Motor Phase Research Articles

Analysis of the Effectiveness of Using Active Filters and Passive Filters in Reducing Harmonics Using a Power Simulator (PSIM) at PT. Delta Jaya Mas

The Extruder Machine at PT. Delta Jaya Mas plays a critical role in the production of rubber and PVC hoses, as well as molded rubber products. This process involves the use of a 3-phase synchronous motor and Variable Frequency Drive (VFD), which can introduce harmonics into the electrical system due to their non-linear load. These harmonics can cause waveform distortion, leading to decreased efficiency and potential equipment damage. To overcome this issue, a comprehensive research is being conducted utilizing the Power Simulator (PSIM) program to analyze the impact of harmonics and evaluate the effectiveness of both active and passive filters in reducing these unwanted distortions. Initial assessments of the Extruder SDP panel revealed elevated levels of Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) in the current phases, while the voltage phases remained within acceptable thresholds. Simulation results demonstrated that the active filter was able to significantly reduce THD to an impressive 1.57%, showcasing its effectiveness in harmonic mitigation. On the other hand, the passive filter also proved beneficial, albeit to a slightly lesser extent, achieving a reduction in THD to 34.07%. This ongoing research not only aims to assist PT. Delta Jaya Mas in implementing appropriate harmonic reduction measures for their Extruder Machine but also seeks to advance the understanding of harmonic analysis and filter applications.

Real-time anomaly detection in electric motor operation noise

Anomaly detection plays a very important role in many fields to identify abnormalities occurring in the system earlier. This study proposes a new abnormality detection solution for 3-phase electric motors based on their working noise. Normal and abnormal operating noise data sets for an electric motor were acquired in the laboratory. These datasets are converted into the corresponding two-dimensional gray spectrogram image sets. The normal set is used to train the autoencoder (AE) model to find the abnormality evaluation threshold. This threshold is validated again with anomalous data sets. The trained AE is then quantized to be installed on a system consisting of two duo-core microcontroller units (MCUs) for real-time testing. Free real-time operating system (FreeRTOS), a real-time operating system, is used to schedule tasks on the system. Experimental results show that the designed anomaly detector can accurately detect over 99% of abnormal events. The system can communicate with a supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) application running on the S7-1200 programmable logic controller (PLC) platform using the Modbus transmission control protocol (TCP) protocol. The SCADA application can continuously record evaluated results from the system and adjust abnormal thresholds for the system directly on the human-machine interface (HMI) screen.

Investigation of the Dynamic Characteristics of the Buffer Relief Valve of a Swing Motor Under Start–Stop Impact

The swivel system of a hydraulic excavator is susceptible to pressure impact during start and stop, which significantly impacts the service life of the excavator. In this investigation into how varying speeds affect the dynamic characteristics of a swing motor’s buffer relief valve (BRV), the AMESim simulation model of the whole swing motor was established, and its validity was confirmed through experimental testing. The pressure overshoot rate and start–stop impact time of the BRV of a swing motor at 1000 rpm, 1500 rpm, and 2000 rpm, under different spring stiffnesses, were analyzed. Based on the mathematical model of the BRV, the influence of the main structural parameters of the BRV on its dynamic characteristics were analyzed using an AMESim simulation model of the whole swing motor. The results show that an increase in the rotational speed of the electric motor, while maintaining a constant spring stiffness, affects the pressure overshoot rates of both the buffer relief valve of the swing motor inlet (BRVSMI) and the buffer relief valve of the swing motor outlet (BRVSMO); specifically, when the set pressure is established at 20 MPa, the pressure overshoot rate is observed to be higher, and the start–stop impact time exceeds 25 MPa. During the start phase of the swing motor, the start impact time for the BRVSMI remains relatively constant at approximately 2.5 s, with the pressure overshoot rate stabilizing at around 0.8. Conversely, in the stop phase of swing motor, both the stop impact time and the pressure overshoot rate of the BRVSMO exhibit variability in their response to the structural parameters of the BRV. Under conditions of comparatively high pressure, it is recommended to increase the diameter of the spool damping hole, the mass of the valve core, and the viscous damping coefficient, while simultaneously reducing the guide rod diameter of the buffer plunger, as these modifications can effectively enhance the start–stop impact time and mitigate the pressure overshoot rate.

Comparison of 12/10 switched reluctance motors with star and polygon connections

We propose a 6-phase 12/10 switched reluctance motor (SRM) with a polygon connection. The transformation between star and polygon connections is not equivalent to that between star and delta connections of a conventional 3-phase motor. In this paper, the transformation between star and polygon connections is theoretically described. In addition, the current condition that maximizes torque is described. Finally, the torque of both connections is compared in terms of the AC-DC current ratio.

The Electroencephalogram (EEG) Study for Estimating Endurance Sports Performance Base on Eigenvalues Extraction Method.

Brain-behavior connections are a new means to evaluate sports performance. This electroencephalogram (EEG) study aims to estimate endurance exercise performance by investigating eigenvalue trends and comparing their sensitivity and linearity. Twenty-three cross-country skiers completed endurance cycling tasks. Twenty-four-channel full-brain EEG signals were recorded in the motor phase and recovery phase continuously. Eighteen EEG eigenvalues calculation methods were collected, commonly used in previous research. Time-frequency, band power, and nonlinear analyses were used to calculate the EEG eigenvalues. Their regression coefficients and correlation coefficients were calculated and compared, with the linear regression method. The time-frequency eigenvalues shift slightly throughout the test. The power eigenvalues changed significantly before and after motor and recovery, but the linearity was not satisfactory. The sensitivity and linearity of the nonlinear eigenvalues were stronger than the other eigenvalues. Of all eigenvalues, Shannon entropy showed completely non-overlapping distribution intervals in the regression coefficients of the two phases, which were -0.1474 ± 0.0806 s-1 in the motor phase and 0.2560 ± 0.1365 s-1 in the recovery phase. Shannon entropy amplitude decreased more in the F region of the brain than in the other regions. Additionally, the higher the level of sport, the slower the decline in Shannon entropy of the athlete. The Shannon entropy method provided more accurate estimations for endurance exercise performance compared to other eigenvalues.

IoT-Based Control, Monitoring, and Protection System for 3-Phase Induction Motors in Electric Motorcycles

This study investigates the application of the Internet of Things (IoT) for wireless control and monitoring of a 3-phase electric motor using a smartphone. The system integrates PZEM-004T, DS18B20, and Hall Effect sensors to collect data on voltage, current, temperature, and rotational speed using the NodeMCU ESP8266 microcontroller. Measurements are displayed on an LCD and transmitted to the Blynk server for smartphone access. A comparative method evaluates the accuracy of sensor readings against standard measuring instruments. Results obtained an average percentage error of 0.5% for the R phase voltage, 0.2% for the S phase, and 0.1% for the T phase. Current measurements reveal errors of 5% for the R phase, 10.3% for the S phase, and 11.7% for the T phase. The control system’s performance varies with internet speed, with an average delay of 0.99 seconds on a 4G network and 2.51 seconds on 3G. Additionally, the study evaluates three protection mechanisms, demonstrating that the motor stops within 4.03 seconds in the event of a phase failure, while overcurrent and overheating protections activate within 8.47 seconds and 3.64 seconds, respectively. Overall, the findings affirm the viability of IoT in motor monitoring and control, emphasizing accuracy and response times under varying conditions.

Comparison between Cascaded H-Bridge and Neutral Point Clamped Topologies in Medium-Voltage Systems

Medium voltage motor drives (MVD) come in various topologies that allow designers to choose the best option for their application based on technical and economic considerations. The Neutral Point Clamped (NPC) and Cascade H-Bridge (CHB) are the most particular topologies that have come to the fore. CHB and NPC MVD's primary operating principles, switching stress, topological complexity, and harmonic distortion of the inverter output will be presented in this article, along with a brief review of suitable modules. Even though the number of parts in a cascaded inverter is lower than that of a neutral point-clamped inverter, it has been demonstrated that the stress on the switches in both types of inverters is the same and that the resulting output waveforms are nearly identical in terms of harmonic distortion. The neutral point clamped topology requires less secondary winding from the transformer, fewer voltage-balancing capacitors, the same quantity of switches, and extra clamping diodes. Benefits of NPC include high-power-density inverters, enhanced output quality, reduced number of components, reduced heat losses, increased efficiency, elimination of commonmode voltages and currents thanks to an isolation transformer, and a remote transformer that allows for a more adaptable footprint. Additionally, the NPC drive rectifier system (Transformer and diode H-bridges) has the advantage of more simplicity, ease of assembly, fewer connections, fewer space requirements, and an expensive isolation transformer. The MATLAB simulation for both topologies was carried out, with 3 phase motor 3.8kV, 150 KW motor parameters.

Pengaruh Ukuran Kawat dan Jarak Alur Stator Terhadap Nilai Arus Starting Motor Induksi 3 Fasa

<p><strong>The use of electric motors in industry often experiences damage caused by several things, including high <em>starting</em> current surges, overload or full load, loss of one phase in the electric motor, and other causes of damage to the 3-phase motor. The main problem that occurred in this research was damage caused by high <em>starting</em> currents, where in the case study many 3-phase motors were used to drive factory machines. The use of 3-phase motors to drive factory machines is often damaged by unstable currents in the machines. This is because the time and workers for monitoring are very minimal and the materials for repairing machines are inadequate. In this way, the solution for repairing a 3-phase motor is to replace and rewind the damaged motor so that it can be used again. This research aims to find a solution on how to reduce high <em>starting</em> currents in 3-phase motors by utilizing the influence of replacing damaged induction motor components as well as repair methods used in <em>starting</em> when <em>rewinding</em> 3-phase motors. The research results from the groove distance with a wire size of 0.90 mm showed that the groove distance of 9, 9, 8 was 29.3, and at a distance of 10, 10, 10 it had a current of 31 A with no-load testing and recommended groove distances of 10, 10, 10. Next, testing wire sizes of 0.75 mm and 0.90 mm with distances of 10, 10, 10, and 9, 9, 8 without load obtained 26.1 A and 27.4 A while 0.90 mm was 30, 7 A and 28, 1 A. The load was 43.5 A and 43.9 A, while 0.90 mm was 51.3 A and 49.3 A. From the test results, the largest current decrease was at a distance of 10, 10, 10 with a wire size of 0.75 mm. </strong></p><p><strong>Keyword - <em>3 Phase Induction Motor, Groove Spacing, Starting, Wire Size.</em></strong></p>

SENSORLESS SPEED ESTIMATION OF THREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS BASED ON DYNAMIC MODEL

In speed control systems of induction motor electrical drives, real-time speed monitoring is necessary. Speed monitoring can be done using the direct method, which uses a mechanical sensor mounted on the motor shaft, or the indirect method, which is based on estimation, mainly from the dynamic model of the motor. Speed estimation based on the dynamic model of the motor in orthogonal coordinates is the most widespread method in sensorless speed control systems of three-phase squirrel cage induction motor electrical drives, especially those of high accuracy. This paper presents the open-loop speed estimator used for speed estimation in three-phase induction motors. The proposed speed estimators are based on the orthogonal coordinate’s dynamic model of an induction motor in a stator reference frame. This technical solution is simple and has a low cost. The currents and voltages of the two motor phases are the input variables of the estimator, while the output variable is the induction motor speed. The speed estimator model is built using LabVIEW software. The dynamics and accuracy of the estimator proposed in this paper have been tested experimentally. The speed measured by the industrial incremental encoder is compared with that of a speed estimator modeled in LabVIEW software. The obtained experimental results show a good match between the measured and estimated speeds under the step torque load changes of the induction motor.

Implementation of a Three Phase Motor Protection System Using PLC and HMI

Implementation of a Three Phase Motor Protection System Using PLC and HMI

A winding design for improving 3-phase induction motor performance

One of the most popular electric motors used today is the 3-phase induction motor, which has a sturdy design, is less expensive, and is simple to use. Improvements to the materials used in the rotor or stator of induction motors, raising the number of motor phases, and employing a 3-phase induction motor for 1-phase power are just a few of the ways the motor is now being developed to perform better. These studies are all pricey, though. The goal of this study is to determine how to enhance the motor's performance at a reasonable cost. The suggested remedy was to create a 3-phase induction motor winding with a 1-layer design that resembled a symmetrical 6-phase winding. The primary study topics were the motor's rotor speed, mechanical torque, efficiency, and winding current when it was powered by a three-phase power source. The results of the study show that, although consuming less winding current, the 3-phase induction motor with a new winding design outperforms a traditional 3-phase induction motor in terms of rotor speed, mechanical torque, and efficiency.

Rancang Bangun Sistem Kontrol Dan Monitoring Beban 1 dan 3 Phasa Pada Panel Distribusi Berbasis Internet of Things

The distribution panel is a place to distribute and distribute electrical energy from the power panel to the load panel (consumer) for both power installations and lighting installations. The main problem with every disturbance or improvement in electricity usage is that people need to come to the area to control and monitoring the panel manually. This research focuses on the design and manufacture of control and monitoring devices at 3 and 1 phase loads, with the method using NodeMCU esp 32/8266 with pzem004t sensor as control and reading of voltage, current and frequency on the panel, which can be viewed and controlled offline at panel or online using the blynk application. The testing of the tool is carried out using a 3-phase motor, PC monitor, fan, laptop charger, and chicken lamp. By turning on the load one by one or simultaneously. From the test results, the tool can turn on and off online through the blynk application and manually using a push button. the results obtained are quite accurate with a maximum error percentage of 8.70%. However, the microcontroller between control and monitoring is used separately.

Development and Evaluation of Efficient Smart Solar Lawn Mower

Solar powered lawn mower has offered a more convenient way of trimming the lawn due to the advancement in its technology. As the world gradually moves towards green technology, research has geared towards making solar powered mover readily available, efficient, and economical. However, few reports were available on the effect of grass types on battery voltage drop. In this paper, solar powered lawn mower was structured into phases which include, power supply phase, Arduino phase, motor phase and integration of the components. The 550-motor was sufficient to produce the required torque needed to drive the solar panel mower. The average efficiency of the solar panel was found to be 93 %. The battery voltage drop was investigated upon cutting different types of grasses to determine the rate at which power is dissipated in the solar powered lawn mower. The voltage drop of 0.34 V was recorded when cutting stubborn grass while that of soft grass was found to be 0.17 V. Rain sensor was incorporated to provide the user with a notification via Buzzer whenever raindrops are detected.

Drive Control Technology of Dual Three Phase Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor for Electric Propulsion Aircraft

Green aviation is one of the effective ways to cope with future oil energy shortages and improve the atmospheric environment. As the executing mechanism of electric propulsion aircraft, the fault tolerance and safety of the electric drive system are the primary considerations. This article uses dual three-phase permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSM) to drive propellers to provide power for electric propulsion aircraft. Firstly, the working principle of the propellers is analyzed, and a simulation model of the propellers is established using Simulink; Secondly, the space vector control method of dual three-phase PMSM is elaborated, and two different forms of space vector control are compared. At the same time, a vector control model of dual three-phase PMSM is established, and the third harmonic content of dual three-phase PMSM under two different space vectors is compared through simulation. Finally, establish a simulation model of dual three-phase PMSM driving propeller, compare the motor phase current and driving performance of different vector control methods, and analyze the advantages and disadvantages of different vector control methods.

Nonlinear recurrence analysis of piezo sensor placement for unmanned aerial vehicle motor failure diagnosis

This paper is focused on the diagnostics of multicopter UAV propulsion system, in which the temporary transient states occur during operation in faulty conditions (eg. not all motor phases working properly). As a diagnostic sensor, the piezo strip has been used, which is very sensitive to any vibrations of the multi-rotor frame. The paper concerns the precise location of the sensor for more effective monitoring of the propulsion system state. For this purpose, a nonlinear analysis of the vibration times series was carefully presented. The obtained non-linear time series were studied with the recurrence analysis in short time windows, which were sensitive to changes in Unmanned Aerial Vehicle motor speeds. The tests were carried out with different percentage of the pulse width modulation signal used for the operation of the brushless motor and for different locations of the piezosensor (side and top planes of the multicopter arm). In the article, it was shown that the side location of the piezosensor is more sensitive to changes in the Unmanned Aerial Vehicle propulsion system, which was studied with the Principal Component Analysis method applied for four main recurrence quantifications. The research presented proves the possibility of using nonlinear recurrence analysis for propulsion system diagnostics and helps to determine the optimal sensor location for more effective health monitoring of multicopter motor.

Analisis Pengontrolan Water Treatment Bandara Djalaluddin Menggunakan Sistem Kerja Star Delta

In knowing how efficient the use of the Star Delta circuit is, the need for a circuit on a 3 Phase motor and how to apply the circuit to a 3 Phase water pump motor. The research was conducted at Gorontalo Djalaluddin Airport which is located in Isimu Sel, Tolotio, Tibawa District, Gorontalo Regency, Gorontalo, Indonesia. The research was carried out using data collection methods. An example of the application of a star delta circuit to a water pump motor. An electric motor is included in the category of dynamic electric machines and is an electromagnetic device that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy. Electric motors in the industrial world are often referred to as the industrial "work horse" because it is estimated that in an industry the average electricity consumption for electric motors is around 65-70% of the total electrical load in the industry. Three-phase electric motors have initial current characteristics that are 5 to 7 times the nominal current of the electric motor itself, but can be overcome by a star (Y) - triangle (Δ) starting system. The aim of this study was to examine how the triangular (Δ) star (Y) starting system works for 3 phase induction motors. The methods used include literature studies, collection of tools and materials, design, tool testing and data collection. From the results of testing the triangular (Y) star starting system (Δ) effectively suppresses the high starting current of the electric motor operation with the value of the measurement results of electric current using a star connection (Y) in the R phase of 0.6 A, the S phase of 0.8 A and the T phase of 0.6 A. And using a triangular relationship (Δ) in the R phase of 7.5 A, the S phase of 8.5 A and the T phase of 8.3 A.

Analysis of the Effect of Switching Frequency on Acoustic Noise in External Rotor Brushless DC Motors

Electric motors are actively used in various industries. Acoustic noise is crucial in electric motors, and specific standards are depending on their application areas. Despite better performance, including acoustic noise, than brushed motors, brushless motors still generate acoustic noise due to their mechanical, electrical, and electronic components. This study investigated the impact of varying the switching frequency through the driver on the acoustic noise of an external rotor brushless DC motor. Tests were conducted on a surface-mounted magnet brushless motor with different switching frequencies, and detailed information about the sections of the control board governing the brushless motor was provided. The study includes measurements of motor speed, current, switching frequency, phase signal, and acoustic noise measured at two different locations in decibels. It was observed that the acoustic noise increased at specific switching frequencies. Furthermore, the variation in switching frequency also affected the heating due to losses in the switching elements. Increasing the switching frequency in the 12-28 kHz range reduced motor speed and the measured acoustic noise, while temperature increases were observed in various frequency ranges.

Automatic Star Delta Starter with an Arduino and Relays for Three Phase Induction Motor

Abstract: The most popular low voltage starters for 50 Hz industrial motors are either star or delta starters. Their purpose is to minimize the starting current that is supplied to the motor at the beginning of operation. Three contactors, a timer, and a thermal overload are typically used in the manufacturing of Star/Delta starters, which are used to run three-phase motors at 440 volts and 50 Hz AC mains supply. But in our project, we've used the same to run a\ 3-phase motor at 440-volt AC mains supply 50 Hz with a series of 12-volt DC relays, an Arduino-provided electronically adjustable timer, and a series of tiny circuit breakers. While maintaining its application for a 3-phase motor starting with a single phasing prevention, the interlocking arrangement of the relay coils and the electronic Arduino is all wired in low voltage DC of 12 Volt fed from an inbuilt DC power supply for safe handling of the starter during the study. The timer consists of an Arduino, whose output is sent to a relay to switch the mains supply from a three-phase star to a delta. Since the 3-phase motors could burn if one of the phases disappears while they are operating, the project additionally includes single-phase protection. In the case of a phase failure, the lamps' output will be switched off. In addition, the project can be improved by utilizing thyristors in a firing angle control principle to soft start the induction motor, which would eliminate all of the star delta starter's shortcomings.

Implementation and Performance Analysis of 3-Phase Motor Rotation Left & Right

This article will offer a fresh perspective on what it would be like to include a 3-phase motor that spins left and right into a device and how to assess the performance that would arise from doing so. We will discuss a few items: 1) What is a left- and right-rotating 3-phase motor? 2) How can a tool or system incorporate left and right-rotating 3-phase motors? 3) What happens when left and right-rotating 3-phase motors are used? 4) Performance analysis and the things to consider if we use a three-phase motor with left and right rotation. This journal will be expanded to make it more understandable and beneficial to all readers. It is based on several current studies and discoveries.

A Variable Speed Induction Motor Drive With 24-Stepped Voltage Waveform Throughout Modulation Range

Multi-level inverters produce low order harmonics in over-modulation region, which can be eliminated by generating polygonal space vector structure. A variable speed induction motor drive to generate 24-stepped voltage waveform throughout modulation range is proposed in this article. An open-end winding configuration induction motor (OEIM) is fed with primary and secondary inverter from both the ends of OEIM and generates a 24-stepped phase voltage. The proposed scheme also produces 96-stepped phase voltage waveform at extreme modulation index with highly suppressed higher order harmonics and excellent quality phase voltage. The motor terminal sees a 24-stepped waveform at all speeds, devoid of low order harmonics up to <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$19^{th}$</tex-math></inline-formula> order. The scheme does not require vector timing calculation due to availability of highly dense 24-sided polygonal structure. Primary and secondary inverters are derived by cascading flying capacitor and CHB cells. Experimental verifications are performed on in-house developed laboratory prototype. Motor phase voltage and phase current waveforms during steady state and transient conditions justifies performance of the proposed scheme. Dynamic performance and floating capacitors voltage balancing method are verified by experimental results.