of wheat. The isolate produced diverse types of biomolecules in varying concentrations. Metabolites produced by the isolate also showed presence of phenolic compounds with significant non-enzymatic antioxidant activity. The gnotobiotic seed germination experiment revealed interesting results, where despite of the halotolerant nature, the isolate seems lagged in the plant growth promotion (PGP) over the in vitro induced metabolites of its own in terms of the phenotypic, biochemical and enzymatic characters. The Pearson’s correlation coefficient and hierarchical clustering analyses also endorsed the performance of metabolites under saline conditions. The results strongly endorse needful initiatives towards keen optimization of the dose-response of the metabolites at larger scale, to develop next generation, sustainable bio-inoculants for abiotically stressed habitats.

Aim. To study the associations between IgA and IgG autoan tibodies against estradiol and progesterone (IgA1-E2 and IgA1 Pg; IgG1-E2 and IgG1-Pg) and the corresponding anti-idiotyp ic IgG autoantibodies (IgG2-E2 and IgG2-Pg) with tumor Ki-67 expression in breast cancer patients. Materials and Methods. Idiotypic and anti-idiotypic antibodies specific to steroid hor mones were studied in the sera of 1,115 postmenopausal women with breast cancer (stage I: 525 patients, stages II–IV: 590 pa tients) prior to treatment by enzyme-linked immunosorbent as say. Tumor Ki-67 expression was determined by an immunohis tochemical staining. Associations were analyzed using CART (Classification and Regression Tree) analysis. Results. Among patients with stage II–IV breast cancer, six groups with distinct individual combinations of antibody levels (immunological phe notypes) were identified, each associated with Ki-67 expression in tumors. High levels of Ki-67-positive cells in tumors (> 20 %) were found in: 1) 53.3 % patients with IgG2-Pg ≤ 1.9+ IgA1-Pg ≤ 2.2 + IgG2-E2 ≤ 4.1; 2) 85,0 % patients with IgG2-Pg ≤ 1.9 + IgA1-Pg ≤ 2.2 + IgG2-E2 > 4.1 (p = 0.011 vs 1 group); 3) 87.2 % patients with IgG2-Pg ≤ 1.9 + IgA1-Pg > 2.2; 4) 82.7 % patients with IgG2-Pg > 1.9 + IgA1-Pg < 0.7; 5) 58.5 % patients with IgG2-Pg = 1,9–4,1 + IgA1-Pg > 0,7 (p = 0.012 vs 4 group); 6) 39.7 % patients with IgG2-Pg > 4.1 + IgA1-Pg > 0.7 (p = 0.008 vs 5 group). An increased proportion of patients with Ki-67 > 20 % at stages II–IV compared with stage I (p < 0.001) was ob served in groups 2, 3, 4, and 5. Suppression of tumor cell prolif eration was seen in groups 1 and 6. Conclusion. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay measurements of IgG2-Pg, IgA1-Pg, and IgG1-E2 may be useful for predicting tumor proliferative activ ity in stage I breast cancer patients during further disease pro gression.

Salinity is one of the most detrimental environmental factors that limits the growth and productivity of crops. Ascorbic acid (AsA) is a vital antioxidant of plants, which prevents the oxidative damage caused by salinity and improves plant growth performance. A semi-controlled experiment was conducted to evaluate the impact of salt stress (150 and 300 mM NaCl; S1 and S2, respectively) and AsA (250 and 500 μΜ; AsA1 and AsA2, respectively) on the seedling growth, physiological attributes, and yield of proso millet. The present study revealed that the salinity hampered the physiological processes and resulted in the reduction in yield attributes, while the application of AsA in salt-stressed plants improved the plant height, fresh and dry weight, leaf relative water content (RWC) and SPAD value, as well as yield contributing attributes. Foliar applications AsA at 10 days intervals for two times reported with enhanced plant parameters. Furthermore, the highest plant growth and yield attributes were observed while plants were sprayed with 500 μΜ AsA under salt stress. This study indicated that the exogenous addition of AsA can be a useful strategy to promote plant phenotypic characters and yield contributing characters of proso millet cultivated under saline regimes. Bangladesh Agron. J. 2024, 27(1): 40-47