Phenolic Profile Research Articles

Activity of Viscum album L. extract against wood-rot fungi and its potential application in wood preservation

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to investigate the possibility of converting Viscum album bio-waste into more valuable antifungal agents for the wood industry. The study reports the activity against basidiomycete species, including brown and white wood-decaying fungi, as well as the phenolic composition of extracts from three mistletoe subspecies (album, austriacum, and abietis). The resistance of Scots pine sapwood treated with mistletoe extract against Coniophora puteana and Trametes versicolor was also evaluated. All tested extracts at a 100 mg mL−1 concentration caused a complete inhibition of all fungal species growth and were more inhibitory to brown-rot fungi than white-rot fungi. The phenolic profile of extracts depended on mistletoe subspecies and was dominated by phenolic acids. Treated wood showed lower mass loss caused by decay fungi compared to untreated wood. Samples treated with mistletoe extract in different concentrations were characterised by a reduction in the destructive effect of C. puteana in the range of 52-70% compared to untreated wood, and in the case of T. versicolor in the range of 45-85%. The research indicated the potential of using mistletoe extract as a sustainable source of antifungals that may improve the resistance of treated wood against C. puteana and T. versicolor.

Influence of organic mulches and soil properties on the phenolic profile of leaves, canes and grape skins in grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.).

Applying organic amendments to vineyard soil improves soil properties and vine development by increasing soil water retention and nutrient content. However, little is known about how organic mulches modify grapevine phenolic composition. This study analysed the phenolic profile in the leaves, canes, and grape skins of Tempranillo over 3 years in two vineyard locations with three organic mulches: spent mushroom compost (SMC), grapevine pruning debris (GPD) and straw (STR), as well as two conventional soil practices: herbicide (HERB) and tillage (TILL). Seventy phenolic compounds were identified and quantified in leaves, canes and grape skins. The phenolic biosynthetic accumulation differed among the soil management practices according to field conditions. In nutrient-deficient soils, the nutrient-rich SMC mulch enhanced plant nutrition resources for primary metabolism, reducing the phenolic accumulation in grapevine tissues. However, this behaviour was not described in a non-limited soil nutritional content. The GPD and STR mulches, with slow decomposition rates, slightly differed from conventional practices and could have a long-term effect on plant phenolic accumulation. Despite the variations observed between soil treatments, the grape phenolic profile did not change enough to affect the grape quality significantly. This research represents the most detailed study on the impact of organic mulches on the phenolic profile of grapevine tissues. These findings suggest that organic mulches in vineyards constitute a viable alternative for soil management, benefiting both soil physical and chemical properties and plant development without altering the grape quality. © 2025 Society of Chemical Industry.

Physiological characterization of asparagus decline syndrome

Abstract Background and aims Asparagus Decline Syndrome (ADS) threatens the sustainability and productivity of asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.) cultivation. This study aimed to characterize the physiological responses of asparagus plants to ADS, focusing on oxidative metabolism, hormonal regulation, and phenolic compounds profiles to understand the underlying mechanisms and inform management strategies. Methods A field trial was conducted in the south of Spain comparing asparagus plants grown in soil from a plot previously affected by the ADS with a control soil (not affected). The key parameters assessed included biomass and oxidative stress indicators, phytohormone and phenolic compounds profiles in the root and shoot, and the soil phenolic compounds. Results ADS-affected plants exhibited lower fresh and dry weight and volume, and elevated oxidative stress, as evidenced by increased malondialdehyde (MDA) and H2O2 levels, along with enhanced activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX). Hormonal analysis revealed higher concentrations of abscisic acid (ABA) and jasmonic acid, alongside a concurrent reduction in indoleacetic, suggesting a stress-induced response likely contributing to growth inhibition. Furthermore, the depletion of caffeic acid in roots, alterations in flavonoid profiles in shoot tissues, and increased PPO activity were observed, potentially worsening oxidative stress and depleting antioxidant reserves. Finally, ferulic acid derivatives in the soil were identified as potential allelopathic compounds. Conclusion These findings highlight the complexity of ADS and underscore the importance of integrated management strategies, including soil health management, resistant varieties selection, and targeted modulation of plant physiological responses to mitigate the impacts of ADS on asparagus production.

Comparative elucidation of the phenolic profile and antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of unripe and ripe Pistacia lentiscus L. fruits and their oils as affected by ripening.

Phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity, and antimicrobial properties of unripe and ripe mastic tree (Pistacia lentiscus L.) fruits and their oils were investigated. A total of 20 phenolic compounds were identified by using liquid chromatography-diode array detection and electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry, among which phenolic acids were predominant. The main phenolic compound was catechin in the unripe fruit and trigalloylquinic acid in the unripe fruit oil, whereas galloylquinic acid was dominant in the ripe fruit and its oil. Unripe fruits had the highest amount of total phenolic content (TPC; 2771.4 mg kg-1), whereas the ripe fruit oils had the lowest TPC (14.1 mg kg-1). The quantity of the phenolics decreased as the fruits ripened. Tests revealed significant antimicrobial activity of the fruit extracts against Staphylococcus aureus but not on Escherichia coli, whereas fruit oils showed no antimicrobial effects. The fruits and their oils exhibited significant alterations in phenolic composition, antioxidant activity, and antimicrobial effects during ripening. These findings highlight the impact of ripeness on the bioactive properties of mastic tree fruits and their potential applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries. © 2025 Society of Chemical Industry.

Physicochemical Properties, Polyphenol and Mineral Composition of Different Triticale Varieties Cultivated in the Republic of Moldova

The quality characteristics of seven triticale grain varieties were determined by different physiochemical analyses. For this purpose, the content of protein, wet gluten, fat, ash, moisture, carbohydrates, test weight, and thousand-kernel mass; mineral elements Ca, Na, Zn, Fe, and Cu; and total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), free radical scavenging activity (DPPH assay), and phenolic profile (4-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, p-coumaric acid, and rosmarinic acid) were analyzed. Also, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) was used to evaluate the quality parameters of triticale grains. According to the chemical data obtained, all triticale varieties may be used for breadmaking. A high variability was obtained among triticale varieties for mineral elements and antioxidant compounds. The highest values were recorded for Ca, followed by Fe, Na, Zn, and Cu. The TPC, TFC, DPPH, and phenolic compounds of the analyzed triticale samples increased with the increasing temperature used in the extraction method. Generally, the highest value for phenolic acid was obtained by p-coumaric acid followed by rosmarinic acid, caffeic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, and chlorogenic acid. Principal component analysis of triticale cultivars related to their physicochemical data showed close association between some varieties such as Costel; Ingen 54, Ingen 35, Ingen 33, and Ingen 93, and Ingen 40; and Fanica varieties.

Phenolic Compounds from Pyrus communis Residues: Mechanisms of Antibacterial Action and Therapeutic Applications

Background/Objectives: The food industry produces substantial amounts of fruit byproducts, which are often discarded despite their high content of bioactive compounds with potential therapeutic applications. Pyrus communis (pear) residues, which are particularly rich in phenolic compounds, represent a valuable yet underutilized resource. These byproducts have demonstrated significant antioxidant and antibacterial properties, suggesting their potential for medical and pharmaceutical applications. This review aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the phenolic profile of P. communis byproducts, emphasizing their antioxidant and antibacterial mechanisms and their prospective use in combating oxidative stress and antibacterial resistance. Methods: A comprehensive review of the key phenolic compounds from P. communis residues was conducted using ScienceDirect and Google Scholar databases (from 2014 to 2024). Studies assessing antioxidant and antibacterial activities were reviewed, with a focus on their mechanisms of action against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial pathogens. Results: A minimum of 14 distinct phenolic compounds were identified among P. communis residues. However, chlorogenic acid and catechin were identified as the primary contributors to the antioxidant activity of P. communis residues. Hydroquinone and chlorogenic acid exhibited strong antibacterial effects through membrane disruption, enzyme inhibition, and metabolic interference. Despite this potential, hydroquinone’s cytotoxicity and regulatory concerns limit its direct pharmaceutical application. Conclusions: While P. communis phenolics show promise as natural antibacterial agents, future research should address bioavailability, extraction standardization, and safe formulation strategies. Investigating their synergy with conventional antibiotics and improving stability for cosmetic applications are key steps toward their practical use. In vivo and clinical studies are crucial to validating their therapeutic potential and ensuring regulatory approval.

Extraction and Analysis of Phenolic Compounds from Rocket: Development of a Green and Innovative DES-Based Extraction Method.

Eruca sativa Mill. is an annual plant belonging to the Cruciferous family that is characterized by the presence of antioxidant bioactive molecules such as phenolic compounds. Their extraction is usually performed through solid-liquid extraction based on the use of organic solvent. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are new green solvents capable of increasing bioactive molecules yield if replaced with organic solvents. The aim of this work was to develop a green analytical method based on the use of DESs for the determination of phenolic compounds in rocket plants. The extraction optimization involved the selection of the best extraction solvent among different selected DESs and the study of the parameters that mainly affect the extraction yield: the quantity of water to add to the selected DES to reduce its viscosity, the matrix-to-solvent ratio, and the time and temperature of the extraction. ChCl-glucose (1:2 molar ratio) DES was selected as the extraction solvent under the following optimized conditions: 1:50 (w/v) as the matrix-to-solvent ratio; 30% of water was added to the DES; extraction time of 30 min; and extraction temperature of 50 °C. The rocket phenolic compounds profile was determined through a high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) analysis. The innovative green method was applied to real plant samples to determine the growth conditions that favored the accumulation of bioactive molecules.

Metabolic Response Induced by Methyl Jasmonate and Benzothiadiazole in Vitis vinifera cv. Monastrell Seedlings

This study evaluates the effects of the elicitors methyl jasmonate (MeJ) and benzothiadiazole (BTH) on the synthesis of phenolic compounds in Vitis vinifera cv. Monastrell seedlings over 72 h. Results show that both elicitors induce the accumulation of stilbenes and phenolic acids, essential compounds in plant defence against pathogens. Specifically, MeJ significantly increased the levels of astringin, T-resveratrol, and miyabenol C, known for their antifungal properties, indicating a rapid and effective activation of plant defences. Discriminant analysis revealed that MeJ and BTH markedly altered the phenolic profile, highlighting their role in modulating defence responses. However, their combined application exhibited antagonistic effects on some compounds, suggesting an adaptive metabolic response. The defence response was transient, with peak concentrations observed within the first 24 h, followed by down-regulation, optimising the plant’s energy resources. These findings suggest that MeJ and BTH can enhance the resistance of the Monastrell variety, potentially reducing pesticide use in sustainable viticulture. Further studies are needed to assess their long-term effects under field conditions, considering environmental variables and optimal application rates.

Dynamic changes in the phenolic profile, enzymatic, and antioxidant activity of grape skin during solid-state fermentation by Eurotium cristatum.

Grape skin, consisting of a significant portion of grape pomace, is a great source of dietary fibers and polyphenols. In this study, grape skins of Hutai No. 8 were subjected to solid-state fermentation (SSF) using the fungal strain Eurotium cristatum. The total phenolic content (TPC) of grape skins increased and reached the maximum value after 8-day fermentation, which was 39.8% higher than those of the unfermented skins. The production of relevant enzymes was significantly enhanced, whereas the enzymatic activities of α-amylase and β-glucosidase showed significant positive correlations with the TPC. Sixteen phenolic compounds in the grape skins were identified and quantified using UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS and HPLC-DAD, whereas most of them increased significantly after fermentation. The antioxidant activities of grape skins showed a substantial improvement, which was positively and significantly correlated with TPC (p<0.01). Principal component analysis indicated that the increased levels of ferulic acid, myricetin, resveratrol, and catechin during SSF were primarily responsible for the enhanced anti-1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and anti-ABTS radical activities, as well as the ferric reducing ability of grape skins. Moreover, the changes in the concentrations of syringic acid, caffeic acid, gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, and quercetin-3-glucoside in grape skins exhibited a strong correlation with the ABTS radical scavenging capacity in vitro. Furthermore, fermentation time played a crucial role in the variation of phenolic profiles and antioxidant activities in grape skins. These findings indicate that SSF with E. cristatum effectively enhances the phenolic content in grape skin, thereby contributing to its antioxidant activities.

Phenolic profile, physicochemical properties and antioxidant activities of blanching water obtained from some green leafy vegetables

Phenolic profile, physicochemical properties and antioxidant activities of blanching water obtained from some green leafy vegetables

Volatile and phenolic profile in Pedro Ximénez sweet wines and mistelas under oxidative conditions.

In the present work, the content of volatile and phenolic compounds in sweet wines and mistelas made from sun-dried Pedro Ximénez grapes, with and without skins during alcoholic fermentation, has been studied during their storage under oxidative conditions. Three possible significant factors have been considered: oxidative storage time, type of elaboration, and presence or absence of grape skins during alcoholic fermentation. The presence or absence of skins during alcoholic fermentation showed a low influence on the content of low molecular weight phenolic compounds and furfurals during the oxidative storage in stainless steel tanks. Storage time together with type of elaboration turned out to be the most influential factors, with decreases in phenolic compounds due to possible oxidative phenomena and increases in furfurals. The evolution of phenolic compounds during oxidative aging showed to be dependent on type of elaboration, with significant decreases at the beginning of storage for mistelas. In the case of volatile compounds, a high number of them showed significant differences in relation to the type of elaboration. The presence or absence of grape skins was, mainly, significant for ethyl esters, acids and alcohols, with higher relative extent in the absence of grape skins. For these compounds, the type of elaboration-aging time interaction was also the most significant type, with significant decreases during the first 3 months of aging in mistelas. During the oxidative aging in stainless steel tanks, of sweet wines and mistelas elaborated with and without contact of grape skins during alcoholic fermentation, the main factor was oxidative aging time for phenolic and furanic compounds. Although, for volatile compounds, it was the type of elaboration, with mistelas showing a very different behavior to that of naturally sweet wines and natural sweet wines. © 2025 Society of Chemical Industry.

Characterisation of Hydrophilic Bioactive Extracts of Fruits from Mexico: Phenolic Content, Thermal and Kinetic and Thermodynamic Analysis.

The total soluble phenolic content (TSPC), decomposition profiles and kinetic and thermodynamic parameters of hydrophilic bioactive extracts from Randia monantha (RME), Coccoloba uvifera (CUE) and Vaccinium corymbosum (VCE) fruits were investigated. The TSPC was determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu method. The decomposition profiles of the extracts were obtained via thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Then, the kinetic parameters (preexponential factor, A, and activation energy, Ea) and thermodynamic parameters (enthalpy, ΔH; entropy, ΔS; and free Gibbs energy, ΔG) of each stage of decomposition were obtained via the Coats-Redfern method. The highest TSPC was shown for RME extract, followed by VCE and CUE extracts due to the plant material. The thermal analyses showed that RME and VCE extracts had three mass loss events, and the CUE extract had only two. Moreover, RME exhibits higher decomposition temperatures. These differences in the thermal profile were attributed to the TSPC concentration in the extracts. Compared with the RME and VCE extracts, the CUE extract presented the lowest values of Ea, A, ΔH, and ΔS due to the low TSPC. On the contrary, all extracts presented high ΔG values in the final stage of the thermal process. Notably, the RME extract demonstrated the highest values, followed by the VCE and CUE extracts. The kinetic and thermodynamic parameters revealed that the thermal decomposition of the extracts was an endothermic process. This would allow for adaptation processing conditions or the implementation of encapsulation technologies that avoid the degradation of the extracts.

Turning agro-food waste into resources: Exploring the antioxidant effects of bioactive compounds bioaccessibility from digested jabuticaba tree leaf extract.

Turning agro-food waste into resources: Exploring the antioxidant effects of bioactive compounds bioaccessibility from digested jabuticaba tree leaf extract.

Altered development and lignin deposition in rice p-COUMAROYL ESTER 3-HYDROXYLASE loss-of-function mutants.

The aromatic composition of lignin greatly influences the potential utility of lignocellulosic biomass. Previously, we generated transgenic rice plants with altered lignin aromatic composition and enhanced biomass utilization properties by suppressing the expression of p-COUMAROYL ESTER 3-HYDROXYLASE (C3'H). While RNAi-derived C3'H-knockdown lines displayed relatively normal growth with substantially augmented levels of p-hydroxyphenyl-type lignin units, genome-edited C3'H-knockout lines exhibited severely impaired growth phenotype, leading to arrested seedling development. In this study, we further characterized the genome-edited C3'H-knockout rice by analyzing gene expression and phenolic metabolite profiles alongside phenotypic traits and cell wall lignin structure. The seedlings of the C3'H-knockout rice displayed irregular vasculature and ectopic lignification. RNA-sequencing analysis detected widespread changes in the expression of genes associated with plant growth, hormone biosynthesis and signaling, and stress responses in the C3'H-knockout rice. Overall, our data suggested that C3'H disruption activates metabolic sensor-mediated signaling pathways, which in turn regulate phenylpropanoid metabolism. In line with this, phenolic metabolite profiling of the C3'H-knockout rice revealed not only shifts in monolignol-associated phenylpropanoids but also reductions in flavonoids and salicylic acid derivatives. Moreover, changes in the aromatic composition of the mutant lignin and phenolic metabolites indicated the presence of parallel monolignol pathways enabling rice to produce guaiacyl- and syringyl-type monolignol derivatives in the absence of C3'H activity. Our findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the mechanisms underlying the growth defects of lignin-modified mutants, with implications for optimizing the utility of grass lignocellulose.

Phenolic content and profile of olive fruits: Impact of contrasting thermal regimes in non-Mediterranean growing environments

Phenolic content and profile of olive fruits: Impact of contrasting thermal regimes in non-Mediterranean growing environments

Assessment of the Anti-Acne Properties of Some Medicinal Plants and Development of an Herbal Anti-Acne Formulation

Background: Acne is a prevalent dermatological condition characterized by the blockage of hair follicles and sebaceous glands, leading to the formation of acne. The anaerobe pathogen Cutibacterium acnes (formerly known as Propionibacterium acnes) plays an essential role in the pathogenesis of acne, for which generally antimicrobial treatment is required. Acne is a substantial health concern, and continuing research is being conducted to discover novel and efficacious remedies. The antimicrobial activity of plants has been demonstrated in numerous studies, and they are still targeted organisms in drug development. Studies showing that plants are effective against acne pathogens have also been reported. Methods: The antimicrobial activity of the hydroethanolic extracts prepared from 30 plant species was determined against C. acnes standard strains (C. acnes Scholz and Kilian ATCC 11827 and ATCC 11828) and 30 clinical isolates in our preliminary screening. Since acne is an inflammatory skin disease, the anti-inflammatory effect of six active extracts against C. acnes was determined through the in vitro inhibition of collagenase, lipoxygenase (LOX), hyaluronidase and xanthine oxidase (XO) enzymes. Results: Cotinus coggygria Scop. leaf extract displayed the highest hyaluronidase and collagenase inhibition (79.75% and 52.52%, respectively), while the extract from the aerial parts of Helichrysum arenarium (L.) Moench demonstrated a potent XO inhibitory effect (82.51%). Therefore, these two extracts have been chosen for further studies, and LC/MS-MS was used to determine the phenolic profiles of these extracts. Conclusions: Subsequently, nanoemulgels were formulated with the active extracts to develop a prototype herbal anti-acne product, and characterization studies of the formulations were conducted.

Uncovering phenolic profiles of different forms in safflower seeds and their antioxidant capacity, and biological activity.

In this study, free, soluble bound (glycosylated, esterified), and insoluble-bound phenolic compounds from safflower seeds were identified and quantified by UPLC-MS/MS. The four phenolic fractions were assessed for their antioxidant capacity and inhibition of α-amylase and tyrosinase. In four phenolic fractions, 55 phenolic compounds, mainly flavonoids (19) and phenolic acids (16), were identified. Caffeoylserotonin was found in safflower seeds for the first time. Determination of total phenolic content showed that phenolic compounds in safflower seeds mainly existed in free form (370.16mg GAE/100g). The free fraction had the highest antioxidant capacity. Glycosylated fraction had the highest capacity to inhibit α-amylase and tyrosinase. The content of phenolic compounds exhibited a significant (p<0.05) positive correlation with antioxidant capacity. The results of this study have improved the current knowledge of the chemical characteristics of phenolic compounds in safflower seeds and may promote the utilization of safflower seeds as a functional food.

Characterization of the phenolic profile, antioxidant and neuroprotective activity of leaf hydroalcoholic extracts of Euphorbia bupleuroides subsp. luteola (Kralik) maire growing wild in Algeria

ABSTRACT The objective of this research was to investigate the phenolic profile and some biological properties of the leaves of Euphorbia bupleuroides subsp. luteola grown wild in Algeria, still unexplored. The leaves were subjected to extraction with 80% MeOH using simple maceration (SM) and ultrasound-assisted maceration (UM) to establish the most efficient conditions for the recovery of phenolic compounds. The study of antioxidant potential suggested that SM and UM extracts displayed a superimposable activity both in the DPPH test and in the reducing power assay. On the other hand, in the Fe2+ chelating activity assay, SM was more active than UM. SM extract prevented damage induced by β-amyloid protein (Aβ) being more effective against ROS generated after treatment with Aβ. In addition, SM exhibited later protection against malondialdehyde. In conclusion, it is possible to state that simple maceration represents an effective technique for the recovery of compounds with antioxidant and neuroprotective properties from E. bupleuroides subsp. luteola leaves.

Rehydration Beverages Made from Quercus sideroxyla Infusion, Probiotics, and Prebiotics: Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Potential

High rehydration beverage consumption represents a significant opportunity for the integration of biotic products that offer the potential to improve body composition and intestinal health. Quercus sideroxyla (IQS) infusions contain polyphenolic compounds with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, and in combination with probiotic strains and prebiotic materials, they offer a promising alternative for generating designer beverages for physically active people. These beverages were formulated using a combination of IQS, agave fructooligosaccharides (FOS), microencapsulated probiotics of Akkermansia muciniphila and Bifidobacterium longum, electrolytes, and glucose. Stable microencapsulated probiotics were obtained by spray drying, using agave gums (PD &gt; 10) and gum arabic as wall materials. The beverage formulations were generated with different percentages of FOS (A:1.6%, B:1.2%, and C:0.8%). The phenolic profile of the beverages was determined by LC-MS/MS, indicating a difference in the concentration of compounds, highlighting changes associated with the addition of FOS compared with IQS. Sensory analyses indicate a preference for the beverage with the highest FOS concentration. The antioxidant potential of the formulations, determined by ABTS, DPPH, and ORAC, showed no differences between the drinks; however, analyses indicate a positive correlation with quinic acid, t-cinnamic acid, quercetin 3-O-glucoside, and total phenolic content, suggesting a synergistic effect. The drinks with higher FOS content exhibited a higher anti-inflammatory potential (EMA). Therefore, it can be concluded that a rehydrating drink with a higher FOS content offers a prebiotic effect with potential anti-inflammatory activity and, according to the panelists, is a suitable drink for evaluating its effects on body composition and intestinal health in people who have recently started physical activity.

Combining Abiotic Stresses as a Low-Cost Strategy for Increasing the Phenolic Content in Apple Agro-Industrial By-Products

The circular economy approach offers innovative solutions for valorizing apple by-products through biofortification strategies transforming waste into high-value products and reducing environmental impact. This study evaluates innovative solutions for valorizing Granny Smith apple peel (RM) through biofortification in phenolic compounds using individual or combined abiotic stresses, like wounding stress and ultraviolet A (UVA) radiation. The effects of cutting type (Ct) [whole (C1), 5 mm (C2), 1.5 mm (C3)], storage temperature (ST) [20, 15, 10, 5 °C], and storage time (TM) [0, 12, 24, 48, 72 h] on phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity, total phenolic content (TPC), and phenolic profiles were studied first. The results show that higher stress intensity (C3, 15 °C, 48 h) significantly enhanced secondary metabolism, leading to notable increases in PAL activity (1201%), PPO activity (308%), TPC levels (108–118%), and Procyanidin B2 (PACB2, 22%), the predominant phenolic compound. These changes were critical for improving the bioactive properties and antioxidant potential of RM. The second assay combined wounding stress (same levels of Ct and ST of previous assay, TM: 56 h) with UVA radiation (UVA-D) [0, 86.4 KJ m−2, 172.8 KJ m−2], determining the optimal conditions (C3, UVA-D 66 KJ m−2, 17 °C) for maximizing PAL activity (0.12–0.20 ΔA h⁻1 mg⁻1), and TPC (3.3 g GAE kg⁻1). This study demonstrates the potential of combined abiotic stresses as cost-effective scalable tools to biofortify RM, promoting the sustainable and value-added utilization of agro-industrial by-products.