Production Of Phenolic Compounds Research Articles

Enhanced production of health-promoting phenolic compounds using a novel endophytic fungus Talaromyces neorugulosus R-209 isolated from pigeon pea in a natural habitat by l-phenylalanine feeding.

In this study, nine endophytic fungi capable of producing multiple phenolic compounds were screened and identified from 152 fungi isolated from pigeon pea in a natural habitat (Honghe, Yunnan Province, China). Talaromyces neorugulosus R-209 exhibited the highest potential for phenolic compound production. L-phenylalanine feeding was used to enhance phenolic compound production in T. neorugulosus R-209 cultures. Under the optimal feeding conditions (l-phenylalanine dose of 0.16g/L and feeding phase of 6 days), the yields of genistein, apigenin, biochanin A, and cajaninstilbene acid increased by 15.59-fold, 7.20-fold, 25.93-fold, and 10.30-fold over control, respectively. T. neorugulosus R-209 fed with l-phenylalanine was found to be stable in the production of phenolic compounds during ten successive subcultures. Moreover, bioactivities of extracts of T. neorugulosus R-209 cultures were significantly increased by l-phenylalanine feeding. Overall, l-phenylalanine feeding strategy made T. neorugulosus R-209 more attractive as a promising alternative source for the production of health-beneficial phenolic compounds in the nutraceutical/medicinal industries.

Effect of zinc and magnesium oxide phytonanoparticles on the production of rebaudiosides and phenolic compounds in Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni plants

Effect of zinc and magnesium oxide phytonanoparticles on the production of rebaudiosides and phenolic compounds in Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni plants

Effect of salt stress on growth and phenolic compounds production in callus suspension culture of the dioecious species thyrse sorrel (Rumex thyrsiflorus Fingerh.)

The sex-dependent differences in the response to salt stress of the dioecious Rumex thyrsiflorus and the influence of different concentrations of sodium chloride (NaCl) on the biosynthesis of phenolic compounds in callus suspension cultures were evaluated. The cultures originated from callus obtained on hypocotyls isolated from male and female seedlings were cultured on Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with 0.4 mg/L 6-benzylaminopurine and 1 mg/L 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. The results showed that the response to salt stress depends on both the sex of the plant and the NaCl concentration in the culture medium. The analysis of the main morphometric parameters showed that callus tissue derived from the hypocotyls of female seedlings was less sensitive to salt stress than that from male seedlings, which was correlated with higher concentrations of phenolic compounds. The optimal NaCl concentration to increase the production of phenolic compounds was 129 mM for females and 43 mM for males. In the methanolic tissue extracts 22 compounds were determined using the HPLC–DAD method. In general, higher amounts of compounds were detected in the extracts from the female tissue. The following dominated: catechin (max. 213.31), cryptochlorogenic acid (max. 76.35) and epicatechin (max. 54.84) (mg/100 g DW). This comprehensive phytochemical analysis of the sex-related aspects of the response to salt stress was performed for the first time in this dioecious model species. The results revealed potential application of NaCl as the ecological friendly and inexpensive elicitor to increase the production of pharmaceutically valuable compounds and highlight the importance of dioecy in phytochemistry.

Advanced technology based on Poly(deep eutectic solvent) core–shell nanomaterials enriched with Fructus Choerospondias phenols for efficient defense against UVB-induced ferroptosis

Plant phenolic compounds serve as significant natural antioxidants. However, traditional preparation methods face sustainability challenges. In this study, we synthesized a novel deep eutectic solvent (DES) modified core–shell nanomaterial composed of betaine, ethylene glycol and dopamine hydrochloride based on the spatial arrangement formed by the abundant weak interaction forces in the poly(deep eutectic solvent) (PDES). Utilizing the PDES magnetic nanomaterial and combined with ultrasound-assisted matrix solid phase dispersion (UA-MSPD), it was able to efficiently enrich Fructus Choerospondias phenols (FCP) up to 61.468 ± 0.405 mg/g. Density functional theory (DFT) was used to analyze the adsorption mechanism between the material and the target compounds, which involved weak interactions of electrostatics, hydrogen bonds, and π-π stacking, while maintaining the activity of phenols without destroying the molecular structure. Remarkably, the adsorption efficiency of the material remained above 80 % after six repetitions, indicating excellent reusability. FCPs were identified and analyzed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS). The FCP prepared by Fe3O4@SiO2@PDES exhibited superior in vitro antioxidant performance, achieving enrichment and purification in one step. Cell experiment results showed that FCP could scavenge ROS, regulate cytokines, and reduce ferroptosis caused by ultraviolet radiation, making FCP have therapeutic value in practical applications. The technology opens up a new way for the green and sustainable production and enrichment of plant phenolic compounds for anti-aging treatment.

Serotonin-Salt-Stress Model-Induced Cell Growth via Promoting an Antioxidant System and Secondary Metabolites in Capsicum annuum Cell Suspension Culture.

Capsicum annuum contains potential therapeutic capsaicinoids, and various stress factors influence plant productivity. Serotonin is an indoleamine involved in signaling several stress response mechanisms in plants. However, the influence of serotonin on cell growth and the accumulation of secondary metabolites, mainly capsaicinoids production, is not yet clearly defined under salt stress. In this study, we optimized chili cell suspension cultures to maximize biomass, capsaicinoids, and phenolic compounds production using response surface methodology with two variables (serotonin and NaCl) of different concentrations in culture media supplemented with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and Kinetin. The results revealed a significant increase in biomass (14.3 g/L FW), capsaicin (0.93 μg/g FW), and dihydrocapsaicin content (0.32 μg/g FW) in chili cell suspension cultures compared with the control. Among all the phenolic compounds, chlorogenic acid was enhanced (17.4 μg/g FW), compared to control cultures. Serotonin exhibited stress mitigation effects and boosted antioxidant potential in chili suspension cultures. The present results illustrated that the optimized conditions can be used in scale-up studies of capsaicinoids production through the bioreactor.

Enhancing phenolic and lipid compound production in oat bran via acid pretreatment and solid-state fermentation with Aspergillus niger

Oat (Avena sativa) processing generates a large amount of by-products, especially oat bran. These by-products are excellent sources of bioactive compounds such as polyphenols and essential fatty acids. Therefore, enhancing the extraction of these bioactive substances and incorporating them into the human diet is critical. This study investigates the effect of acid pretreatment on the solid-state fermentation of oat bran with Aspergillus niger, with an emphasis on the bioaccessibility of phenolic acids and lipid profile. The results showed a considerable increase in reducing sugars following acid pretreatment. On the sixth day, there was a notable increase in the total phenolic content, reaching 58.114 ± 0.09 mg GAE/g DW, and the vanillic acid level significantly rose to 77.419 ± 0.27 μg/g DW. The lipid profile study revealed changes ranging from 4.66 % in the control to 7.33 % on the sixth day of SSF. Aside from biochemical alterations, antioxidant activity measurement using the DPPH technique demonstrated the maximum scavenging activity on day 4 (83.33 %). This study highlights acid pretreatment's role in enhancing bioactive compound accessibility in solid-state fermentation and its importance for functional food development.

How climate change-related abiotic factors affect the production of industrial valuable compounds in Lamiaceae plant species: a review.

The interest in medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) has increased significantly in recent years, driven by the growing demand for natural products. MAPs are a valuable source of secondary metabolites, which renders them useful to a number of industries, including cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and food. The Lamiaceae family includes economically important MAPs that produce valuable secondary metabolites such as essential oils (EOs) and phenolic compounds (PCs). The quantity and quality of these secondary metabolites are affected by abiotic stress factors. In a climate change scenario, the Lamiaceae is one of the most affected families, especially due to its wide distribution in the Mediterranean region. In the present study, the most common climate-related environmental stress factors, namely, drought, salinity, temperature, light, and heavy metals, were reviewed and discussed in order to assess their impact on the chemical profiles of EOs and PCs, as well as on the biological properties (antioxidant, antibacterial, antimelanogenic, pest-repellent, and UV-protective) of Lamiaceae species. It can be posited that these stresses typically act as a catalyst for the secondary metabolism of these plants, resulting in increased production of EO compounds (e.g., 1,8-cineole, linalool, camphor, borneol, and limonene) and PCs (e.g., rosmarinic, caffeic, and salvianolic acids) and subsequent enhancement of their biological activities. In view of the industrial applications of these bioactive compounds, it is of interest to explore the changes in secondary metabolism induced by environmental factors as it is possible to increase the accumulation of valuable secondary metabolites.

Bridging the Gap: From Photoperception to the Transcription Control of Genes Related to the Production of Phenolic Compounds.

Phenolic compounds are a group of secondary metabolites responsible for several processes in plants-these compounds are involved in plant-environment interactions (attraction of pollinators, repelling of herbivores, or chemotaxis of microbiota in soil), but also have antioxidative properties and are capable of binding heavy metals or screening ultraviolet radiation. Therefore, the accumulation of these compounds has to be precisely driven, which is ensured on several levels, but the most important aspect seems to be the control of the gene expression. Such transcriptional control requires the presence and activity of transcription factors (TFs) that are driven based on the current requirements of the plant. Two environmental factors mainly affect the accumulation of phenolic compounds-light and temperature. Because it is known that light perception occurs via the specialized sensors (photoreceptors) we decided to combine the biophysical knowledge about light perception in plants with the molecular biology-based knowledge about the transcription control of specific genes to bridge the gap between them. Our review offers insights into the regulation of genes related to phenolic compound production, strengthens understanding of plant responses to environmental cues, and opens avenues for manipulation of the total content and profile of phenolic compounds with potential applications in horticulture and food production.

Investigation and characterization of changes in potato peels by thermochemical acidic pre-treatment for extraction of various compounds

Potato peel waste (PPW) is an underutilized substrate which is produced in huge amounts by food processing industries. Using PPW a feedstock for production of useful compounds can overcome the problem of waste management as well as cost-effective. In present study, potential of PPW was investigated using chemical and thermochemical treatment processes. Three independent variables i.e., PPW concentration, dilute sulphuric acid concentration and liberation time were selected to optimize the production of fermentable sugars (TS and RS) and phenolic compounds (TP). These three process variables were selected in the range of 5–15 g w/v substrate, 0.8–1.2 v/v acid conc. and 4–6 h. Whole treatment process was optimized by using box-behnken design (BBD) of response surface methodology (RSM). Highest yield of total and reducing sugars and total phenolic compounds obtained after chemical treatment was 188.00, 144.42 and 43.68 mg/gds, respectively. The maximum yield of fermentable sugars attained by acid plus steam treatment were 720.00 and 660.62 mg/gds of TS and RS, respectively w.r.t 5% substrate conc. in 0.8% acid with residence time of 6 h. Results recorded that acid assisted autoclaved treatment could be an effective process for PPW deconstruction. Characterization of substrate before and after treatment was checked by SEM and FTIR. Spectras and micrographs confirmed the topographical variations in treated substrate. The present study was aimed to utilize biowaste and to determine cost-effective conditions for degradation of PWW into value added compounds.

Silicon attenuates nutritional disorder of phosphorus in seedlings of Eucalyptus grandis × Eucalyptus urophylla

BackgroundNutritional disorders of phosphorus (P), due to deficiency or toxicity, reduce the development of Eucalyptus spp. seedlings. Phosphorus deficiency often results in stunted growth and reduced vigor, while phosphorus toxicity can lead to nutrient imbalances and decreased physiological function. These sensitivities highlight the need for precise management of P levels in cultivation practices. The use of the beneficial element silicon (Si) has shown promising results under nutritional stress; nevertheless, comprehensive studies on its effects on Eucalyptus spp. seedlings are still emerging. To further elucidate the role of Si under varying P conditions, an experiment was conducted with clonal seedlings of a hybrid Eucalyptus spp. (Eucalyptus grandis × Eucalyptus urophylla, A207) in a soilless cultivation system. Seedlings were propagated using the minicutting method in vermiculite-filled tubes, followed by treatment with a nutrient solution at three P concentrations: a deficient dose (0.1 mM), an adequate dose (1.0 mM) and an excessive dose (10 mM), with and without the addition of Si (2mM). This study assessed P and Si concentration, nutritional efficiency, oxidative metabolism, photosynthetic parameters, and dry matter production.ResultsSi supply increased phenolic compounds production and reduced electrolyte leakage in seedlings provided with 0.1 mM of P. On the other hand, Si favored quantum efficiency of photosystem II as well as chlorophyll a content in seedlings supplemented with 10 mM of P. In general, Si attenuates P nutritional disorder by reducing the oxidative stress, favoring the non-enzymatic antioxidant system and photosynthetic parameters in seedlings of Eucalyptus grandis × Eucalyptus urophylla.ConclusionThe results of this study indicate that Eucalyptus grandis × Eucalyptus urophylla seedlings are sensitive to P deficiency and toxicity and Si has shown a beneficial effect, attenuating P nutritional disorder by reducing the oxidative stress, favoring the non-enzymatic antioxidant system and photosynthetic parameters.

Phenolics production via the catalytic pyrolysis of organosolv lignin over praseodymium doped lanthanum nickelate

To fully utilize the aromatic ring structure of lignin and realize high value addition, organosolv lignin (OL) extracted from papermaking waste liquid was subjected to catalytic pyrolysis for the production of phenolic compounds. Using self-made carbon nanospheres as a template, cellular La0.8Pr0.2NiO3 perovskite was prepared by the sol-gel method and used as catalyst in the pyrolysis of OL at 600 °C for 3 h. The yield of liquid-phase product was 21.34 %, and the selectivity of phenolic compounds reached 70.20 %, constituting increases by 43.41 % and 25.87 % compared with the yield and selectivity of the catalyst-free process, respectively. After four cycles of regeneration, La0.8Pr0.2NiO3 perovskite still demonstrated good structural and catalytic stability. This work provides a theoretical basis for the development of green and sustainable chemical products.

Influence of seasonality and habitat on chemical composition, cytotoxicity and antimicrobial properties of the Libidibia ferrea

Libidibia ferrea Mart, belonging to the Fabacee family, is a medicinal plant known for its biological properties and production of phenolic compounds. Previous studies reveal the biological activity of its phenolic constituents, making it very promising for the development of new medicines. Seasonality and geographic distribution of species can modify the production of secondary metabolites in Fabaceae species in terms of the preferentially activated metabolic pathways and, consequently, interfere with the medicinal properties of these species. Studying the influence of seasonality on the production of phenolic constituents is essential to establish conditions for “cultivation,” species collection, standardization, production, and safety in traditional medicine. This unprecedented study proposed to evaluate the influence of seasonal variations and habitat on the production of phenolic compounds and biological properties of the ethanolic extracts of the stem bark from L. ferrea, whose specimens were collected from the Caatinga and the Atlantic Forest, biomes of Brazil. Antimicrobial activity was determined by broth microdilution. Cytotoxicity was evaluated through a colorimetric assay using MTT. ABTS and DPPH radical reduction methods estimated antioxidant capacities. Folin-Ciocalteu and AlCl3 spectrophotometric methods quantified total phenolics and flavonoids, respectively. In turn, radial diffusion quantified tannin content. PCA score plot and HCA dendogram were obtained by multivariate analysis of 1H NMR data. The cytotoxicity against C6 glioma cells was observed only for Atlantic Forest extracts (EC50 = 0.13–0.5 mg mL−1). These extracts also showed selectivity against Gram-positive bacteria Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 6633) [MICs 500–2000 μg mL−1], B. cereus CCT 0096) [MIC = 250 μg mL−1], Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538) [MICs = 250–500 μg mL−1], S. epidermidis (ATCC 12228) [62.5–1000 μg mL−1], mainly to Staphylococcus sp. Caatinga extracts showed higher production of flavonoids and antioxidants in the summer [7.36 ± 0.19 μg QE mg−1 extract; IC50ABTS = 4.86 ± 0.05 μg mL−1], spring [5.96 ± 0.10 μg QE mg−1 extract; IC50ABTS = 5.96 ± 0.08 μg mL−1 ], winter [4.89 ± 0.25 μg QE mg−1 extract; IC50ABTS = 6.72 ± 0.08 μg mL−1 ]. Regarding habitat, two discriminating compound patterns in the studied biomes were revealed by NMR. The results indicated that the Caatinga biome offers better conditions for activating the production of phenolics [336.34 ± 18.1 μgGAE mg−1 extract], tannins [328.38 ± 30.19 μgTAE mg−1 extract] in the summer and flavonoids in winter, spring, and summer. The extracts that showed the best antioxidant activities were also those from the Caatinga. In turn, extracts from the Atlantic Forest are more promising for discovering antibacterial compounds against Staphylococcus sp and cytotoxic for C6 glioma cells. These findings corroborated the traditional use of L. ferrea bark powder for treating skin wounds and suggest the cytotoxic potential of these extracts for glioblastoma cell lines.

Inhibitory nitric oxide production and cytotoxic activities of phenolic compounds from Gnetum montanum Markgr

One new compound, styrene dimer-type listeanol-4-O-α-ʟ-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-ᴅ-glucopyranoside (1), and four known compounds namely listeanol (2), isorhapotigenin (3), genetifolin E (4), gnetifolin K (5) were isolated from the methanolic extract from the aerial part of the Gnetum montanum Markgr. in Viet Nam. Their chemical structures were determined by modern spectroscopic methods (NMR and HR-ESI-MS) and comparison with those of published data. These compounds were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic activities. Among them, compound 3 exhibited the NO inhibitory production on the RAW264.7 cell line, and inhibited the HepG2 cell line with respective IC50 values of 79.88 ± 5.51 (µg/mL) (L-NMMA 7.90 ± 0.63 µg/mL), and 63.48 ± 3.63 (µg/mL) (Ellipticine 0.40 ± 0.01 µg/mL).

Production and Optimization of Hydroxy and Methyl Phenolic Compounds Through Microwave-Assisted Catalytic Hydrogenolysis from Lignin Valorization

Production and Optimization of Hydroxy and Methyl Phenolic Compounds Through Microwave-Assisted Catalytic Hydrogenolysis from Lignin Valorization

Thermal degradation of emerging pollutants in municipal solid wastes and agro wastes: effectiveness of catalysts and pretreatment for the conversion of value added products

In this study, emerging soil pollutants in the form of municipal solid waste (MSW) and agricultural waste were converted into biofuel via thermal degradation process. Among various waste-to-energy conversion processes, the pyrolysis of biomass is considered the most significant due to its maximum biofuel yield than other conversion techniques. Individual and co-pyrolysis of MSW and sugarcane residue (SR) as well as its treated variant (TSR) were performed in a lab-setup fixed-bed reactor with and without catalyst. The effect of acid pretreatment and catalytic effects on the pyrolysis process was assessed in terms of product yields and characterization. The acidic pretreatment of SR and catalyst in the pyrolysis process alters the process yield and its composition. The maximum oil yield of 50.5 wt% was achieved by catalytic co-pyrolysis of MSW + TSR + HZSM5, whereas the maximum gas yield of 38.1 wt% was achieved by catalytic co-pyrolysis of MSW + SR + HZSM5. This suggests that intrinsic minerals present in the biomass and MSW, particularly alkali and alkaline earth metals, have a catalytic effect on the devolatilization of organic material and the char cracking event. The pretreatment of biomass showed considerable improvement in the properties of the produced pyrolysis oil and char. Compared to the pyrolysis oil and char obtained from MSW + SR, the oil and char obtained from MSW + TSR + HZSM5 showed a small increment in their heating values. Pretreatment and the catalytic co-pyrolysis process influenced the structure of the pyrolysis oils, increasing the production of phenolic compounds and aromatic hydrocarbons. The amount of gas components in pyrolysis gas, such as CH4, CO2, and CO also changed more according to the feedstock used for the process. Overall, the HZSM-5 catalyst and co-pyrolysis of MSW with pretreated SR enhanced the pyrolysis conversion of waste municipal solids and agricultural wastes into energy-rich products.

Valorization of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. cv. “Hangbaiju” stems for phenolic compounds production by steam explosion pretreatment

Chrysanthemi Flos, as one of the medicinal and edible herbals, contains phenols, flavonoids, and other physiologically active substances that contribute to health benefits. The stem residues also contained abundant phenolic compounds of high significance to the pharmaceutical and food industries. To valorize the currently underutilized stem residues, steam explosion (SE) pretreatment was exploited to extract the polyphenolics from Hangbaiju (HBJ) stems. After the SE pretreatment, the total phenolic and flavonoid contents of the stems were maximally increased by 1.64 and 8.71 times, respectively. The antioxidant activity also increased significantly. Notably, 3,5-CQA, linarin, luteolin, apigenin, and acacetin, which were not detected in the raw stems, could be obtained through SE. The simulated in vitro gastrointestinal digestion demonstrated that the bioaccessibility of luteolin-7-O-glucoside and apigenin-7-O-glucoside could be enhanced by SE. This study highlights that SE can promote more effective extraction of phenolics and greater antioxidant activity of HBJ stems.

Employing soil isolated fungi for production of bioactive phenolic compounds: a fermentative approach

An efficient method of solid-state fermentation (SSF) is reported for producing bioactive phenolic compounds using soil-isolated fungi. Antioxidant activity using a rapid DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl), was employed to screen the 120 fungal isolates from soil. Aspergillus terreus 1, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus terreus 2, Penicillium citrinum, Aspergillus wentii1, Aspergillus wentii 2, Penicillium expansum and Penicillium granulatum were chosen, concerning their antioxidant activity and total phenolic content. These fungal strains were applied on agro residues viz. sugarcane bagasse, corn cob, rice straw, pea pod and wheat straw, to evaluate the release of phenolic compounds. The fermented extracts from various agro-residues showed good antioxidant activity against DPPH, ferric ion, and nitric oxide radicals. The highest antioxidant activity was observed in fermented extracts of sugarcane bagasse, followed by pea pod. Additionally, the total phenolic content in the fermented extracts positively correlated with antioxidant potential. This study highlights the significant potential of solid substrate fermentation using soil-isolated fungi and agro-residues to produce bioactive phenolic compounds with potent antioxidant properties. The utilization of SSF for the extraction of bioactive compounds from natural sources not only offers a clean and sustainable approach but also contributes to the valorization of agro-industrial residues.

Effect of Some Ecological Factors on Stomata and Phenolic Compounds Production in Aloe Vera L. Gel and Effect Gel to the Adult of Flour Beetle: Tribolium Castaneum (Coleoptera : Tenebriodae)

This search presents the effect of some ecological factors such as (ultraviolet –B radiation , temperature , salinity ) on stomatal index and stomatal frequency and phenolic compounds after exposure to Aloe vera L. UV-B radiation , temperature and salinity . Ultraviolet – B radiation is one of the important abiotic factors that can stimulate the production of secondary metabolites, including phenolic compounds. Aloe vera (Asphodelaceae) is a medicinal plant used in Iraq for treating sunburn, wounds, and heartburn. The flour beetle: Tribolium castaneum is one of the inset causes of loss storage food yield in the world. The study aims the effect of some ecological factors such as (ultraviolet –B radiation , temperature , salinity ) on stomatal index and stomatal frequency and phenolic compounds after exposure to Aloe vera L. UV-B radiation , temperature and salinity and investigate the insecticidal and repellency effect of leaf gel for Aloe vera to estimate the percentage of the insecticidal effect for concentrations 25, 50, 75, and 100 % of alcoholic extract within seven days on adult insects. The gel in leaf exposure to UV-B radiation contained a higher diversity of phenolic compounds and flavonoids. This search showed a high percent kill for an adult with 100% of the alcoholic extract compared with control and an excellent effect of Aloe vera gel at a concentration of 50 % for a repellency effect with a value of 10.842%. Phenolic compounds showed after exposure to UV as : (dioxyflavone ,kampferol, catechuic acid, flavonol glucuronic acid, gabardine isoflavone, isoquercitrin, p-coumaric acid, hispaglabridine ) with a high percentage in the gel after exposure to UV-B compared by control.

Effect of Spent Lubricating Oil on Total Antioxidant Power, Total Flavonoid Content and Total Phenolic Content of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Mooch and Soyabean Glycine Max (L.) Merr Seedlings after 14 Days of Germination

Environmental pollution is a growing concern, with its detrimental effects on ecosystems, biodiversity, and human health. Spent lubricating oil (SLO) represents a pervasive environmental pollutant, often finding its way into soil and posing a significant threat to plant life. This study was to investigate effect of the fractions of SLO (water-soluble, WSF; water-insoluble, WISF; and crude whole SLO, cWSLO) and distilled water (DW) respectively. The WSF showed significant (P<0.05) decrease in both species of seedlings (Sorghum 15.34 mg GAE/g ± 2.01 and Soya-bean 16.87 mg GAE/g ± 0.86) from results of TAP when compared to that of DW while the cWSLO was most significantly (P<0.05) decreased. The TPC also revealed significant (P<0.05) decrease from the different fractions when compared to the control (DW) as well as that of the TFC values from the results. The disparities in TPC emphasize the selective influence of different SLO components on the production of phenolic compounds, which could be crucial for plant defense mechanisms against oxidative stress. Thus, the results of the study showed that although the different parameters indicated that SLO can affect the oxidative state of brown sorghum seeds but it can be seen that it may be possible for the plant to utilize some of the water soluble contents of the SLO to aid germination.

Enhancement of in vitro production of tropane alkaloids and phenolic compounds in Hyoscyamus niger by culture types and elicitor treatments

This study aimed to determine the effects of 24-epibrasinolide (EBL) and methyl jasmonate (MJ) treatments on growth parameters and secondary metabolite synthesis in adventitious root and cell suspension cultures of Hyoscyamus niger. Therefore, different concentrations (0.5, 1 and 2 mg L−1) of EBL alone and combined with 224.3 mg L−1 (1 mM) MJ were applied to root and cell suspension cultures. 2 mg L−1 and 1 mg L−1 EBL were determined as the treatments in which the highest values were obtained in terms of growth criteria in root and cell cultures, respectively. In root cultures, the highest scopolamine accumulation (2.57 mg g−1) was obtained from the combination of 2 mg L−1 EBL and MJ, while the highest value (0.66 mg g−1) for hyoscyamine was observed in the roots treated with 1 mg L−1 EBL and MJ. In cell cultures, 2 mg L−1 EBL for scopolamine and 0.5 mg L−1 EBL for hyoscyamine were found to be the best applications and calculated as 0.51 µg g−1 and 0.28 µg g−1, respectively. EBL and MJ treatments also stimulated total phenolic content (TPC). The highest TPC in root cultures was detected as 18.01 mg g−1 with the combination of MJ while in cell cultures, maximum TPC was observed in cells applied with 2 mg L−1 EBL and MJ as 11.56 mg g−1. When EBL and MJ were applied to root and cell suspension cultures, significant changes occurred in the amount of phenolic compounds. Co-application of EBL and MJ significantly increased the amount of gallic acid, catechin, epicatechin, cinnamic acid and chlorogenic acid in root cultures. The application of 2 mg L−1 EBL was determined as the most suitable application for gallic acid, catechin, epicatechin, p-coumaric acid, and caffeic acid in cell cultures. It was also found that the metabolite production performance of adventitious roots was higher than that of cells. In conclusion, it was suggested that the use of MJ and EBL may be a promising strategy to enhance the accumulation of scopolamine, hyoscyamine and phenolics in root and cell cultures of H. niger.