Background: Protocatechualdehyde (PCA) is a naturally-occurring phenolic aldehyde commonly found in many plants and plant-based products. PCA has many possible health benefits. It has shown promising anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial and anti-carcinogenic traits. Objective: In this study, we aim to explore PCA’s potential uses as a therapeutic agent and recommend future research directions. Methods: PubMed was searched in November 2024. Every article containing “protocatechualdehyde” or “protocatechuic aldehyde” in title or abstract were looked into and relevant studies selected. Results: PCA has the potential to be effective on a variety of disease. The top five most researched on conditions are: wound healing, atherosclerosis, myocardial ischemia, cerebrovascular disease, Parkinson’s disease. Articles mainly focus on cardiovascular, central nervous and urinary systems. Wound-sealant hydrogels containing PCA as a topical agent are an area of focus as well. anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-bacterial properties of PCA appear to give PCA its therapeutic potential. PCA can impact many intracellular pathways including Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and induce antiapoptotic proteins like B-cell lymphoma protein. Discussion: In conclusion, studies regarding PCA’s therapeutic use have been diverse, but dispersed, and in a few instances contradictory. PCA can have a positive impact on a range of illnesses and conditions in vitro and in vivo. It appears that PCA owes its therapeutic features to its strong anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-bacterial effects. However, current research lacks in showing PCA’s possible systemic effects and interaction with human body. PCA can become a potent pharmacological agent in the future, but still has a long journey ahead.

Detecting multiple metal ions, especially those from the same periodic group, is quite challenging with a single fluorophore-based sensing method because of their similar chemical properties. We introduce a unique fluorescent probe that can identify Zn2+, Cd2+, and Pb2+ simultaneously from their mixture, even in the presence of other metal ions, with the first two being in the same group of the periodic table. The design of the probe (L1) is based on the selective binding of Zn2+ or Cd2+, which triggers the fluorescence response of the phenolic aldehyde chromophore moiety, changing it from the off-mode to the on-mode due to its linkage with 2-(((pyridin-2-yl)methylamino)methyl)phenol, which restricts the photo-induced electron transfer (PET) process upon metal ion binding. Pb2+ acts as a unique metal ion, replacing Cd(II) but not Zn(II) from their respective complexes with L1. Using the preferential interaction of Pb2+ with the Cd(II)-complex, we were able to quantify not only Zn2+ and Cd2+, but also Pb2+ in their mixture with a detection limit below 0.01 μM. This can be achieved by formulating suitable analytical equations to determine the intensity value related to Cd(II)/L1 from the total intensity affected by all three metal ions, as well as the intensity reduction caused by Pb2+ for Cd(II)/L1. We measured Zn2+, Cd2+, and Pb2+ contents in nearby industrial wastewater. Fluorescence bio-imaging studies indicate that the probe is very effective in identifying elevated levels of Zn2+ and Cd2+ in cancer cells. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the reversible fluorescence responses of L1 in the presence of Zn2+, Cd2+, and Pb2+ are suitable for application in molecular logic gates.

Lignocellulose-derived phenolic aldehydes, including p-hydroxybenzaldehyde (P), vanillin (V), and syringaldehyde (S), exert synergistic inhibition on the fermentation performance of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In this study, a robust S. cerevisiae S91 was obtained through adaptive laboratory evolution under increasing concentrations of a mixed phenolic aldehyde cocktail (P + V + S). Phenotypic analyses of S. cerevisiae S91 revealed enhanced phenolic aldehyde detoxification, improved cell morphology, and increased membrane integrity under inhibitory conditions. The evolved strain exhibited over 60% improvement in the conversion of phenolic aldehydes and demonstrated a 1.5-fold increase of ethanol titer in corn stover hydrolysate. Comprehensive transcriptomic, qRT-PCR, and fermentation evaluation revealed plasma membrane-associated genes, including GEX1 and PST2, played a vital role in the improved phenolic aldehyde tolerance of the evolved strain. This work advanced our understanding of the physiological and molecular mechanisms underlying phenolic aldehyde tolerance in S. cerevisiae and provided a robust strain for cellulosic ethanol production.

Ozonolysis of phenolic aldehydes from industrial-based lignin wastewaters.

Aim: This study aimed to compare the antioxidant activities, total oxidant/antioxidant status, and phenolic profiles of commercial Spirulina and Undaria extracts obtained with solvents of different polarity. Methods: Extracts were prepared using hexane, ethanol, and water. Antioxidant activities were assessed by DPPH, ABTS, CUPRAC, and metal chelation assays. Total phenolic (TPC), total flavonoid (TFC), and phenolic aldehyde contents were quantified spectrophotometrically. Phenolic identities and profiles were analyzed using LC–MS/MS in multiple reaction monitoring mode with authentic standards. Total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS), and oxidative stress index (OSI) were measured using commercial kits. Results: Spirulina ethanol and hexane extracts exhibited the strongest radical-scavenging and chelating activities, with lower IC₅₀ values in DPPH and ABTS assays compared with Undaria. Spirulina consistently showed higher TAS and lower OSI, indicating a more favorable oxidative balance. Phenolic profiling revealed vanillin, vanillic acid, and gentisic acid as dominant in Spirulina, whereas Undaria was richer in high-molecular-weight phlorotannins but yielded lower TPC and TFC values. Solvent polarity strongly influenced outcomes: ethanol and hexane extracts provided higher phenolic content and stronger antioxidant activity than water. Conclusion: Spirulina extracts demonstrated superior antioxidant activity and phenolic diversity compared to Undaria, challenging the perception that brown algae always dominate in polyphenol content. By integrating classical assays with oxidative stress indices, this study highlights Spirulina’s potential as a more effective source of functional antioxidants.

Gossypol, a polyphenolic naphthalene derivative and yellow polyphenolic pigment found in cotton seed glands, presents notable environmental, animal, and human health hazards. To screen for yeast strains capable of utilizing gossypol and to investigate their removal efficiency and mechanisms. Yeast strains capable of utilizing gossypol as the exclusive carbon source were isolated from cotton field soil. The identification of these strains involved assessment of colony morphology, physiological and biochemical characteristics, and phylogenetic analysis utilizing 26S rDNA gene sequences. Safety evaluations included hemolytic and antibiotic susceptibility tests. The growth responses of the selected strains to varying temperatures and pH levels were determined. Using cotton meal as the solid fermentation substrate, the effects of single factors on gossypol removal by the strains were determined. The intracellular and extracellular localization as well as the nature of the gossypol-removing active components in the strains were characterized, followed by an investigation into the molecular mechanism of gossypol removal using LC-MS analysis. A total of 17 gossypol-utilizing strains were isolated from cotton field soil samples, with strain ZYS-3 demonstrating superior removal capability. Strain ZYS-3 was identified as Meyerozyma guilliermondii, exhibiting no hemolytic activity and susceptibility to nine commonly used antifungal agents. The optimal growth parameters for this strain were determined to be a temperature of 30 °C and a pH of 5.0. In solid-state fermentation using cotton meal at 30 °C with initial fermentation conditions (10% corn flour added as an external carbon source, 40% moisture content, and 6% inoculum concentration) for 3 days, strain ZYS-3 achieved a gossypol removal rate of 73.57%. Subsequent optimization of the fermentation process, including the addition of 10% corn flour as an external carbon source, adjustment of moisture content to 55%, and inoculum concentration to 10%, resulted in an increased gossypol removal rate of 89.77% after 3 days of fermentation, representing a 16.2% enhancement over the initial conditions. Assessment of gossypol removal activity revealed that strain ZYS-3 predominantly removes gossypol through the secretion of extracellular enzymes targeting specific active groups (phenolic hydroxyl groups and aldehyde groups) within the gossypol molecule. These enzymes facilitate oxidation and elimination reactions, leading to the opening of the naphthalene ring and subsequent removal of gossypol.

Synthesis and characterization of functionalized chitosan coupled with phenolic aldehyde to thwart antibiotics-resistant bacteria with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties: In vitro evaluations and computational investigations.

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive subtype of breast cancer with poor prognosis. Treatment options of TNBC are limited, which is prone to recurrence and metastasis, posing a serious threat to patients' health. Recent studies revealed the important role of ferroptosis in TNBC. Vanillin is a phenolic aldehyde extracted from natural vanilla pods with multiple pharmacological activities, including anti-tumor properties. The present study aimed to explore the potential of vanillin in treating TNBC from the perspective of inducing ferroptosis. BT549 and MDA-MB-231 cells were incubated with 8 and 16 μM Vanillin for 24 h. Significantly decreased colony number, enhanced ROS, MDA, and GSSG levels, and reduced GSH levels and SOD activities in BT549 and MDA-MB-231 cells were triggered by 8 and 16 μM Vanillin, accompanied by increased Fe2+ levels, upregulated ACSL4 and KLF2, and downregulated GPX4. MDA-MB-231 cells were transfected with lentivirus containing si-KLF2 for 48 h or incubated with Fer-1 (an inhibitor of ferroptosis, 10 μM), followed by treated by 16 μM Vanillin for 24 h. Repressed cell viability, enhanced MDA and GSSG levels, declined GSH levels and SOD activities, increased Fe2+ levels, upregulated ACSL4, and downregulated GPX4 observed in Vanillin-treated MDA-MB-231 cells were significantly abolished by silencing KLF2 or Fer-1. Collectively, Vanillin suppressed proliferation of TNBC cells by inducing ferroptosis via mediating the KLF2/GPX4 axis.

Protocatechualdehyde (PCA) is a phenolic aldehyde with many pharmacological features. It is composed of two hydroxyl groups attached to C3 and C4 of the benzene ring. This review aims to discover the source of PCA, discuss its pharmacological efficiency, investigate its implication in related mechanistic pathways, approve safety, and elaborate scientific foundation for future studies. This compound has been detected in various plants, especially Salviae Miltiorrhiza Bumge. which is considered as the main source. PCA has been confirmed to possess strong antioxidant activity by inhibiting free radicals in different in vivo and in vitro models. Interestingly, PCA has an important anticancer potential and is involved in various mechanistic pathways, such as apoptosis in different cancer cells, degradation of cyclin expression, cell cycle arrest, and downregulated regulator proteins. Furthermore, this molecule has a clear effect in reducing inflammation via inhibition of cyclooxygenases-2 (COX-2), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukins (IL-6, IL-1β), reduction of NLRP3, GSDMD, and caspase-1 expression, activation of the Nrf2 pathway, and suppression of the ERK/c-Fos/NFATc1 signaling axis. In addition, the antimicrobial proprieties and antibiofilm activity of PCA have been proved on Micrococcus luteus, MRSA, Ralstonia solanacearum, and Yersinia enterocolitica. Also, it is highly reported in neurological illness and cardiovascular treatment. Particularly, PCA exhibits significant anti-atherosclerosis activity, protects skin, and is valuable for endothelial function. Exploring the pharmacokinetic applications, toxicity and recent advances in researches on PCA, we have developed the scientific insights required for future research for the accurate exploitation of PCA in future pre-clinical and clinical trials.

Herbs belonging to the Zingiberaceae family are frequently utilized in traditional medicine. Nevertheless, there has yet to be a study that thoroughly examines the biological properties of Zingiberaceae rhizomes while also conducting a chemometric analysis of their metabolic components. The present study explored the total phenolic content, antioxidant, antidiabetic, and antibacterial activity of Curcuma xanthorrhiza, Zingiber officinale, Alpinia galanga, Kaempferia galanga, and Curcuma domestica concurrent with chemometric analysis of their metabolic components. The highest antioxidant activity measured using DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl) assay was found in Z. officinale extract (IC50=14.93µg/mL), followed by C. domestica extract (IC50=35.56µg/mL). Moreover, all samples demonstrated in vitro antidiabetic activity by inhibiting α-glucosidase, with C. domestica showing the highest activity (98.42%), followed by K. galanga (86.13%), A. galanga (85.04%), Z. officinale (74.76%), and C. xanthorrhiza (43.74%). All extracts exhibited antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, with C. domestica and C. xanthorrhiza extracts being the most active extracts at a concentration of 5mg/mL. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectra supported the presence of phenolic compounds in all extracts. In addition, liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) analysis revealed various compounds in the extracts, including phenolic compounds, flavonoids, aldehyde, fatty amide, amino acid, fatty acid, ketone, purine derivative, and glycosides. Partial least square-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) successfully discriminated C. xanthorrhiza, Z. officinale, A. galanga, K. galanga, and C. domestica extracts based on their different metabolite composition. This study revealed the potency of C. xanthorrhiza, Z. officinale, A. galanga, K. galanga, and C. domestica as natural sources packed with antioxidant, antidiabetic, and antibacterial benefits in functional food and pharmaceutical products.

The antioxidant and skin protectant-guided isolation of ethyl ­acetate soluble fraction from olive seed led to the elucidating of two phenolic lignans and one phenolic aldehyde for the first time. Compound (3) was reported in the oleaceae family for the first time. Their structures were characterised using NMR and HR-MS analysis as pinoresinol (1), olivil (2), 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzaldehyde (3). All isolated compounds were investigated for antioxidant and skin photo protection activities on NHDF cells. Among them, compound (1) exhibited inhibition of UVB radiation of 300 mJ/cm2 on NHDF cells in a dose- dependent manner without any cytotoxic effect. Moreover, the capability of compound (1) to inhibit UVB-induced NHDF cell damage correlated to its potent DPPH radical scavenger (IC50 = 37.47 ± 2.2 µg/mL). This study highlights compound (1) offers a possible bioactive compound for natural skin photo protection in the future.

Biobased organic diols derived from the phenolic aldehyde by-products in the depolymerization of lignin (4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, vanillin, and syringaldehyde) for the synthesis of polyesters and polyurethanes is described. Methods to prepare lignin-based diols involved a two-step synthetic route using either a hydroxy alkylation and aldehyde reduction or an aldehyde reduction and Williamson-Ether substitution. The preparation of five polyesters (PEs) and ten polyurethanes (PUs) from lignin-based diols was also performed and their physical and thermal properties were analyzed. DSC analysis confirmed the amorphous nature of all synthesized polymers, and GPC analysis revealed broad dispersities and high molecular weights. Two PE polyols were also derived from a vanillin-based diol at concentrations of 10 and 25 wt% for their usage in sustainable PU foams. PU foams were prepared from these polyols, where it was found that only the foam containing the 10 wt% formulation was suitable for mechanical testing. The PU foam samples were found to have good hardness and tensile strengths compared to both control foams, showing potential for the incorporation of biobased polyols for PU foam formation.

Hyperlipidemia, a condition characterized by elevated lipid levels, presents significant cardiovascular risks. Syringaldehyde (SA), a phenolic aldehyde derived from plants, exhibits antioxidant, antihyperglycemic, and anti-inflammatory properties. However, its potential toxicity and effects on hyperlipidemia have not been studied. In this study, we evaluated the safety profile and antihyperlipidemic effects of SA. To assess acute toxicity, Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into two groups (n = 5 in each group): the control group received a vehicle, while the treatment group was administered a single oral dose of SA 2000 mg/kg, and rats were observed up to 14 days. To investigate the antihyperlipidemic effects of SA, rats were allocated into six groups (n = 5 in each group). Group 1 (control) received a vehicle, group 2 (hyperlipidemic) was treated with tyloxapol (i.p 400 mg/kg), while groups 3-6 received atorvastatin 10 mg/kg and SA 10, 20, and 40 mg/kg, respectively, post tyloxapol injection. The acute toxicity results showed that SA exhibits LD50 above 2000 mg/kg. Hematological analyses showed no significant changes, except for a notable increase in the platelet count. Additionally, SA significantly decreases cholesterol, triglyceride, and creatinine levels, along with elevated alanine transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, and urea levels. Markers of oxidative stress confirmed SA's antioxidant properties, and histopathological examination revealed normal cellular structure of selected organs. In the hyperlipidemic model, SA effectively and dose dependently reduced hyperlipidemia by lowering total cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL levels and improved hepatocellular structure affected by tyloxapol. Moreover, gene expression analysis demonstrated significant downregulation in SREBP-2 gene expression along with reduced HMG-CoA reductase activity. Overall, this study supports the safety and low toxicity of SA and its promising antihyperlipidemic effects.

ABSTRACTVanillin (4‐hydroxy‐3‐methoxybenzaldehyde) is a phenolic aldehyde compound found in the plants of the genus Vanilla. This substance is widely used as a flavouring in the world, used in the food even pharmaceutical industries. Some studies have reported pharmacological activities such as antitumor, antinociceptive, anti‐inflammatory and neuroprotective activities. This study aimed to investigate the spasmolytic, antitussive, expectorant and anti‐asthmatic effects of vanillin in rodents. The spasmolytic activity of vanillin was assayed in isolated rat tracheas that were contracted with carbachol or KCl. The in vivo effects were evaluated in mouse models of citric acid‐induced cough, phenol red dosage in bronchoalveolar lavage and ovalbumin‐induced asthma. The maximal relaxing effect promoted by vanillin in isolated rat trachea was greater in contractions induced by KCl 60 mM than by carbachol (10 μM). In calcium‐free media, this effect was significantly reduced during CCh‐induced contractions. Vanillin at doses of 10, 30 or 100 mg/kg reduced the number of inflammatory cells in bronchoalveolar lavage and the number of coughs in mice after treatment. The effect of vanillin may be related to the opioid receptor, as the antitussive effect was abolished in the presence of 0, 4 mg/kg naloxone. The vanillin‐loaded nanoemulsions exhibited expectorant activity. The present study showed that vanillin may be responsible for these anti‐asthmatic, antitussive and spasmolytic effects.

Toxoplasmosis induced by Toxoplasma gondii is a well-known health threat, that prompts fatal encephalitis increased with immunocompromised patients, in addition, it can cause chorioretinitis, microcephaly, stillbirth in the fetus and even led to death. Standard therapy uses sulfadiazine and pyrimethamine drugs revealed beneficial results during the acute stage, however, it has severe side effects. UPLC-ESI-MS/MS used to explore C. limon MeOH ext. constituents, which revealed a list of 41 metabolites of different classes encompasses; unsaturated fatty acid, tricarboxylic acids, phenolic aldehyde, phenolic acids, phenolic glycosides, coumarins, sesquiterpene lactone, limonoid, steroid and flavonoids. C. limon MeOH ext. and the isolates reduced significantly the number of T. gondii tachyzoites. Consequently, histopathological examination, proved significant reduction in the number of mononuclear inflammatory cells in the kidney and liver sections, besides, lowering the number of shrunken and degenerative neurons in the brain sections of infected mice. Molecular docking study was performed targeted certain receptors, which are important for the life cycle fundamentals for the parasite mobility including invasion and egress, and further molecular dynamics simulation was conducted to get insights into the structural changes of the formed complexes, along with a pharmacophoric mapping approach, that confirmed the need for a free hydroxyl group and/or a phenolic substituted one, in order to form HB, Hyd/Aro and ML interactions, through which, cell cycle disruption via iron chelation, could be achieved. In addition, the ADMIT properties of all identified metabolites were predicted.

Hemorrhagic Cystitis (HC) is the primary side effect associated with the use of cyclophosphamide (CYP) in cancer patients. Acrolein, the urotoxic metabolite of CYP, induces oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, and generation of proinflammatory cytokines leading to urothelial damage, hemorrhage, edema, and inflammation. Isovanillin, a plant-derived phenolic aldehyde, has shown antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities in chemically induced rodent models. Therefore, in the present study, we investigated the uroprotective potential of isovanillin in female Sprague Dawley rats having HC induced by CYP (150 mg/Kg, 1, 4, and 7th day once i.p.). Three doses of isovanillin (5, 10, and 20 mg/kg) were evaluated in rats. On the 8th day, the urinary bladder samples were isolated and collected for in vitro studies. Pre-treatment with isovanillin decreased bladder weight, edema, hemorrhage, and nociception scoring in rats. Isovanillin also increased GSH, GST, and CAT activity and reduced lipid peroxidation in rats treated with CYP. Expression of TNF-α, Caspase 1, and iNOS were reduced in the isovanilline pretreatment groups while the expression of SOD increased. In silico studies presented isovanillin as a strong candidate for antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities with high lipophilicity, bioavailability, and safety profile. The findings of the current study present isovanillin as a uroprotective, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory agent against HC induced by CYP. Consequently, isovanillin has the potential to be used as a potential adjuvant drug for CYP-based chemotherapy.

This study examines the thermal performance of building walls under full sunlight conditions using various insulation strategies. Specifically, it evaluates: (1) the effects of heat on building walls and indoor spaces; (2) the impact of groundwater cooling systems on thermal environments; (3) the influence of phenolic aldehyde insulation layers on heat transfer; and (4) the combined effects of groundwater cooling and phenolic aldehyde thermal insulation. Fluent–CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) was used in the study to simulate temperature transmission between the sun, the groundwater cooling system, and both indoor and outdoor spaces. Experimental analysis and simulations reveal that both the phenolic aldehyde insulation layer and the groundwater cooling system effectively reduce heat transfer, with the groundwater cooling system demonstrating the most significant impact. The phenolic aldehyde layer decreases the temperature difference between inner and outer walls by approximately 8 °C. The groundwater cooling system further reduces both inner and outer wall temperatures, helping to maintain cooler indoor environments. Simulation results indicate that, while the phenolic aldehyde layer effectively prevents external heat from penetrating into the room, it does not eliminate heat accumulation. In contrast, the groundwater cooling system efficiently dissipates heat, mitigating this issue. Groundwater analysis shows that maximum temperature differences occur at specific times of the day, with water flow effectively cooling the space. The combined use of the phenolic aldehyde insulation layer and the groundwater cooling system offers superior thermal performance. The phenolic layer provides effective heat blocking, while the groundwater system facilitates heat dissipation, optimizing indoor temperature and reducing air conditioning loads. This combination enhances overall comfort and energy efficiency, with the groundwater cooling system benefiting from reduced flow velocity and lower energy consumption.

Abstract In this study, the reaction of six natural phenolic aldehydes, namely, ethyl vanillin (EV), syringaldehyde (SA), vanillin (VA), isovanillin (ISA), 2‐hydroxy‐4‐methylbenzaldehyde (HDA), and p‐hydroxy benzaldehyde (PHDA), with chitosan produces Schiff bases of chitosan films. All the complex films were characterized through instrumental analysis. The findings suggested that the degrees of substitution of CS‐EV, CS‐SA, CS‐VA, CS‐ISA, CS‐HDA and CS‐PHDA were 73.48%, 42.22%, 58.04%, 51.52%, 40.89% and 45.23%, respectively. The results of X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) analysis confirmed that natural phenolic aldehydes conjugated with chitosan through dynamic imine bonds. The tensile strength and water barrier properties of the films were significantly better than those of the chitosan film. Film thermal stability was altered as a result of the grafting of natural phenolic aldehydes on chitosan. According to the ABTS and DPPH data, the blended films showed better antioxidant packaging performance.

Background: Vanillin, a phenolic aldehyde extracted from Vanilla planifolia pods, has various biological activities, however, little is known about its hepatoprotective role. In this study, we developed an acute liver injury murine model using lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and elucidated the hepatoprotective activity of vanillin. Methods: A pre-clinical study using a random sampling technique was conducted at Ziauddin University MDRL-1 and 2 labs, between March-December 2023. The inclusion criteria included 36 healthy male BALB/c. Six groups (n=6) of male BALB/c mice (25-30g) were used: Normal, LPS, Treatment groups (two different concentrations of Vanillin were intraperitoneally [I.P.] given to mice), toxicity, and positive control group respectively. The animals were pre-treated for four days and a single dose of LPS (2mg/kg) was I.P. administered one day before euthanizing animals. Using SPSS v.24, one-way ANOVA was performed followed by Tukey and Bonferroni’s post hoc for results comparison between different groups with p<0.05 significant. Results: The results indicated that vanillin had a markedly protective effect on acute liver injury induced by LPS in mice. Histopathological analysis showed that vanillin administration minimized liver injury levels. Also, the administration of vanillin inhibited the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6 growth in liver tissue. A significant elevation of liver enzymes in LPS-treated mice (2 mg/kg); AST and ALT activities were 360.63 ±14.56 U/L (p<0.0001) and 188.50 ±10.55 U/L versus 98.73 ±4.4 U/L and 36.53 ±3.56 U/L in the control group were seen. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that vanillin might be a promising candidate for LPS-induced acute liver injury via its regulating effects on inflammation in the hepatic cells.

A novel method for ultra-fast determination of phenolics with performance comparable to UPLC/DAD: Method development and validation on analysis of seedless table grapes