A unified deep learning framework for curing kinetics: surpassing phenomenological models in accuracy and generalizability

Substance-induced psychoses (SIP) may offer a useful vantage point for exploring mechanisms underlying psychotic disorders and for examining the phenomenological specificities of schizophrenia. Clinical observations suggest that a clinically relevant subset of patients does not fully recover after an episode of substance-induced psychosis, raising the hypothesis of more persistent psychotic trajectories that may differ from both acute SIP and primary psychotic disorders (PPD). In this context, the proposal of Substance-Related Exogenous Psychosis (SREP) situates exogenous psychoses as conditions related to, yet not fully overlapping with, schizophrenia. Drawing on the tradition of classical psychopathology, from Bonhoeffer’s exogenous model to the concept of lysergic psychoma, and integrating it with recent research on self-disorders, the hypothesis emerges that substance-induced psychoses may function as heuristic phenomenological models useful for exploring the genesis of psychotic phenomena. Examination of ipseity through the EASE interview suggest similarities between SIP and PPD, but also significant differences: SIP are characterized by more superficial and transient alterations of the self, whereas schizophrenia involves deeper and structurally embedded disturbances. From this perspective, the phenomenological comparison of schizophrenia, SIP, and SREP may help delineate with greater precision which dimensions of self-experience are compromised across these psychotic conditions. This conceptual framework is intended as a hypothesis-generating perspective, which may guide future longitudinal studies integrating phenomenology and substance-related mechanisms to refine the boundaries between acute SIP, persistent SIP/SREP trajectories, and schizophrenia spectrum disorders.

The complexity of modern semiconductor device fabrication has caused the parameter space of plasma process design to balloon to levels, which are untenable to navigate without algorithmic guidance. The degrees of freedom provided by the so-called process knobs alone present a substantial optimization challenge, one which is very costly to approach from a purely experimental perspective. Detailed simulations of plasma processes are often limited by sparse fundamental knowledge of species-surface site interactions, as well as the computational and experimental effort required to elucidate these relationships. Alternatively, phenomenological models can be used to establish guiding principles without the need for large data sets. Here, we describe the use of a genetic algorithm (GA), coupled with elementary plasma etch simulations, to optimize the time-ordering of plasma process steps. The goal of this approach is to provide rapid, intuitive guidance to reduce the size of the search space without the need to obtain or develop dense data sets. Our work demonstrates that GAs are capable of reliably finding solutions that optimize user-specified metrics. For example, continuous wave solutions are produced when a maximum vertical etch rate is desired, while pulsed solutions are produced when metrics such as mask selectivity are considered.

Planar cell polarity represents a fundamental mechanism by which cells within epithelial sheets align their orientation, enabling coordinated tissue morphogenesis and function. Disruption of PCP leads to developmental defects and disease, highlighting the importance of understanding its establishment and maintenance. While experimental studies have identified key protein molecules that drive PCP, mathematical and computational modeling have become indispensable in connecting molecular interactions to tissue-level outcomes. Over the last couple of decades, diverse approaches, such as agent-based models, Cellular Potts frameworks, Petri nets, continuum theories, and phenomenological models, have been developed to capture distinct aspects of PCP dynamics. These frameworks allow systematic exploration of nonlinear feedback, intracellular and intercellular signaling, and the influence of geometry and mechanics, and noise on polarization. This review summarizes these mathematical and computational developments in PCP modeling, emphasizing methodological assumptions, insights gained, and open challenges. By bridging experiment and theory, PCP modeling advances both mechanistic understanding and predictive capacity for tissue-scale organization.

We test whether f(Q) symmetric teleparallel gravity theories can solve the Hubble tension consistently with DESI DR2 BAO. We consider three f(Q) functional forms: logarithmic, exponential, and hyperbolic tangent. We extend these models by allowing a cosmological constant, and compare to phenomenological models with a flexible exponential, hyperbolic secant, and polynomial decay addition to the standard ΛCDM H(z). We test these models against DESI DR2 BAO, CMB (Planck 2018 + SPT-3G + ACT DR6), local H0, and Cosmic Chronometer data. The logarithmic and hyperbolic tangent f(Q) models do not provide an adequate solution, but the exponential model does. Furthermore, it slightly reduces the (Ωm,H0rd) parameter space tension between CMB and BAO datasets to 2.56σ, down from 2.65σ for ΛCDM. Although ΛCDM faces only 1.66σ tension in DESI data space, the 1σ higher tension in parameter space suggests a real anomaly. The models assisted by the cosmological constant perform slightly better still, at the cost of undermined theoretical motivation. They also perform poorly once local H0 measurements are included. The phenomenological models fit all data reasonably well, yet the best-fitting models predict isotropically averaged BAO distances exceeding the DESI DR2 measurements at all redshifts. This highlights the difficulties of finding a theoretically motivated solution to the Hubble tension while remaining consistent with BAO data.

Abstract We investigate experimentally the single-particle motion in water of silica colloidal beads half-coated with carbon under the action of a converging laser beam. The beads are self-propelled in this medium by means of self-thermophoresis resulting from local heating as a result of light absorption by their carbon cap. Within a certain laser power range, we find that these particles exhibit a quasi-two-dimensional active motion near a solid surface with stochastic rotational reversals when propelling themselves away from the region of maximum intensity, which leads to a stable trapping with oscillatory-like behavior inside the illuminated region. The orientation autocorrelation function of this type of confined active motion displays damped oscillations whose characteristic frequency increases with increasing propulsion speed, thus resulting in four regimes of translational motion depending on the observation timescale: thermal diffusion, ballistic motion, oscillatory behavior, and confinement. Our experimental findings are well described by a minimal phenomenological model that includes the nonlinear effect of a torque that reorients the particle toward the center of the optical confinement, which in combination with rotational diffusion gives rise to the observed orientational changes that allow their oscillatory trapping inside the light field. We also show that a similar active trapping mechanism emerges in the case of Janus colloidal rods, even though the periodicity is hindered by their three-dimensional rotation in the laser beam.

Auger photoelectron coincidence spectroscopy (APECS) has emerged as a powerful tool for probing electron-electron correlation in solids. When a photoexcited core hole decays via a core-valence-valence (CVV) Auger transition, two valence holes are created in the final state. Consequently, the line shape of the Auger electron spectrum is influenced by both Coulomb and exchange interactions between the two holes. By simultaneously detecting the photoelectron and Auger electron emitted from a single photoionization event, APECS measurements place constraints on the two final state holes, enabling one to independently measure Coulomb and exchange correlation energies. 
This review highlights the key advantages of APECS over other electron spectroscopic techniques, including separating overlapping spectral features, removing the background signal from inelastically scattered electrons, enhanced surface sensitivity and site specificity and cites examples of how these attributes can be used to investigate the properties of solids in an unprecedented manner. To aid in understanding APECS data and assist in experimental design, a phenomenological model for the probability of electron pair emission as a function of the photo- and Auger electron kinetic energies and emission angles is presented. The model is applied to a hypothetical solid, demonstrating how the contribution to APECS spectrum of final states with different spin configurations depends on these experimental parameters. A summary of results obtained by performing one-dimensional (as a function of Auger [EA] or photoelectron [EP] kinetic energy), two-dimensional (parallel detection of EA and EP) and angle-resolved (as a function of EA at specific photo- and Auger electron emission angles) APECS measurements is presented. In particular, measurements of ferromagnetic metals and antiferromagnetic transition metal oxides demonstrate how angle-resolved (AR-) APECS is a powerful tool for independently measuring Coulomb and exchange correlation energies. Finally, potential future applications of APECS and further developments of this experimental technique are discussed.

ABSTRACT Understanding the cure kinetics of epoxy prepregs is essential for controlling the curing process. In this study, the cure kinetics of a carbon fiber (CF)/epoxy prepreg were investigated using isothermal and non‐isothermal differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Six phenomenological kinetic models were fitted and compared. A Friedman isoconversional analysis was used to provide initial estimates and constraints for the Arrhenius parameters, which were then refined by nonlinear least‐squares estimation with a trust‐region reflective (TRR) solver. Two global‐to‐local pipelines were also evaluated: TRR with particle swarm optimization (PSO) initialization and TRR with genetic algorithm (GA) initialization. Across both isothermal and non‐isothermal datasets, the piecewise model consistently demonstrated excellent fitting accuracy, achieving coefficients of determination ( R 2 ) exceeding 0.98 and 0.99, respectively. Global initialization prior to TRR yielded modest accuracy improvements compared to TRR alone, albeit at a higher computational cost. Models calibrated with non‐isothermal DSC produced superior predictions for a standard cure cycle compared with models calibrated on isothermal data. These results provide practical guidance for selecting effective combinations of experimental protocol, kinetic model, and parameter‐estimation strategy to support reliable thermochemical simulation and process optimization of epoxy prepregs.

In the aviation industry the so-called ballistic impact of small accidental or human-made sources on aircraft elements during their service life encompasses several scenarios of practical interest. The experimental assessment of ballistic impact requires dedicated infrastructures (such as the light-gas gun system utilized in this study) and exhibits intrinsic difficulties, mainly concerning the proper acceleration of a projectile and the accurate measurement by a high-speed camera of its (inlet and outlet) velocity. As a first objective, this study aimed at characterizing the dynamic response of fiber metal laminates, manufactured ad hoc by the authors with two different stacking sequences currently not available in commerce. The layups included aluminum 2024 T3 and aramid fiber-reinforced prepregs, leading through specific treatments to excellent specific properties. The collision of the laminate with a 25 g, 9 mm radius steel sphere, traveling at speeds ranging from 90 to 145 m/s, caused a variety of scenarios: partial or complete penetration, with the projectile passing through and continuing its trajectory, remaining stuck in the sample (embedment) or even being bounced back (ricochet). The experimental information led to the estimation, for each typology of sample, of a conventional ballistic limit according to the Lambert-Jonas approximation, as a second objective, these data were utilized to validate an accurate heterogeneous model of the samples developed in the ABAQUS® platform, discretized by finite elements in explicit dynamics and including geometric nonlinearity and contact. We describe plasticity and damage of the metal layers by the Johnson–Cook phenomenological model, progressive failure in the fiber-reinforced plies through a 2D Hashin criterion with damage evolution, and interlaminar debonding at multiple cohesive interfaces governed by the Benzeggagh–Kenane criterion. The outlet speed of the bullet measured during the experiments was retrieved correctly by this model, and a satisfactory agreement of the finite element predictions was found with the deformation patterns and the damage mechanisms identified by post mortem visual inspection. Finally, several discussion points are raised, concerning the robustness of the numerical analyses, the reliability of the constitutive modeling and the identification of the governing parameters.

Abstract The streamwise velocity variance is a critical parameter in boundary layer studies. Yet its behaviour in the atmospheric surface layer (ASL) remains elusive. In particular, the atmospheric stability effect on normalized streamwise velocity variance, (where u * is the friction velocity), in the ASL cannot be described by Monin-Obukhov similarity theory. Two existing phenomenological models for in the stable ASL predict a decrease in with increasing atmospheric stability under weakly to moderately stable conditions. In contrast, observational data indicate that increases with increasing atmospheric stability. Two explanations are proposed for the observed increase in as the atmospheric stability increases: (1) vertical velocity fluctuations are damped by atmospheric stability more strongly than horizontal velocity fluctuations, and (2) in order for to satisfy the z-less scaling under strongly stable conditions, it must increase with the atmospheric stability under weakly to moderately stable conditions. To describe the increasing trend for with stability under weakly to moderately stable conditions, a model based on the budgets of second-order turbulence statistics is proposed and compared to measurements. The model adequately explains the stability dependence of under weakly to moderately stable conditions, but does not recover the logarithmic behaviour of under neutral conditions. This highlights a persistent gap between engineering and atmospheric science approaches in modelling . Bridging this gap is needed for developing unified turbulence representations across disciplines.

We present a novel decision-making model with two populations. Each population is composed of Regularly Spiking (excitatory) and Fast Spiking (inhibitory) cells in cortical layer 2/3. Each population votes for one of the two visual alternatives shown on a monitor in human and macaque experiments. The model is biophysically plausible since it is based on long-range cortico-cortical connections between the layer 2/3 populations. These connections are excitatory. They contact both Regularly Spiking and Fast Spiking cells. This long-range excitation is conflicted by an inhibition based on local connections within the populations. This configuration introduces a competition between the layer 2/3 populations, sufficient for making a decision to choose between two alternatives shown on the monitor. We integrate the model with a reward-driven learning mechanism. This allows the model to learn the optimal strategy maximizing the cumulative reward in the long term. We test the model on two decision-making tasks applied on human and macaque. This model elaborates certain biophysical details which were not considered by simpler phenomenological models proposed for similar decision-making tasks. Finally, it can be embedded in a brain simulator such as The Virtual Brain to study decision-making in terms of large-scale brain dynamics.

This research aims to reveal how prospective teachers express democratic school culture. It is a descriptive study using a phenomenological design to examine preservice teachers' views on the characteristics of a democratic school, employing qualitative research techniques. In this context, the study aims to highlight learning opportunities about creating and maintaining democratic processes and reflectives related to its implementation. This study follows a qualitative research approach within a phenomenological model. The study group consists of 221 senior prospective teachers.A convenient sampling method, one of the purposeful sampling methods, was used. Descriptive analysis was used to analyze the data. The research concludes that the characteristics of prospective teachers regarding democratic school culture fall under the categories of (i) student, (ii) teacher, (iii) parent, (iv) school administration, and (v) learning environment. According to the findings, the most expressed characteristics were self expression respect for human rights, equality and participation. In schools with a democratic culture, there is a learning environment and management that respect human rights. It is seen that teachers treat everyone equally and that students can express themselves and participation.The importance of creating a participatory school culture that includes values, beliefs, and attitudes supporting democratic principles and institutions among citizens, as a requirement of democracy, is discussed.

Radio-frequency (RF) heating of colloidal suspensions, as a promising noninvasive and volume heating technology, has garnered significant attention in hyperthermia therapy and food processing. Nonetheless, while particle-mediated RF heating enhancement has been reported and used in vivo, the underlying heating mechanism remains unclear and contentious, largely due to reliance on phenomenological models. In this work, we analyze RF absorption and heating in colloidal suspensions using a semianalytical electrokinetic model, which enables quantitative separation of different microscopic contributions and systematic parameter sweeps. The model is applicable to nonmagnetic dielectric colloids in the regime of κa ≥ 1, where κ-1 is the Debye length and a is the particle radius. Our results reveal that electrophoresis and ionic conduction, previously regarded as the two primary heating mechanisms, are not as dominant as once believed. In particular, for large particles (e.g., a ≈ 100 nm corresponding to κa ≈ 10), polarization induced by ionic relaxation emerges as the dominant mechanism driving RF heating. By contrast, for smaller particles approaching the lower bound of the model validity (κa ≈ 1), the contributions from ionic relaxation, electrophoresis, and ionic conduction become comparable, with none being negligible. We also demonstrate that while colloidal particles enhance heating at low electrolyte molarities, they can suppress it at high molarities. Our findings may provide intriguing insights into the thermal behaviors of colloidal systems under RF exposure.

Shape memory alloys (SMAs) have gained significant attention for their unique thermomechanical properties. This paper presents a phenomenological model for the thermoelastic strain–temperature response of Cu-Zn-Al SMAs. The constitutive equations are derived from thermodynamics, and parameters are calibrated at two constant stresses (65 and 100 MPa) using data for the same alloy from the literature. The simulations reproduce, after calibration, the transformation-strain amplitude and the hysteresis width at each stress. A key observation is that fitted parameters vary with the applied stress, which highlights the model’s descriptive capability under specified loading and its limitations as a predictive tool without additional functionalization and data.

Removal of aspirin and tetracycline hydrochloride using UiO66/Polydopamine/bacterial cellulose composite: Phenomenological modeling and theoretical study.

This paper presents an exploratory, force-based framework for gravitation and ‎electrodynamics, motivated by a correspondence between Musakhail's aether dynamics ‎and Einsteinian special relativity. These two perspectives are interpreted through the lens of ‎Lagrangian-Hamiltonian duality, wherein force-based formulations (Lagrangian) and ‎energy-based formulations (Hamiltonian) are treated as complementary descriptions of ‎underlying physical dynamics. The aims of this work are threefold. First, to develop a force-‎based interpretation of gravitational interactions by examining Musakhail's force relation, ‎F=c^2 (m-m_0 ) in parallel with the relativistic energy expression, E^2=(pc)^2+‎‎(m_0 c^2 )^2 highlighting their dual structure. Second, to introduce and analyze two ‎exploratory electromagnetic four-vectors (J·E,E×B) and (ħω,v×B) employing an ‎extremization principle as a heuristic tool for investigating structural analogies between ‎dissipation, Poynting flux, and Lorentz-force dynamics. Third, to explore a minimal-scale ‎electro-gravitational correspondence through helical flux-tube geometries and a constant-‎mass acceleration mechanism, suggesting possible shared features between fermionic ‎transport and electromagnetic field configurations. The extremization procedure, in which ‎the scalar component of a four-vector is set equal to the magnitude of its vector ‎component, is applied heuristically to reveal formal parallels rather than to derive rigorous ‎field equations. Within this phenomenological model, gravitational interactions are ‎considered as collective nuclear-scale force processes, while electromagnetic energy ‎transport is examined through Lorentz-force cancellation and Poynting-flow relations. The ‎helical flux-tube structures provide a unifying geometric motif, with effective tension ‎identified with Newtonian gravitational force. This work is intended as a conceptual and ‎phenomenological exploration rather than a replacement for established relativistic field ‎theories. Its physical relevance depends on further mathematical development and ‎empirical validation. Several qualitative, testable consequences are outlined to motivate ‎future theoretical refinement and experimental assessment.‎

A comprehensive biomechanical material characterization of the human breast fibro-structural support system.

Integrating dynamical systems theory and phenomenology to enhance early identification and treatment of psychotic disorders.

Changing-state active galactic nuclei (CSAGNs) exhibit rapid variability; their mass accretion rates can change by several orders of magnitude in a few years. This provides us with a unique opportunity to study the evolution of the inner accretion flow almost in real time. Here we used over 1000 observations to study the broadband X-ray spectra of a sample of five CSAGNs, spanning three orders of magnitude in Eddington ratio ( λ Edd ), using phenomenological models to trace the evolution of key spectral components. We derive several fundamental parameters, such as the photon index, soft excess strength, reflection strength, and luminosities of the soft excess and primary continuum. We find that the soft excess and primary continuum emissions show a very strong positive correlation ( p ≪ 10 −10 ), suggesting a common physical origin. The soft excess strength does not show any dependence on the reflection parameter, suggesting that in these objects the soft excess is not dominated by a blurred ionized reflection process. On the other hand, the strength of the soft excess is found to be strongly positively correlated with the Eddington ratio ( p ≪ 10 −10 ), and we find that the soft excess vanishes below log λ Edd ∼ −2.5. Moreover, we find a clear V-shaped relation for Γ − λ Edd , with a break at log λ Edd = −2.47 ± 0.09. Our findings indicate a change in the geometry of the inner accretion flow at low Eddington ratios, and that the soft excess is primarily produced via warm Comptonization.

A universal phenomenological model for cavitation erosion based on a modified Weibull distribution