Petroleum Refinery Products Research Articles

Application of Cavitation in Oil Processing: An Overview of Mechanisms and Results of Treatment.

The integrated effect on homogeneous and heterophase liquids that can be used for technological purposes has drawn the attention of researchers in various sciences. Cavitation impact on oil is among the efficient methods of intensifying chemical–technological, hydromechanical, and mass-exchange processes and the destruction of substances. This work reviews in detail and analyzes the mechanisms of impact and application of cavitation in various processes in the petroleum industry, including the refining processes, that are associated with crude oil and petroleum waste, such as reduction of viscosity, demulsification, desulfurization, and improvement of quality of heavy oil and petroleum refinery products, including oil sludge and waste oil-containing water.

Application of robust machine learning methods to modeling hydrogen solubility in hydrocarbon fuels

Having accurate information about the hydrogen solubility in hydrocarbon fuels and feedstocks is very important in petroleum refineries and coal processing plants. In the present work, extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), multi-layer perceptron (MLP) trained with Levenberg–Marquardt (LM) algorithm, adaptive boosting support vector regression (AdaBoost−SVR), and a memory-efficient gradient boosting tree system on adaptive compact distributions (LiteMORT) as four novel machine learning methods were used for estimating the hydrogen solubility in hydrocarbon fuels. To achieve this goal, a database containing 445 experimental data of hydrogen solubilities in 17 various hydrocarbon fuels/feedstocks was collected in wide-spread ranges of operating pressures and temperatures. These hydrocarbon fuels include petroleum fractions, refinery products, coal liquids, bitumen, and shale oil. Input parameters of the models are temperature and pressure along with density at 20 °C, molecular weight, and weight percentage of carbon (C) and hydrogen (H) of hydrocarbon fuels. XGBoost showed the highest accuracy compared to the other models with an overall mean absolute percent relative error of 1.41% and coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.9998. Also, seven equations of state (EOSs) were used to predict hydrogen solubilities in hydrocarbon fuels. The 2- and 3-parameter Soave-Redlich-Kwong EOS rendered the best estimates for hydrogen solubilities among the EOSs. Moreover, sensitivity analysis indicated that pressure owns the highest influence on hydrogen solubilities in hydrocarbon fuels and then temperature and hydrogen weight percent of the hydrocarbon fuels are ranked, respectively. Finally, Leverage approach results exhibited that the XGBoost model could be well trusted to estimate the hydrogen solubility in hydrocarbon fuels.

A Mathematical Algorithms of Covid-19 and intervention programme in India

Covid-19 intervention strategies consists of lockdown, quarantine, hospitalization, vaccination and SOP procedure. In India, such intervention strategies or programmes implemented in India has brought tremendous results with reduction in the spread. These strategies have optimised the three phases peak level of the pandemic to converge confirming the decline in the country. Some of the coronavirus research studies reviewed shows the nuances of Covid-19 non-pharmaceutical interventions, pharmaceutical interventions and other measures. Mask-based intervention and maintaining social-distancing plays an important role in curbing the Covid-19. The amount spent on combating Covid-19 varies from the highest of 967 percent of GDP in India followed by 187 percent of GDP in Turkey, 11.8 percent of GDP in UK and fiscal Support via Loans and Loan Guarantees is more with 15.9 percent of GDP in Czech, 10.9 percent in UK etc. The Covid-19 has impacted all the sectors and its efficacy with reduced growth rate is seen in the major industries like electricity, coal, finished steel, cement, crude petroleum, petroleum refinery products, natural gas and fertilizers. In the epistemological studies, mathematical tools have been used to analyse the impact of virus. Mathematical algorithm is devised to lists out the parameters involving Covid-19 intervention strategies have been attempted in this study.

Technological Pathways for Decarbonizing Petroleum Refining

Petroleum refining is among the largest industrial greenhouse gas emission sources in the U.S., producing approximately 13% of U.S. industrial emissions and approximately 3% of all U.S. emissions. While the U.S. must rapidly reduce its reliance on fossil fuels, some demand will remain for petroleum refinery products in the coming decades, and so it is critical that refineries deeply decarbonize. For the U.S. to meet its climate target of net-zero emissions economy-wide by 2050, petroleum use must dramatically decline and refineries must transform to reduce their substantial emissions. This analysis finds that using current and novel technologies – like fuel switching to clean hydrogen; electrification; and carbon capture, utilization and storage – can deeply decarbonize refineries, delivering climate benefits and improving local air quality as the U.S. transitions away from fossil fuels in the coming decades. It shows how, in the long-term, refineries could shift to processing renewable feedstocks to produce low-carbon fuels for aviation, shipping and trucking – our toughest to abate transportation sectors – ultimately reducing fuel carbon intensities by up to 80%. By leveraging technologies and adapting to low-carbon demands, refineries could provide lower-carbon products for our economy while helping meet U.S. climate goals. The paper provides policymakers and stakeholders with an overview of refinery emissions today and the possibilities for and barriers to mitigating them. To deeply decarbonize refineries, the paper calls for ambitious expansion of existing and novel technologies, supported by further independent research and supportive policies.

Pulmonary function tests in petrol pump workers exposed for three years to petrol/diesel fumes in Mathura District Uttar Pradesh

Background: Occupational and environmental exposure to petroleum refinery products poses a great threat to human health and petrol pump workers by virtue of their occupation are continuously exposed to petroleum gases and petroleum products. This community is generally neglected regarding their health.
 Aims and objectives: This study aimed to assess and compare the Pulmonary functions of petrol pump workers with age-sex matched normal healthy individuals by using computerized Spirometry.
 Materials and Methods: This is a cross-sectional study design in which 100 participants out of 50 petrol pump workers and 50 control group. Age, weight, height, ethnicity and socioeconomically matched subjects with minimum exposure of 3 years from different areas of Mathura district were recruited. Respiratory health of participants is ruled out by exclusion criteria. The Parameters TV, FVC (L), FEV1, FEV1/FVC, MVV and PEFR are measured by computerized spirometry (Helios).
 Results: The Spirometry values were significantly reduced in participants working in the petrol pumps as compared to the controls. A significant decline in lung function parameters TV, FVC (L), FEV1, MVV, and PEFR were observed and no significance found in FEV1 /FVC among Petrol Pump workers when compared to controls.
 Conclusion: Subjects working in Petrol Pumps have significantly impaired lung functions. The lung function impairment pattern provides evidence in the favour of obstructive and restrictive lung disease and suggests improving control measures in petrol pumps.

Enhanced product quality in lubricant type vacuum distillation unit by implementing dividing wall column

Lubricants are highly value-add petroleum refinery products fabricated from lube base oils, the side cuts from lube-type vacuum towers of crude distillation units. In such a popular lubricant type vacuum distillation unit (LTVDU), the 4th lube side cut, nearby the feeding stage, is normally designed to control the 3rd lube cut end boiling point and the bitumen residue flash point temperature. With useless wider boiling point range than the other lube side cuts, its fate is to discharge as fuel or circulate back to the vacuum furnace for limited higher yield at the cost of more energy. This situation triggered our work to reduce boiling point overlap between the 3rd and 4th lube cuts by implementing dividing wall column (DWC) into LTVDU. This novel design is verified to benefit through an industrial case study. Namely, the 4th lube cut boiling point range is so dramatically narrowed as to be a new lube product, without adding extra heat loads. This way the lube base oil product yield can be greatly improved. Industrially, this DWC designed at LTVDU washing zone can deliver excellent hydraulics and carbon residual controlling performance for larger specific liquid flow by section crossing off for DWC.

Preparation of Activated Carbon from Palm Shells Using KOH and ZnCl2 as the Activating Agent

Palm shell is a potential source of raw materials for the produce of activated carbon as biosorbent for quite large numbers. The purpose of this study is to produce activated carbon qualified Indonesian Industrial Standard (SNI), which will be used as biosorbent to purify the impurities in the off gas petroleum refinery products. Stages of manufacture of activated carbon include carbonization, activation of chemistry and physics. Carbonization of activated carbon is done at a temperature of 400°C followed by chemical activation with active agent KOH and ZnCl2. Then the physical activation is done by flowing N2 gas for 1 hour at 850°C and followed by gas flow through the CO2 for 1 hour at 850°C. Research results indicate that activation of the active agent KOH produce activated carbon is better than using the active agent ZnCl2. The use of KOH as an active agent to produce activated carbon with a water content of 13.6%, ash content of 9.4%, iodine number of 884 mg/g and a surface area of 1115 m2/g. While the use of ZnCl2 as the active agent to produce activated carbon with a water content of 14.5%, total ash content of 9.0%, iodine number 648 mg/g and a surface area of 743 m2/g.

Preparation of Activated Carbon from Palm Shells using KOH and ZnCl2 as the Activating Agent

Palm shell is a potential source of raw materials for the produce of activated carbon as biosorbent for quite large numbers. The purpose of this study is to produce activated carbon qualified Indonesian Industrial Standard (SNI), which will be used as biosorbent to purify the impurities in the off gas petroleum refinery products. Stages of manufacture of activated carbon include carbonization, activation of chemistry and physics. Carbonization of activated carbon is done at a temperature of 400°C followed by chemical activation with active agent KOH and ZnCl2. Then the physical activation is done by flowing N2 gas for 1 hour at 850 °C and followed by gas flow through the CO2 for 1 hour at 850 °C. Research results indicate that activation of the active agent KOH produce activated carbon is better than using the active agent ZnCl2.The use of KOH as an active agent to produce activated carbon with a water content of 13.6%, ash content of 9.4%, iodine number of 884 mg/g and a surface area of 1115 m2/g. While the use of ZnCl2 as the active agent to produce activated carbon with a water content of 14.5%, total ash content of 9.0%, iodine number 648 mg/g and a surface area of 743 m2/gram.

The influences of the information and communication technology on the structural changes of Japanese energy sectors from 1985 through 2005: a statistical analysis

The purpose of this study is to analyse the influences of information and communication technology (ICT) on the structural changes of Japanese energy sectors from 1985-2005. In this study, ICT is represented by two explanatory variables, namely: 1) computers, main parts and accessories; 2) telecommunications equipment. We employ a statistical tool in investigating the influences quantitatively, namely constrained multivariate regression (CMR) model. Likelihood ratio test (LRT) method is applied in order to test the statistical significance of estimators in the fitted model. In this study, we focus on: 1) coal mining, crude petroleum, and natural gas; 2) petroleum refinery products; 3) coal products sectors. We then conduct the deeper analysis, the microscopic analysis, for each analysed sector. The results show that the explanatory variables gave the significant influences on the structural changes of analysed sectors during the period of the analysis. Besides, the results also describe that, in microscopic investigation, ICT instruments had a strong influence on the relationship between analysed and other sectors during 1985-2005.

Shipowners’ Liability for the Carriage of Oil and Petroleum Refinery Products

Shipowners’ Liability for the Carriage of Oil and Petroleum Refinery Products

The influences of the information and communication technology on the structural changes of Japanese energy sectors from 1985 through 2005: a statistical analysis

The purpose of this study is to analyse the influences of information and communication technology (ICT) on the structural changes of Japanese energy sectors from 1985-2005. In this study, ICT is represented by two explanatory variables, namely: 1) computers, main parts and accessories; 2) telecommunications equipment. We employ a statistical tool in investigating the influences quantitatively, namely constrained multivariate regression (CMR) model. Likelihood ratio test (LRT) method is applied in order to test the statistical significance of estimators in the fitted model. In this study, we focus on: 1) coal mining, crude petroleum, and natural gas; 2) petroleum refinery products; 3) coal products sectors. We then conduct the deeper analysis, the microscopic analysis, for each analysed sector. The results show that the explanatory variables gave the significant influences on the structural changes of analysed sectors during the period of the analysis. Besides, the results also describe that, in microscopic investigation, ICT instruments had a strong influence on the relationship between analysed and other sectors during 1985-2005.

Lung function and fractional exhaled nitric oxide among petroleum refinery workers.

BackgroundOccupational and environmental exposure to petroleum refinery products poses a great threat to human health. This study aimed to assess the lung function and Fractional Exhaled Nitric Oxide (FeNO) among petroleum refinery workers.MethodsIn this cross-sectional study, 112 participants (56 petroleum refinery workers with mean age 35.20 ± 1.62 years, and 56 age, weight, height, ethnicity and socioeconomically matched control subjects with mean age 30.02 ± 1.76 years) were recruited. A comprehensive clinical history and examination was conducted to decide whether to include in the study or not. Ventilatory lung function test parameters were recorded by using a Spirometer and Fractional Exhaled Nitric Oxide (FeNO) was measured by Niox Mino.ResultsA significant decline in lung function parameters FEV1 (p = 0.0001), FEV1/FVC Ratio (p = 0.01), PEF (p = 0.0001), FEF 25 % (p = 0.0001), FEF-50 % (p = 0.012) was observed among oil refinery workers compared to their matched controls. However, there was no difference in the mean values of FeNO between the groups.ConclusionSubjects working in the petroleum refinery have significantly impaired lung functions. However, there was no change in the values of FENO between the groups. The lung function impairment pattern provide evidence in the favor of an obstructive lung disease.

An application of input-output analysis in analyzing the impacts of final demands changes on the total outputs of Japanese energy sectors: A further study

The purpose of this study is to continue the previous study which discussed the impacts of final demands changes on the total outputs of Japanese energy sectors. More specifically, this study aims to conduct a deeper analysis regarding these impacts. This study employs a demand-pull Input- Output (IO) quantity model, one of the calculation instruments in IO analysis, as a tool of analysis. This study focuses on two sectors, namely (1) petroleum refinery products, and (2) non-ferrous metals. Two conditions are considered in the analysis part, namely (1) “whole sector change”, and (2) “pure change”. The results show that in both conditions, both discussed sectors have similar patterns. The results also explain that, in both conditions, the biggest positive impact for the sector of petroleum refinery products is given by scenario 4, the modification of consumption expenditures of private.

An input-output approach to analyze the ways to increase total output of energy sectors: The case of Japan

The purpose of this study is to analyze the ways to increase total output of Japanese energy sectors in future time. In this study, Input-Output (IO) analysis is employed as a tool of analysis. This study focuses on petroleum refinery products and non-ferrous metals as analyzed sectors. The results show that positive impact observed in export and outside households consumption modifications while opposite impact is given by modification of import. The recommendations suggested based on these results are Japanese government should make breakthroughs so analyzed sector's export activities can increase and they have to careful in conducting import activities related to these sectors.

Role of Infrastructure Services on the Economic Development of India

The importance of infrastructure for sustained economic development is well recognized. High transaction costs arising from inadequate and inefficient infrastructure can prevent the economy from realising its full growth potential regardless of the progress on other fronts. Physical infrastructure covering transportation, power and communication through its backward and forward linkages facilitates growth, social infrastructure including water supply, sanitation, sewage disposal, education and health, which are in the nature of primary services and has a direct impact on the quality of life. The performance of infrastructure is largely a reflection of the performance of the economy. Infrastructure industries are measured by six key infrastructure and core industries (i.e., electricity, crude oil, petroleum refinery products, coal, steel and cement). In this paper, the overall growth and performance of infrastructure services has been examined in depth on the basis of the different parameters such as trends in growth of physical output in infrastructure sectors, telecommunications, power, ports, railways, civil aviation, and post so as to examine whether there is a negative or positive association between infrastructure development and India's economic growth.

정유제품 생산공정의 유틸리티에 대한 환경측면평가

While there may be many different goals involved in the LCA study of a product, the goal of the present study is to construct LCI databases of petroleum refinery products(oil, diesel, naphtha) and to identify the key issues associated with the product system. One of the key issues identified is the use of utilities in the process of petroleum refinery products. Utilities associated with the product system are examined in more detail to find out the main unit processes which require relatively large amounts of utilities.

Short-term adverse effects in humans of ingested mineral oils, their additives and possible contaminants--a review.

The toxicological databases for petroleum refinery products such as mineral oils, as well as for their potential contaminants and additives, were reviewed for human cases of poisoning by the oral route. The aim was to determine whether any overlooked adulterant in the oil implicated as the cause of the 1981 outbreak of Toxic Oil Syndrome (TOS) in Spain, may have been responsible for the unusual symptomatology characterizing this disease. The essential features of TOS were peripheral eosinophilia, pulmonary oedema and endothelial damage in the acute phase; myalgia, sensory neuropathy, hepatic injury, skin oedema and sicca in the intermediate phase; and peripheral neuropathy, muscle wasting, scleroderma and hepatopathy in the chronic phase. Of the more than 70 chemical entities and mixtures reviewed here, none had been reported as producing adverse toxic effects upon ingestion resembling the specific set of symptoms and progression that characterized TOS. Because of their viscosity, the most commonly recorded disease process associated with oral ingestion of petroleum refinery products was lipid pneumonia, implicating lung exposure via aspiration. The mineral oil additives and contaminants comprised a highly diverse range of chemical entities, producing a variety of symptoms in instances of poisoning. Specifically, no chemical entity amongst the refinery products, additives or contaminants was described as inducing a syndrome involving vasculitis accompanied by thrombotic events, along with immunological consequences (such as T-lymphocyte activation and cytokine release), as is considered to be the cellular basis of TOS.

Application of high-temperature simulated distillation to the residuum oil supercritical extraction process in petroleum refining

The gas chromatographic method of high-temperature simulated distillation (HTSD) is described, and the results are presented for the application of HTSD to the characterization of petroleum refinery feed and products from solvent deasphalting operations. Results are presented for refinery residual feed, deasphalted oil, and asphaltene fractions from the residual oil supercritical extraction process. Asphaltene removal from petroleum residuum using solvent deasphalting results in the improved quality and high recovery of deasphalted oil product for use as lube oil, fluid catalytic cracking, or hydrocracker feedstocks. The HTSD procedure presented here proves valuable for characterizing the fractions from the deasphalting process to obtain the percentage yield with boiling point data over the range from approximately 36 degrees C (97 degrees F) to 733 degrees C (1352 degrees F), which covers the boiling range of n-paraffins of carbon number C5 to C108.

A Study on Energy-Load Management in Residential and Commercial Sectors

Energy-load management in residential and commercial sectors is defined as systems management for improving energy-load characteristics of electricity, town-gas and petroleum refinery products. The energy-load characteristics include load factor and amount of energy consumpion. This study aims to estimate how much the load characteristics of the three sorts of energy can be modified in the residential and commercial sectors when various measures for energy-load management are introduced in presumably appropriate manners. An energy demand model is developed, by utilizing a variety of statistics open to the public, upon assumption that the energy-load management causes substitution among various apparatous used for space-cooling, space-heating, and water-heating in those sectors. Simulation studies by using the model make the change in energy-load characteristics and then the effect of load management clear quantitatively. Furthermore, practicability of the desirable measures and resultant scenarios is discussed.

Methodological questions in determining the demand of the national economy for petroleum refinery products and petrochemicals

Methodological questions in determining the demand of the national economy for petroleum refinery products and petrochemicals