Petroleum Products Research Articles

Risk Factors of the Bladder Cancer

Introduction and purpose: Bladder cancer [BC] is one of the most common cancers in the world. The number of cases of BC recorded in the National Cancer Registry has been approximately 7.5 thousand annually since 2013. The National Cancer Registry's "Cancer in Poland in 2021" report ranks BC as the 4 most frequent cancer in men in Poland. A deeper comprehension of the disease will aid in the creation of more effective preventative and therapeutic measures. Our effort aims to categorize and characterize risk factors [RF] for BC. Review Methods: A systematic search of the ‘’PubMed’’ database was conducted, focusing on studies published within the last 5 years. The search strategy used relevant key words related to BC and RF. Studies were included if they provided information on RF associated with BC in the adult population. The articles most pertinent to the subject have been chosen. State of knowledge: BC is recognized to have several RF. Current studies suggest that smoking is the most important RF. Other factors that increase the risk of BC include, for ex. occupational exposures to arsenic, toluene, rubber, petroleum products, agricultural chemicals, dyes, aromatic amines. BC development is also influenced by a positive family history of BC and diesel exhaust emissions, certain dietary components, low physical activity, obesity, diabetes, male sex, and older age. Decreased risk of BC is observed in cases of higher consumption of MUFAs, plant-based oils, fish, some fruits and vegetables. Summary: Variety of environmental, genetic and medical factors are considered with an increased risk of BC. Studies of RF for this disease may help in the development of prevention, enabling the implementation of proper screening programs and diagnostic procedures. More research on this subject is necessary to completely comprehend the etiopathology of BC, identify all RF, and determine whether they may be used in the process of treatment.

Application of Textile Composite Materials as a Sorbent for Cleaning Up Oil Spills.

This article compares two new textile materials used to clean up spills of oil or two oil products (crude oil, diesel fuel, and base oil SN 150). The plain-woven cotton fabric is hydrophilic, with a typical porous structure. After coating with a layer of chitosan modified with benzaldehyde and cross-linked with glutaraldehyde (CB), its hydrophobicity increases, hence the sorption affinity to hydrophobic hydrocarbons. Including in situ synthesized zinc oxide particles in the hydrophobic chitosan layer (CBZ) changes its structure and increases the sorption capacity. The morphology of the layers was assessed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and by comparing the contact angles of the pollutants against the cotton fabric and the composite materials. EDX analysis and mapping for the Zn element show that zinc is homogeneously distributed on the fabric surface. The roughness enhancement and mesoporous structure under the influence of zinc oxide particles were established by the Brunauer Emmett Teller (BET) method and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The advantages of textile composites are their flexibility, stability, and ability to float on the water and wipe up oil spills. It was found that the materials can be successfully regenerated and used repeatedly, making them highly effective because the sorbed crude oil or petroleum products can be separated and utilized.

Nigerian Oil and Gas Industry Local Content Development Act an Appraisal

Distribution challenges in the petroleum industry in Nigeria have contributed to issues such as petroleum products theft. These challenges include inadequate infrastructure, pipeline vandalism, smuggling and illicit activities in the downstream sector. The theft and illegal diversion of petroleum products have had significant economic implications for the country. Theft and illegal activities in the petroleum sector have resulted in revenue losses for the Nigerian government, it is estimated that Nigeria has lost billions of dollars over the years due to these activities. The stole petroleum products are often sold on the black market or smuggled to neighboring countries, where they fetch higher prices. This not only leads to financial losses for the government but also undermines the effectiveness of the Petroleum Profit Tax Law and hampers the development of the country. Several factors contribute to the prevalence of petroleum products theft in Nigeria. Inadequate security measures along pipelines and storage facilities make them vulnerable to theft and sabotage. Criminal networks involved in illegal activities have exploited these vulnerabilities for their gains: Additionally, corruption and collusion among certain individuals within the industry have facilitated the illicit activities. More so, the Nigerian government has taken steps to address the issue. Security agencies have been deployed to protect pipelines, and efforts have been made to strengthen collaboration between security forces and oil companies. The government has also established specialized task forces and enacted laws to curb petroleum products theft and punish offenders. However, the problem remains persistent, and a comprehensive approach involving enhanced security, technological advancements, and increased transparency and accountability is necessary to effectively tackle the issue. In order to address this situation, this study seeks to s amine administrative challenges inhibiting the distribution of petroleum products under the Petroleum Profit Tax Laws of Nigeria. Keywords: Nigerian Oil, Gas, Industry, Theft and illegal

Challenges Confronting the Distribution of Petroleum Product under the Petroleum Profit Tax Laws in Nigeria

The aim of this paper is to examine the ownership, the legal framework as well as the basic components of the petroleum profits which components are revenue, adjust eel profits, assessable profit, chargeable profit, assessable tax and chargeable tax. In Nigeria, the petroleum industry is the bedrock of the economy and is responsible for about 90 percent of her total revenue. Her other sources of revenue include, inter alia, agriculture, solid minerals, goods and services and most importantly taxes collected from various sources including the petroleum industry. Companies and corporations in Nigeria are taxed principally under the Companies Income Tax Act. Cap 60. Law of the Federation of Nigeria, 1990. While companies engaged in petroleum operations are taxed specially under the Petroleum Profit Tax Act, as amended (PPTA Cap.354, LFN, 1990). Because of the peculiar and complicated nature of the oil industry, the Federal Board of Inland Revenue (FAIR) is saddled with the onerous task of collecting taxes from the various companies including those engaged in the oil business. This paper will examine the petroleum profit taxation system established under the PPTA, with a view to assessing whether or not it is effective in dealing with the myriad of problems associated with the financial areas of the oil industry particularly the problem of tax evasion on the part of some companies and deliberate fraudulent and incorrect assessment of the tax due and payable on petroleum profits by others. This paper also focuses on the assessment of the petroleum profit tax under the Petroleum Profit Tax Act. Cap P13. Laws of Federation of Nigeria in 2004 as well as judicial authorities” regarding same. Equally not in contention is the fact that oil explorations and exploitation requires enormous amount of money and technological know-how to execute. This paper also concludes that petroleum profit tax is one of the most important components direct taxes in Nigeria that affects the economic growth, therefore should be properly managed to reduce the level of evasion by petroleum exploration companies in Nigeria. Finally, the paper recommends among others that companies involved in petroleum operations should be properly supervised by the relevant tax authority (FIRS) to reduce the level of tax evasion, government should show more accountability in the management of tax revenue and finally, the level of corruption in Nigeria and that of government officials should be drastically reduced to win the confidence of tax payers for voluntary tax compliance. More so, government policy should create a conducive-business environment that will attract foreign investors to the country. Keywords: Petroleum product, Profit, Tax, Laws and Nigeria

Market Effects, Greenhouse Gas Reductions and Costs of Brazil's RenovaBio Programme

ABSTRACTBrazil's RenovaBio programme aims to reduce transportation sector greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The programme sets falling carbon emission limits that fuel producers meet using tradable decarbonisation credits (CBIOs). This programme creates a system of new links between biomass product markets and bioenergy markets, with producer and consumer implications, that can be assessed using appropriate forward‐looking economic methods. We model the CBIO and fuel markets using a structural model to simulate the impacts of RenovaBio. We link this model to a widely used model of agricultural and agricultural markets to analyse crop and crop product interactions. If implemented as announced, the programme would expand biofuel consumption and feedstock prices while decreasing petroleum product use. Our estimates highlight the potential for large impacts, similar by some measures to the impacts of US biofuel use mandates, subject to uncertainty about how the reduction targets evolve and how the industry responds. A programme of this type in a major biofuel and agricultural commodity producer and user affects global agricultural and food systems, as Brazil's supply to the world market diminishes and prices of ethanol and biofuel feedstocks worldwide are increased, depending on how the programme is implemented.

Impact the sulphur content in Iraqi crude oil on the mechanical properties and corrosion behaviour of carbon steel in various types of API 5L pipelines and ASTM 106 grade B

Abstract Petroleum products are vital to the country’s economy and are transported by pipelines. The main goal of this article is to investigate one of the components of crude oil, sulphur, and examine the impact on carbon steel pipes (API 5L [X60, X46, and X42] and A106 pipe) and demonstrate how sulphur content affects various types of API 5L XL independently from the other significant factors present in the crude oil. The sulphur has a huge impact on the mechanical characteristics and corrosion resistance of petroleum pipelines. We found that an increase in the sulphur content led to an increase in the corrosion rate (CR) and decreased the mechanical properties. It has been shown that the safest and most economical way to transport crude oil is through pipeline networks for gas and oil. Internal and external corrosions are the primary problems with API 5L and other steel pipelines used in the transportation of oil and gas. The TR-TCXRF (X-ray Fluorescence Sulphur Tester) instrument is used in this study to determine the sulphur content of crude oil. Using weight loss and the Tafel extrapolation method, the CR, corrosion potential, and corrosion current of carbon steel pipes A106 and API 5L (X60, X46, and X42) in four immersion solutions were calculated. Using an optical microscope, scanning electron microscope, and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), the products of corrosion were iron sulphate (Fe2SO4) and iron sulphide (FeS), and iron oxide (Fe2O3); the corrosion properties of the samples were measured morphologically. The results showed that the pipeline CR significantly increases with increasing concentration of sulphur content. X60 pipe was more resistant to corrosion than X46 and X42 in API 5L-type pipes.

Development of a new environmentally friendly method for determining aromatic compounds in light petroleum products

Development of a new environmentally friendly method for determining aromatic compounds in light petroleum products

Metagenomic analysis of microbial physiological consortia in Iko River estuary impacted by petroleum products pollution

Metagenomic analysis of microbial physiological consortia in Iko River estuary impacted by petroleum products pollution

Effects of Risk Management Practices on the Success of Petroleum Products Distribution in Ondo State, Nigeria

The distribution of petroleum products are critical to the economic stability of Ondo State, Nigeria. However, challenges in risk management practices can hinder project success, affecting safety, operational efficiency, environmental sustainability, and financial viability. This study aims to assess the effect of risk management practices on the success of petroleum products distribution. A descriptive survey research design was adopted, involving a sample size of 181 participants drawn from a population of 330 senior staffs working in oil and gas firms and regulatory bodies in Ondo State, the selection of the participants was based on purposive sampling and random sampling technique. Data were collected using structured questionnaire and analysed using descriptive statistics and multiple regression analysis. The results revealed that Risk Identification and Risk Assessment have positive significant effects on success of success of petroleum products distribution, Risk Monitoring has negative insignificant effect on success of success of petroleum products distribution whereas Risk Mitigation has negative significant effect on success of success of petroleum products distribution. The study concludes that while risk identification and risk assessment positively affect the success of petroleum products distribution, challenges in risk monitoring and risk mitigation must be addressed to maximize their effectiveness. Hence, this study recommends that organizations should invest in advanced technological tools and real-time data analytics to enhance the quality and timeliness of risk monitoring; and direct efforts towards addressing inefficiencies in the implementation of risk mitigation measures such as periodic reviews of strategies, enhanced resource allocation, and training programs to improve the execution of mitigation plans.

Hydrocarbons in fish tissues: a group-type approach.

Petroleum hydrocarbons extracted from biological samples usually contain interfering biogenic compounds similar in structure to petroleum compounds. For the determination of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) in biota without biogenic distortions, we implemented an approach based on the mass-spectrometric group-type analysis in combination with common n-alkanes determination. The approach proved to be promising, allowing the identification and estimation of the content and molecular mass distributions of the main groups of hydrocarbons and heteroatomic compounds. The sum of all determined hydrocarbon groups in Coregonus sardinella from the Pyasina River after the accidental diesel fuel spill in Norilsk in 2020 determined by this approach was 3.5 μg/g, while the total organic compound content of the extract eluted in the petroleum hydrocarbons range was 15.4 µg/g. Thus, an integral TPH measurement would result in an almost fivefold overestimation of the contamination level. The content of n-alkanes was 7.1 µg/g and their distribution reflected the contribution of several biogenic sources. Petroleum compounds in the fish sample were consistent with the composition of medium oil fractions and included isoalkanes, cycloalkanes with 1-3 condensed cycles, alkylbenzenes, naphthene- and dinaphthenebenzenes, naphthalenes, acenaphthenes/biphenyls, fluorenes, phenanthrenes, naphthenephenanthrenes, fluoranthenes/pyrenes, and traces of dibenzothiophenes. Aromatic compounds accounted for about 26%, PAHs-for 7.6%, the content of unsubstituted naphtalenes was relatively small, and the bulk of them was represented by molecules with 3-12 C atoms in alkyl substituents. The maxima of molecular mass distribution within the determined groups were shifted by 1-3 C atoms to a heavier region compared to diesel fuel, which is characteristic of weathered petroleum products.

Potential use of bio- ethanol performance on variable compression ratio petrol engine

Abstract India is among the world’s fastest growing economies. The demand for crude oil and petroleum products is high and increasing. Fossil fuels have traditionally served as the primary energy source for the transportation industry. Biofuels, on the other hand, have recently acquired popularity as realistic replacements with significant economic and environmental benefits. In terms of energy usage, India comes in third place worldwide. India’s fuel ethanol initiative is largely motivated by two objectives: lowering emissions and reducing dependency on fossil fuels. Petroleum provides the vast majority of the world’s energy. Growing energy use and overreliance on imports raise serious worries about energy security. Its Energy demands are mostly satisfied by oil, which it continues to buy in large amounts from other nations. India will have doubled its energy consumption by 2050. Increased energy use and reliance on imports pose a severe threat to energy security. Furthermore, it results in a massive outflow of foreign exchange. A 4.75 kW gasoline engine with a variable compression ratio that was in sync with IC Engine software 9.0 was used for the testing in order to assess the feasibility of employing bioethanol blends. The blends were created on a volume basis in the following proportions: 05:95, 10:90, 15:85, 20:80, 25:75, and 30:70. They were referred to as E5, E10, E15, E20, E25, and E30 in comparison to gasoline E0. The findings indicate that bioethanol may be mixed with petrol up to E20 without requiring engine modifications, However, large percentage of biethanol combinations will not perform properly. . The emission parameters of the E20 bioethanol mix have produced good results and met emission standards out of all the blends studied. Developing nations like India may have the raw materials required to enhance bioethanol production. A higher minimum support price for sugarcane harvest benefits farmers economically.

Assessing groundwater and soil quality in West Kazakhstan amid climate impacts and oil industry contamination risks

Climate change from anthropogenic activities had resulted in devastating disruptions in Kazakhstan. This includes drought in 2023 and flooding in 2024, with widespread water pollution. The field surveys and water-soil sampling were carried out in 2013 to study West Kazakhstan’s (WK) groundwater and soil. From this, preliminary classifications were made. The water was categorized into three groups: (1) potable household, (2) technical irrigation, and (3) unsuitable for use. WK is under intensive oil and gas exploration and processing activities, thus, groundwater in the region faces contamination risks. As a result, proper, permanent groundwater quality monitoring is needed. Along with these efforts, the groundwater and soil samples were collected and analyzed. This included measuring for different anions and cations concentration, hydrogen ions pH concentration, total dissolved salts (TDS), total water hardness С, sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), and sodium content (SC). The Piper and Durov Diagrams illustrate water-soil quality. The WK region was categorized into three groups by the water-soil quality outputs; the (1) group of the WK North-East region with the smallest salinity level, suitable for the household use; the (2) group of the WK South-East, suitable for irrigation, as technical water, which is unsuitable as the potable water and requires purifications for the household needs; the (3) group of the WK North-West, unsuitable for irrigation and high salt content, which requires substantial purification for the household or irrigation use. Among the salinity chemistry levels, the most common are chloride-sulfate, soda-sulfate, sulfate-soda by anions; next sodium and sodium-calcium by cations. Soda-saline lands were identified in some areas of the WK region. The upgrading of melioration for sufficient water quality improvement will require substantial efforts. The content of petroleum products in some soil samples significantly exceeds the maximum permissible concentration. A further, more detailed investigation is required with more permanent soil water monitoring efforts, especially following the recent flooding events.

Building a model of choosing water supply rate to cool a tank in the case of a fire

The object of this study is the process of liquid burning in a spill, and the subject of the study is the temperature distribution along the wall of a vertical steel tank when it is heated under the thermal influence of a fire and cooled by water. The conventional approach to cooling vertical steel tanks with petroleum products with water during a fire is based on cooling the wall along the entire half-perimeter from the fire side. Instead, it is proposed to cool only that part of the tank wall that is heated above a certain limit value. In this case, the intensity of water supply for cooling is chosen so that the temperature of the tank wall does not exceed this value. The proposed approach is based on a system of equations consisting of a heat balance equation for the tank wall, heat and mass balance equations for the water film flowing down the tank wall. These equations take into account heat exchange by radiation and convection with the fire and the environment. An optimization problem has been constructed, the criterion of which is the minimum water consumption, and the restriction is not exceeding the wall temperature of the specified limit value. An algorithm for determining the optimal intensity of water supply for cooling the tank wall has been developed. At the first stage, a reasonable intensity of water supply is determined, which ensures that the wall temperature does not exceed the limit value. At the second stage, the dichotomy method is used to determine the minimum possible intensity at which the specified condition remains fulfilled. The example of a diesel fuel spill shows that the application of the proposed approach makes it possible to reduce water consumption for cooling the tank by almost 3.5 times. This, in turn, means reducing the number of equipment and personnel involved for localization and elimination of the fire

MODELING OF AQUEOUS GAS AND OIL EMULSION SEPARATION IN A VORTEX FLOW. PART 1

Poor-quality separation of the aqueous gas and oil emulsion leads to large losses of hydrocarbons in the form of increased content of petroleum products in the supply water and droplet liquid in the separated associated petroleum gas. In addition, the residual amount of non-separated gas in oil is released during the storage and transportation of commercial oil, resulting in failure of pumping equipment, forming gas plugs during pipe pumping, and polluting the environment during storage in a tank farm not equipped with a system for capturing light fractions with «breathing» of tanks into the environment during filling and drainage operations. In this work, it is proposed to increase the quality of separation of the aqueous gas and oil emulsion by using a vortex separator, which is a design of a static blade axial vortical apparatus (AVA) inside the pipe. The proposed design will allow pre-separating the gas and liquid phases by imparting angular velocity to the flow of extracted products and increasing centrifugal acceleration, which in turn will increase the rate of gas bubbles from oil and its concentration in the axial flow region, and the rejection of water globules to the wall area with subsequent coalescence into the free phase. Based on the simulation, the design of the AVA ensuring the quality of gas and liquid phases separation was selected. Increasing the number of AVA blades from 6 to 12 contributes to more complete separation. It is proposed to install a static blade axial vortical apparatus in the pipeline before introducing the aqueous gas and oil emulsion into a three-phase separator.

The source-specific health risk and biological effect assessment of PAHs in Mactra veneriformis from the Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea.

The source-specific health risk and biological effect assessment of PAHs in Mactra veneriformis from the Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea.

Predictive Modelling and Analysis of Petroleum Prices (PMS, AGO, DPK) Using the Non-Linear Logistic Approach

The study investigated the use of mathematical equations to predict and analyze the unit pump price of petroleum products in Nigeria. A logistic model was developed and solved into its analytic solution. Fuel pump prices from all over Nigeria for PMS, AGO, and DPK were obtained from the statistical facts sheet of the Nigerian Upstream Petroleum Regulatory Commission (NUPRC) and plotted into a scatter diagram. The analytic solution of the model developed was superimposed on the scatter diagram to see its fitness. The model fitted into the scatter diagram excellently, with R² values reaching 0.996 for PMS, 0.9915 for AGO, and 0.9984 for DPK, confirming its robustness in predicting future prices and the meandering of the profile among the points of the scatter diagram. The model showed that the pump price phenomenon was model-able and predictive and revealed a projected saturation point for AGO prices at NGN 2062.25 by 2058, which indicated a gradual stabilization of the market. The Nigerian unit pump prices of petrol, diesel, and kerosene from 1992 to 2016 obey the model equation up to a degree of accuracy. The logistic model employed effectively captured the non-linear behaviour of petroleum prices and offered a more accurate representation compared to traditional linear models. However, the rate of price increases was projected to decline over time, suggesting a potential mitigation of the burden of rising fuel costs in the long run. The study's findings have implications for policymakers, consumers, and industry stakeholders and provide valuable insights for informed decision-making. Received: 11 September 2024 | Revised: 20 December 2024 | Accepted: 21 January 2025 Conflicts of Interest The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest to this work. Data Availability Statement Data available on request from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Author Contribution Statement Chinemerem Jerry Chukwu: Conceptualization, Writing - original draft, Supervision. Lawal Kunle Adam: Conceptualization, Writing - original draft. Obasi Daniel Ebubechi: Methodology, Investigation, Writing - review & editing. Akoma Ugochukwu Chibuzo: Methodology, Investigation, Writing - review & editing. Ajadalu Samson Oseiwe: Software, Visualization. Ogamba Chidube: Software, Visualization. Olaremi Samuel Oluwasijibomi: Validation, Project administration. Sunday Abayomi Joseph: Validation, Supervision, Project administration. Mohammed Sherif Ali: Formal analysis, Data curation. Chukwuma Richard Chukwudi: Formal analysis, Data curation. Eze Simeon Okechukwu: Investigation, Resources. Saifullahi Abdullahi Abubakar: Investigation, Resources.

Refining of Mixed Plastic Waste to Produce Low Pour Point Diesel Fuel

The possibility of obtaining low pour point diesel fuel by dewaxing of feedstock containing hydrotreated thermolysis oil obtained from a mixture of plastic wastes is presented. It has been established that in the process of dewaxing the n-alkanes of the feedstock, regardless of the length of the carbon chain, undergo almost complete conversion, leading to the improved low-temperature and rheological properties of the hydrotreated product. It is concluded that the obtained petroleum products are characterized by a high degree of environmental purity, since they do not contain chlorine, and the concentration of sulfur- and nitrogen-containing compounds, as well as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, is minimal.

Hematological biochemical and liver function changes associated with BTEX exposure in a six year retrospective cohort study

This 6-year retrospective cohort study aimed to investigate the health effects of exposure to BTEX compounds in a petroleum products distribution company in Iran. Blood samples were collected annually from both exposed and control groups at the start of each work shift and analyzed for a range of hematological, biochemical, and liver function parameters, including lymphocyte, neutrophil, ALT, AST, Hb, HCT, MCV, MCHC, platelet, WBC, RBC, TG, LDL, and HDL. Annual monitoring of BTEX exposure was conducted using the standard NIOSH 1501 method. The study found significant time-dependent effects of BTEX exposure on liver function, lipid profile, and hematopoietic parameters. Linear mixed-effects models revealed consistent increases in ALT, TG, Hb, and MCHC levels in the exposed group compared to the control group, with statistically significant differences (β = 1.10, p = 0.029; β = 6.56, p = 0.016; β = 0.85, p = 0.013; β = 0.87, p = 0.027). Additionally, the model fitting results for LDL indicated a decreasing trend in the exposed group compared to the control group, which was also statistically significant (β = -1.76, p = 0.034). These findings suggest that long-term exposure to BTEX compounds may have adverse health effects on the liver, lipid profile, and hematopoietic system. Further research with larger sample sizes and longer follow-up periods is needed to confirm these findings and explore the long-term health effects of BTEX exposure.

Natural and Waste Materials for Desulfurization of Gaseous Fuels and Petroleum Products

Natural and Waste Materials for Desulfurization of Gaseous Fuels and Petroleum Products

Биоиндикация и химический анализ воды из р. Полуй в г. Салехарде (ЯНАО) вблизи промышленного предприятия

Water and chironomid larvae samples were collected from 3 sites in the Poluy River in Salekhard (Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Area) near an industrial plant. The water was chemically analysed for petroleum products and metals (iron, manganese). Caught larvae were taxonomically identified and morphometrically analysed (body length and head capsule width). Considerable excess of MAC and associated statistically significant morphometric changes were detected. Keywords: CHIRONOMID LARVAE, MAC, POLLUTION, MORPHOMETRIC INDICATORS, YANAO