Therapeutic DNAzyme targeting conserved N gene sequences of pan-coronaviruses: Dual antiviral mechanisms of RNA cleavage and immune activation.

Polydatin attenuates LPS-induced acute lung injury in rats via targeting HSP90AB1.

Essential oils (EOs) are plant-derived bioactive compounds, primarily made up of terpenoids, which possess various biological and pharmacological effects. Lavender essential oil (LEO) is one of the most extensively studied options. LEO contains terpenes, ketones, alcohols, polyphenols, and flavonoids. Aromatherapy, a practice dating back to ancient civilizations such as the Egyptians, Romans, and Chinese, involved the use of incense, baths, and embalming rituals. Anxiety disorders have gained significant attention in understanding both physical and mental health. Many people are turning to complementary and alternative therapies for the management of anxiety due to the side effects of pharmacological treatments. Several preclinical studies suggest that LEO may alleviate anxiety-like behaviors in experimental models. This review examines the chemical composition, pharmacological properties, and mechanisms of LEO that contribute to its role in managing anxiety in humans. The literature indicates that LEO-based aromatherapy may effectively reduce anxiety in various groups, such as nursing students, patients undergoing surgery, and those involved in clinical procedures. While the exact mechanisms behind LEO's anxiolytic effects remaining unclear, active compounds in EOs may influence the production and release of neurotransmitters through pathways involving γ-aminobutyric acid, dopamine, and serotonin. More extensive preclinical and clinical studies with diverse subject groups are needed to better understand the molecular mechanisms of LEO's anxiolytic properties, which could ultimately help in developing optimized treatments for managing anxiety disorders.

Standards for vinegar-processed Corydalis Rhizoma: Integrating morphological, chemical, and pharmacological properties.

Dandelion is an herb known for various pharmacological properties. The Russian dandelion (Taraxacum koksaghyz) produces natural rubber of a suitable quality in its root system and is thus an alternative to traditional rubber supply from the rubber tree. Efforts are being made to hybridize this plant species with the common dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) to increase the root yield. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy has a wide range of applications as it allows the simultaneous detection of a variety of metabolites, thereby becoming a powerful tool in metabolomics. In this study, we use NMR-based metabolomics to investigate the metabolic profile of the two dandelion species Taraxacum koksaghyz and Taraxacum officinale as an initial step toward identifying characteristic profiles as a basis for biomarker discovery and provide the first comprehensive aqueous 1H NMR metabolomic comparison across leaf and root organs of both species. The data set included 100 Taraxacum koksaghyz and 94 Taraxacum officinale leaf samples as well as 43 Taraxacum koksaghyz and 85 Taraxacum officinale root samples. In the 1D 1H NMR spectra, we identified and quantified 56 metabolites including nine compounds not previously reported in either Taraxacum species. Subsequently, we coupled the metabolite results with multivariate statistics, which reveal distinct metabolic fingerprints, highlighting variations within the dandelion species and plant organs. Organ type emerged as the primary determinant of metabolic variation, with species-specific differences most prominent in roots. This establishes baseline NMR profiles essential for rubber breeding biomarker discovery, underscoring NMR's utility in dandelion metabolomics and deepening understanding of their organ-specific metabolism.

Kynurenic acid derivatives in treatment for Alzheimer's disease.

Ammoides pusilla, a member of the Apiaceae family, is a plant with significant medicinal potential, it has been used in traditional practices to treat various health issues like diabetes, fever, cold, respiratory and genital diseases. This review aims to explore its ethnobotanical uses, phytochemical composition, and pharmacological properties based on articles from Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, PubMed, ResearchGate, and Scopus databases. Scientific studies have revealed the therapeutic potential of Ammoides pusilla, attributed to its rich content of phenolic compounds and terpenes, notably thymol, carvacrol, p-cymene and γ-terpinene. Evidence suggests its efficacy against oxidative stress, microbial infections, diabetes and may even have antiviral and anti-inflammatory effects. However, further research is needed to understand the action mechanisms and conduct comprehensive toxicity assessments.

trans-Cinnamic acid alleviates high-fat diet induced hepatic steatosis by activating AMPK-mTOR pathway.

Elucidating the molecular basis of Salvia miltiorrhiza Salvianolic acids and Tanshinones in treating ischemic stroke: A multidimensional strategy of in vivo Chemomics, targeted network pharmacology, and metabolomics.

Icaritin enhances the antitumor efficacy of irinotecan by dual-targeting carboxylesterase 2 and p53 in vitro and in vivo.

Interplay of ethylene and polyamines in plant growth, development and stress responses

Tetrahydroberberine targets the bcl-2 promoter G-quadruplex to trigger mitochondrial apoptosis and inhibit nasopharyngeal carcinoma progression.

Molecular characterization of four UDP-glycosyltransferase genes involved in emodin glycoside formation in Rheum palmatum.

Dental caries is a biofilm-mediated disease and recent evidence has highlighted Staphylococcus aureus as a contributing pathogen. Sortase A (SrtA), a membrane bound transpeptidase responsible for anchoring surface proteins to the bacterial cell wall, plays a key role in virulence. SrtA is a desirable target for antivirulence as it supports colonisation. To evaluate the efficacy of luteolin, a dietary flavonoid, in inhibiting the function of Staphylococcus aureus SrtA through molecular docking, and to compare its effectiveness with that of curcumin, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), and quercetin. Docking simulations were conducted using the SrtA crystal structure (PDB ID: 1T2W). An analysis was conducted to compare and contrast the binding affinity and interaction patterns of luteolin from our study to the docking data that had previously been documented in literature for curcumin, EGCG, and quercetin. Luteolin bound to the catalytic site of SrtA with an energy of –8.29 kcal/mol, forming stable hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions. Its affinity was stronger than curcumin, comparable to quercetin, and slightly lower than EGCG. While EGCG’s hydroxyl-rich structure enhanced binding, luteolin displayed a balanced interaction profile and superior pharmacokinetic traits, including oral bioavailability and metabolic stability. Luteolin demonstrates strong binding affinity to SrtA and possesses favourable pharmacological properties, positioning it as a promising candidate for a natural antivirulence agent. Future biochemical and in vivo investigations could explore strategies and confirm its role in targeting biofilms associated dental caries.

Ischemic acute kidney injury (AKI) remains a major clinical challenge, characterized by high morbidity, mortality, and a substantial risk of progression to chronic kidney disease. Accumulating evidence indicates that ischemic AKI is not merely a transient hemodynamic disorder but a complex, biologically orchestrated process driven by microvascular dysfunction, innate immune activation, inflammatory signaling, and maladaptive tissue repair. Despite advances in supportive care, effective disease-modifying therapies are still lacking. Recent studies have highlighted that key signaling pathways, including Toll-like receptor/nuclear factor-κB (TLR/NF-κB), Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT), purinergic P2X7 receptor-inflammasome signaling, heat-shock protein-mediated stress responses, and phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (PI3K/Akt/mTOR) cascades, govern the initiation, amplification, and resolution of ischemic renal injury. These pathways converge on downstream cellular effectors such as cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), which orchestrate leukocyte recruitment, endothelial-epithelial interactions, and spatial propagation of inflammation within the renal microvasculature. Natural compounds have emerged as promising therapeutic candidates for ischemic AKI due to their pleiotropic pharmacological properties and ability to modulate multiple pathogenic signaling networks simultaneously. A growing body of experimental evidence demonstrates that polyphenols, glycosides, saponins, and related phytochemicals attenuate ischemic renal injury by suppressing inflammatory signaling, reducing CAM expression, preserving microcirculatory integrity, and promoting adaptive repair. Furthermore, advances in nanocarrier-based delivery systems have substantially enhanced the translational potential of these compounds by improving bioavailability, renal targeting, and pathway-specific modulation. In this review, we provide a comprehensive, signaling-centered analysis of ischemic AKI pathogenesis and systematically map natural compounds to their molecular targets and downstream inflammatory effectors. By integrating mechanistic insights with emerging nanotherapeutic strategies, this work offers a structured framework for the rational development of multi-target, mechanism-based interventions for ischemic AKI. It highlights key challenges and future directions for clinical translation.

Millettia pinnata (M. pinnata) is a medicinally important plant containing many phytoconstituents capable of curing various diseases. Flavonol synthase (FLS, EC 1.14.20.6) has a significant role in flavonoid biosynthesis like kaempferol having various pharmacological properties. The present study aimed to characterize the FLS gene and its encoded protein (MpFLS) in M. pinnata comprehensively. FLS gene was characterized by isolating RNA from M. pinnata leaves, cDNA synthesis, PCR-based amplification of the desired FLS gene, sequencing of the PCR amplified product and sequence analysis followed by detailed protein-protein interaction and protein flexibility analysis. PCR product sequencing and analysis revealed that the full-length cDNA of M. pinnata FLS contains a 952-base pair long open reading frame (ORF) encoding 234 amino acids that has been submitted to NCBI (OM469017). The NCBI blastp analysis of 234 amino acid sequences of FLS shows 81.9% similarity to Vigna unguilata, whereas blastn analysis exhibited 83.31% identity to Clitoria ternatea L. that belongs to the 2OG-FeII Oxy superfamily. In silico characterization of primary, secondary, and tertiary structure, docking of MpFLS with dihydrokaempferol showed a strong binding (-10.0kcalmol⁻1) stabilized by hydrogen bonds (Gly54, Glu256) and hydrophobic/π-π interactions, highlighting a specific and stable enzyme-substrate complex. STRING based protein-protein interaction analysis and detailed ProtScale and MEDUSA based protein flexibility analysis of FLS protein revealed that FLS it is highly stable and hydrophilic. M. pinnata FLS gene have 952-base pair long ORF while encoding FLS protein of 234 amino acids long. FLS belong to 2-oxoglutarate/Fe(II)-dependent oxygenase superfamily that utilize molecular oxygen and 2-oxoglutarate to oxidize various substrates. Molecular docking results indicate that MpFLS binds dihydrokaempferol with high specificity and stability, supporting its key role in kaempferol biosynthesis in Pongamia pinnata. Present study provides systematic and comprehensive analysis on FLS gene and its encoded FLS protein in M. pinnata revealing that FLS protein is highly stable and hydrophilic in nature.

Nuciferine (NF), an aporphine alkaloid extracted from the leaves of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn., has attracted considerable attention due to its wide range of pharmacological properties. The present review elucidates the multifaceted biological activities of NF, which encompass immunomodulatory and antioxidative effects, neuroprotective, musculoskeletal‑protective, cardioprotective, metabolism‑regulating, antipsychotic and anticancer effects. Notably, the underlying mechanisms involve the modulation of key signaling pathways, such as AMP‑activated protein kinase, peroxisome proliferator‑activated receptor α, TGF‑β1, Toll‑like receptor 4/NF‑κB and PI3K/Akt, which contribute to its metabolic regulation and anticancer properties. Furthermore, the present review discusses the findings of molecular docking simulations using an in silico approach, which offer valuable insights into the interactions of NF with various biological targets. However, despite its therapeutic potential, several challenges remain in translating the use of NF into clinical applications. These include concerns regarding its toxicity or undesirable effects, as well as issues associated with its bioavailability and drug delivery profile. Future research should focus on addressing these challenges to fully realize the therapeutic potential of NF across a range of diseases.

Oxalis corniculata Linn is a highly potent traditional medicinal plant that is widespread in tropical and subtropical regions of the world and is commonly known as woody climbing tamarind and belongs to the Oxalidaceae family. Human Disease, this overview shows different areas of previously isolated plant molecules, such as flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, steroids, polyphenols, glycosidic compounds, lipids and volatile oils. It contains pharmaceutical substances such as isovitexin, flavonoids and the glycopyrunside Vitexin2ObetaD. It is a rich source of essential fatty acids like palmitic, oleic, linolenic and stearic acids, it has some important pharmacological properties like healing, anti-diarrhea, anti-cancer, anti-implantation and abortion. resistant, bacteriostatic, anti-inflammatory. This review article briefly describes the botanical properties, the ethnopharmacological use, the pharmacological properties and the phytochemical composition of this medicinal plant. and document the most important. Information on the various aspects of Oxalis corniculata and highlights research and development needs.

Chalcones are versatile scaffolds in medicinal chemistry, owing to their reactive α,β-unsaturated carbonyl group and potential to form diverse nitrogen-containing heterocycles with significant pharmacological properties. In this study, thirty novel derivatives including indazolopyridines, cyanopyridines, and triazolopyridines—were synthesized from ten 2- acetylpyridine-based chalcones and evaluated for their anti-tubercular potential. The transformation of chalcones into these heterocycles involved nucleophilic cyclization followed by aromatization, exploiting the electrophilic β-carbon of the enone system. Molecular docking studies demonstrated favorable interactions with DprE1, a critical enzyme in Mycobacterium tuberculosis cell wall biosynthesis, indicating potential inhibitory efficacy. In silico ADME analysis confirmed drug-like properties, including high gastrointestinal absorption, solubility, and Lipinski compliance. Structural characterization was achieved through IR, ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, and mass spectrometry. Luciferase reporter assay revealed potent antitubercular activity of several pyridine derivatives, notably I7, I8, P1, and C8, exhibiting over 95% inhibition against M. tuberculosis H37Rv. SAR analysis indicated that conjugated, donor–acceptor-rich scaffolds with strong luminescence also enhanced target affinity, suggesting promising theranostic potential..

Effective management of perioperative pain remains one of the major clinical priority in surgical care due to its impact on the patient recovery, quality of life, as well as healthcare outcomes.The variability of the drug plasma concentration, increased systemic adverse effects as well as poor adherence of patients are the results of traditional modes of delivery of analgesics, such as the oral and parenteral route of delivery. TS has intruded through the transdermal drug delivery systems that imply a method of applying a treatment regimen that enables drug releases across the skin surface to the circulatory system over time. These possess a longer analgesic efficacy, a greater pharmacokinetic steadiness, and a reduced requirement of a repeated dose. The fentanyl patches, buprenorphine patches and the lidocaine patches have become some of the most researched transdermal analgesics. Orally ingesting the lidocaine patches would merely provide the local analgesia of the opioid solely with a low systemic exposure and then the patches that would produce the best analgesia in the long-term are the Fentanyl and buprenorphine patches. The clinical and pharmacological descriptions have shown that the patches are involved in multimodal analgesic systems in perioperative units because they maintain constant plasma drug levels and reduce the procedure of systemic opioid administration. Transdermal fentanyl patches have been labelled as effective in the multimodal analgesic regimen in the treatment of post operational pain in several surgery procedures. The use of buprenorphine patches provides a prolonged analgesic effect with desirable safety characteristics, including a reduced neurotoxicity level and low dose level when patients experience renal impairment. This has been done in despite of the encouraging outcomes of the lidocaine patches despite their frequent use in alleviating the severity of the neuropathic aches in the selected surgical procedures. The advantages of transdermal delivery include that first-pass metabolism does not occur, it does not require invasiveness, the therapeutic drug dose is retained and elevates adherence. Despite these benefits, there is never any other aspect of clinical tools such as delayed onset of action, source of patients, and probable effects of opioid use in clinical use, which is not an insignificant part of therapy decision making. The paper is a review of pharmacological and clinical properties of fentanyl, buprenorphine and lidocaine transdermal patches on the analgesia, in the perioperative period, and their therapeutic use in the existing multimodal analgesia programs.