Petroleum Bitumen Research Articles

Performance of natural asphalt as a paving material: A laboratory and field evaluation

The ever-growing need to build roads to meet the necessary transportation demands is challenging, especially for developing countries. Low-volume roads (LVRs) are usually the backbone of catalyzing economic growth in these countries. With impediments surrounding Petroleum bitumen (price fluctuations) and environmental concerns, scientists are putting their effort into finding an alternative. The presented research is an attempt to check if Natural asphalt can be used as a full or partial replacement of the Petroleum bitumen. To the best of the authors' knowledge, only limited studies have focused on characterizing and understanding the engineering properties of Natural asphalt. The available techniques do not provide reliable information to the road authorities and hence they are discouraged from using it in practice. Particularly for countries, where the Natural asphalt source is available, the overall dependence on importing the Bitumen could be substantially reduced. Empirical and experience-based design criteria may not be sufficient as the standards were never developed for such materials, hence, a scientific approach is required before bringing it into practice. In this research, Natural asphalt sourced from different locations in Nigeria was assessed. Before performing the mixture level tests using Marshall and Cantabro design methods, the rheological and fatigue properties of the extracted Natural bitumen were examined in the laboratory. In the design of the experiment, various percentages of Natural asphalt were added between 0 % and 20 % by total mix weight; implying that the remaining required fraction of binder was fulfilled by the addition of petroleum bitumen. By using a ranking system (supported by statistics), an optimal design of mixture was obtained which was used in the field (exposed to normal traffic) at 30 different sections. Overall, results showed a good correlation between laboratory and field performance as compared to the petroleum-based mixture which was used as a reference mixture

Use of carbon black as a modifier for petroleum bitumen

The problem of recycling worn-out tires and recycling of solid carbon-containing residue from the pyrolysis of tires is considered. The possibility of processing carbon black from the pyrolysis of tires into a high-quality concentrate, which can serve as a raw material for modifying petroleum bitumen, has been shown. The nature of the interactions occurring between the components of carbon black and the matrix of petroleum road bitumens has been studied. The chemical interaction of carbon black with the bitumen matrix through unsaturated C=C bonds has been proven. The introduction of carbon black as a modifying additive leads to a significant change in the physical, mechanical and rheological properties of the resulting bitumen binder systems. Based on spectrometric studies, an assessment is made of the structural changes occurring in the original and modified bitumen during the production of modified bitumen binders. It has been established that with such modification, diffusion of aromatic hydrocarbons occurs from the bitumen component into the modifier particles. During the modification process, six-membered cyclic aromatic compounds are formed in the bitumen part, the composition of paraffin-naphthenic hydrocarbons changes, and sulfur compounds are formed that “transfer” from the modifier particles to the bitumen. Thus, in this study, the phenomenon of mutual diffusion between bitumen and CBWT modifier was confirmed using IR spectroscopy.

ЗАЩИТНЫЕ СВОЙСТВА МОДИФИЦИРОВАННЫХ БИТУМНЫХ ПРАЙМЕРОВ ДЛЯ ПРОТИВОКОРРОЗИОННОЙ ЗАЩИТЫ СЕЛЬСКОХОЗЯЙСТВЕННОЙ ТЕХНИКИ И ОБОРУДОВАНИЯ

In order to protect agricultural machinery from atmospheric corrosion during the nonworking period, it is possible to use bitumen primers (BP), which are compositions of petroleum bitumen with the addition of solvents and, possibly, other additives. The protective properties of compositions based on the bitumen primer "Orgkrovlya No. 1" diluted with white spirit with modifying additives on samples of 08kp steel were studied in the work. Accelerated corrosion tests in 0.5 M NaCl solution showed the following: dilution of BP with 40 wt. % white spirit when applied in one layer leads to a decrease in the protective efficiency to 75%, 67 wt. % - to 37%; the introduction of additives (5 wt.%) of P2 paraffin into the diluted BP with 40 wt. % white spirit increases its protective efficiency (Z) to 98%, KO-SZhK - up to 87%, Emulgin - up to 94%; When diluting BP with 67 wt.% white spirit, the maximum Z = 60% is provided by the addition of 1 wt.% drying oil +1 wt.% POOM. Accelerated tests in the G-4 heat and humidity chamber and the salt spray chamber showed the best results for BP coatings diluted with 40 wt.% white spirit and with the addition of 5 wt.% P2 paraffin. The highest values of protective efficiency in the G-4 heat and humidity chamber for BP diluted with 67 wt.% white spirit are provided by coatings with 2 wt.% drying oil (Z = 97%), 5 wt.% POOM (Z = 97%), 1 wt.% drying oil +1 wt.% POOM (Z = 96%). According to the 9-month results of full-scale bench tests of modified BP diluted with 40 wt.% white spirit, the best results are provided by the coating with the addition of 5 wt. % paraffin P2 and Emulgin. These 2 additives effectively protect steel in a concentrated solution (200 g/l) of mineral fertilizer borofoska.

Investigation of modification of petroleum bitumen with fine rubber crumb

Currently, in the world, due to the constant desire for recycling, many countries are considering the possibility of using rubber waste on roads. Bitumen modification for roads in Kazakhstan is considered one of the most suitable and popular approaches. This article presents the results of research on the modification of bitumen with rubber chips obtained from rubber waste. The document describes in detail the details of using rubber chips as bitumen modifiers, with particular emphasis on how they can potentially be used to improve bitumen performance and road durability. A wet process is used to produce rubber-bitumen binders. The wet process modifies the asphalt binder directly by pre-mixing with rubber crumbs at elevated temperatures, it leads to the fact that the material turns out to be the most stable, with increased elasticity and viscosity at high temperatures. The main physical and mechanical characteristics of the modified bitumen were determined after standard tests: penetration and plasticity, softening temperatures. The morphology of the modified bitumen was studied using scanning electron microscopy. The results confirm that bitumen modified with a rubber crumb with the addition of SBS meets the requirements for a polymer-bitumen binder of Kazakhstani standards and, according to its physico-chemical characteristics, is suitable for the production of modified bitumen.

The influence of rice bran oil and nano-calcium oxide into bitumen as sustainable modifiers

Bio-oils are increasingly used to enhance petroleum bitumen’s intermediate and low-temperature characteristics regarding their economic and environmental benefits. Research has shown a beneficial impact of nanomaterials on altering bitumen’s high-temperature characteristics. The present study uses a mixture of rice bran oil and nano-calcium oxide to improve the performance of bitumen in all three temperature conditions. Rice bran oil was added to pure bitumen at doses of 3, 5, and 7 % relative to the weight of bitumen. The rheological tests (dynamic shear rheometer, multiple stress creep recovery, linear amplitude sweep, and bending beam rheometer) demonstrated that using rice bran oil in bitumen enhanced its performance at intermediate and low-temperatures but declined its performance at high-temperatures. Therefore, to improve the performance at high-temperatures, the bituminous sample containing 5 % rice bran oil was combined with 1, 3, and 5 % nano-calcium oxide, followed by repeating the rheological tests on them. The samples modified with nano-calcium oxide showed increased friction and shear stress, viscosity, and rutting parameters. Besides, the samples exhibited reduced sensitivity to aging compared to the bio-oil samples. However, the non-recoverable creep compliance and percentage of recovery showed improvements. The fatigue life of bio-oil samples decreased after adding nano-calcium oxide. However, the fatigue life remained higher than the base bitumen sample when adding 1 % nano-calcium oxide. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy analysis showed that a new chemical reaction occurred due to adding nano-calcium oxide to bitumen containing rice bran oil. Besides, the scanning electron microscope image revealed that the nano-calcium oxide particles are uniformly and homogeneously distributed within the bitumen sample containing 5 % rice bran oil. Consequently, the mix containing 5 % rice bran oil and 3 % nano-calcium oxide increases the resistance against high-temperature failures and improves the low-temperature performance compared to the base bitumen sample.

Rheological and bonding properties of aged bio-bitumen derived from slow pyrolysis of bamboo waste

Incorporating bio-oil as a partial alternative to bitumen in road construction shows potential for advancing carbon neutrality and addressing challenges arising from the depletion of petroleum resources. However, insufficient research exists concerning the rheological properties of aged bio-bitumen derived from slow pyrolysis when compared to petroleum bitumen. Furthermore, uncertainties prevail regarding the adhesive bonding properties at the interface between bio-bitumen and aggregates. To address this issue, this study systematically investigates the rheological and bonding characteristics of short and long-term aged bio-bitumen derived from the slow pyrolysis of bamboo wastes. The test materials encompass virgin bitumen, bio-bitumen with 6 %, 9 %, 12 %, and 15 % bio-oil contents, alongside five types of aggregates. Additionally, crumb rubber is employed to enhance the performance of bio-bitumen with the optimal 12 % bio-oil content. Results demonstrate that bio-oil derived from the slow pyrolysis of bamboo wastes can impede the formation of SO during aging. Rheological properties among bio-bitumen have no obvious difference following a short-term aging. However, when the content of bio-oil reaches 15 %, the rheological property deteriorates significantly after long-term aging. Blending bio-oil significantly diminishes the fatigue crack length of bitumen, with the best fatigue performance observed in bio-bitumen with 12 % bio-oil content. The elevated bio-oil content significantly diminishes the deformation recovery ability of bitumen. Following long-term aging, bio-oil diminishes the adhesive bonding performance between bitumen and aggregates. Water markedly diminishes adhesive bonding performance between bio-bitumen and aggregates, irrespective of the aging duration, with bio-bitumen containing 9 % bio-oil content exhibiting heightened susceptibility to water-induced replacement. The recommended optimal bio-oil content is 12 %, and blending crumb rubber proves effective in improving the rheological and bonding properties of bio-bitumen.

ВИКОРИСТАННЯ КАРБОНІЗОВАНОГО ЗАЛИШКУ ПРОЦЕСУ ПІРОЛІЗУ ВЖИВАНИХ АВТОМОБІЛЬНИХ ШИН ЯК МОДИФІКАТОРА ДОРОЖНІХ БІТУМІВ

The paper analyzes the possibility of utilizing the solid carbonized residue (SCR) from the pyrolysis of waste tires (WT). The pyrolysis process of waste tires produces about 36 % of carbonized residue, which can serve as an adhesive and/or modifying additive in the processes of modifying petroleum bitumen. We analyzed the SCP and BND 70/100 bitumen produced at a small-scale industrial unit and PJSC Ukrtatnafta, respectively. The influence of solid carbonized residue on the performance properties of modified bitumen at different ratios of raw materials (BND 70/100) : SCR. According to the results obtained, the optimal amounts of SCR for modifying petroleum bitumen were proposed and directions for further research were determined.

Application and study on preparation of bio-asphalt by modified phenolic resin from corn straw tar

XPS, GPC, FT-IR, and GC–MS analyses were conducted on corn straw tar and 70# petroleum asphalt. The results indicate that the sulfur content in corn straw tar is lower than that in petroleum asphalt, potentially mitigating the volatilization of harmful substances upon substituting petroleum asphalt. This finding serves as evidence for the substantial presence of phenolic substances in corn straw tar. Upon employing the BOX-Behnken response surface analysis and utilizing resin yield as the evaluation index, the significance of three factors was established as follows: reaction time > phenol molar ratio > straw tar content. Based on the secondary multiple regression model, the optimal conditions for synthetic resin production are a phenolic mole ratio of 0.8, a reaction time of 125 min, and a straw tar dosage of 10 %. An assessment of resin viscosity at different VI temperatures reveals that corn stover tar can partially replace phenol and formaldehyde in the condensation reaction. Additionally, viscosity improvement is observed at elevated temperatures. Thermal gravimetric(TG) spectroscopy indicates lower mass loss in B-PF resin at high temperatures compared to PF resin or corn stover tar. In the evaluation of biological bitumen performance, it is discerned that the mixing amount of the prepared biological bitumen should be controlled at approximately 10 % of its performance. This ensures optimal efficacy without adversely affecting the performance of petroleum bitumen.

Asphalt Mix Compressive Stress-Strain Behavior: An Analytical and Experimental Study of Variable Influence

To address the excessive depletion of natural resources in Indonesia's civil construction sector, there's a rising trend in utilizing plastic waste from packaging, such as beverage bottles and plastic bags, alongside renewable energy sources like Modified Buton Asphalt (MBA). MBA serves as a partial substitute for both fine and coarse natural aggregates and non-renewable energy sources like petroleum bitumen. This study aimed to investigate the effects of incorporating polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polypropylene (PP) waste as partial substitutes for coarse and fine aggregates through experiments and t-tests. The objective was to determine how the stress-strain behavior of asphalt mixtures formed using MBA changed with the addition of this mixture. Additionally, compressive strength and elastic modulus were calculated under mixed compressive loads. PET and PP plastic waste replaced natural coarse and fine aggregates at three volume percentages: 1%, 2%, and 3%, with a PET:PP ratio of 50%. A manual grater was used to shred PET and PP plastic bottles into shredded plastic waste, which was retained in sieve no. 50 after sieving. The study found that adding PET, PP plastic, and MBA waste enhanced the asphalt mixture's mechanical strength and modified relevant variables, resulting in a more elastic and ductile behavior. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2024-010-05-011 Full Text: PDF

CHEMICAL MODIFICATION OF ROAD PETROLEUM BITUMEN WITH MALEIC ANHYDRIDE AND POLYETHYLENE GLYCOLS

A number of problems arise in the production and application of road bitumen. One of them is unsatisfactory operational characteristics, mainly heat resistance, elasticity and adhesion between the binder and aggregate. With an increase in the intensity of traffic, an increase in the volume of heavy goods transportation, the mass of cars, together with the influence of weather and climate factors on the structure, this leads to the destruction of the road surface. The work describes the results of the study of the process of chemical modification of road petroleum bitumen with maleic anhydride and polyethylene glycols (PEG) to obtain bitumen-polymer mixtures, which, in addition to good heat resistance, also have high elasticity. When modifying road bitumen with maleic anhydride, the latter acts as a certain narrowing link, which contains on the one hand a double bond that interacts with bitumen, and on the other hand an anhydride group that can interact with various polymers containing functional groups (hydroxyl, epoxy and other). Further, by adding a polymer to maleinized bitumen (bitumen modified with maleic anhydride), the resulting bitumen-polymer mixtures can be given various properties (heat resistance, elasticity, adhesion, and others). Polyethylene glycol is a cheap polymer capable of interacting with the anhydride group of maleic anhydride in bitumen on the hydroxyl group. It was established that the effect of maleic anhydride and maleic anhydride together with PEG on the heat-resistant characteristics of bitumen is the same regardless of the modification conditions. Compared to the original bitumen, the obtained BPS is characterized by a higher softening temperature, lower penetration and ductility. The temperature of brittleness is not rapid, but it is increasing. The influence of the used modifiers on bitumen elasticity is significant and depends on the modification conditions. It was established that PEG 2000 is the optimal PEG for modifying maleinized bitumen, from the point of view of ensuring good bitumen elasticity.

Modification of Petroleum Bitumen with Secondary Polyethylene in the Presence of Vermiculite

This article presents studies on the modification of petroleum bitumen with polymer waste in the presence of vermiculite. An increase in temperature leads to an increase in the interaction of components, partial breakage of polyethylene and bitumen macromolecules, and the formation of radical-free valences. As a result, fragments of polyethylene and bitumen molecules react with each other, and the formation of qualitatively new structural formations occurs via the strong connection of polar and amorphous bitumen with nonpolar structurally viscous polyethylene. Domestically produced Kulantau vermiculite was used to ensure stable adhesion over a wide temperature range and increase the specific surface area, which acquired additional energy, resulting in an increase in the degree of adhesion to bitumen and increased durability of the binder with improved rheological characteristics. Because of the increased service life of road asphalt pavements, the use of the latter results in a considerable decrease in the cost of polymer-bitumen binders. Based on improved binder formulations, asphalt concrete exhibits excellent water resistance and strength at 50 °C (4.7 to 5.0 MPa). In summary, the modification of bitumen with polymer waste and vermiculite offers a promising avenue for improving the performance and longevity of asphalt pavements.

Effect of Bisphenol-Formaldehyde Resin on Physico-Mechanical Properties of Road Bitumen

A bisphenol-formaldehyde resin was synthesized using the polycondensation method of bisphenol A with formaldehyde. Road bitumen has been modified with this resin. The possibility of its use as a road petroleum bitumen modifier has been established for different contents of the synthesized resin. It has been established that the introduction of synthesized bisphenol-formaldehyde resin into the composition of bitumen significantly increases its heat resistance. The synthesized resin and modified bitumens were characterized using IR spectroscopy. The change in the composition and properties of the bitumen modified with bisphenol-formaldehyde resin has been described.

Use of Lignite Processing Products as Additives to Road Petroleum Bitumen

It is known that there are significant deposits of lignite (brown coal) in Ukraine, particularly in categories A + B + C1. At the same time, certain technical and legal obstacles limit its use as an energy carrier. Therefore, new methods of using lignite and processing its products are necessary. The latter includes humic acids. It was suggested that these acids could be used to stop road bitumens from breaking down. This is because they are antioxidants that contain functional phenolic and carboxyl groups. In particular, this article analyses the nature of the influence of humic acids on the physical and mechanical properties of road petroleum bitumen and its resistance to technological aging. It was found that at a modification temperature of 120 °C (duration-60 min., consumption of humic acids-2.0 wt.%), this additive has a slight negative effect (changes are within permissible limits) on the plastic properties of bitumen and slightly improves its elasticity. The main reason for adding humic acids to road bitumen under the specified conditions is to improve its resistance to technological aging compared to the original binder.

The Effect of a Liquified Wood Heavy Fraction on the Rheological Behaviour and Performance of Paving-Grade Bitumen

Biomass is one the most abundant renewable energy sources, and it can be processed through different thermochemical methods to obtain oils that can replace the petroleum bitumen used in road construction. For the construction industry to accept the bitumen replacement with bio-oil, it is necessary to know its properties and determine the applicability of conventional testing methods. This research utilized a liquified wood heavy fraction (bio-oil) obtained from waste wood through an innovative thermochemical liquefaction process. The aim was to investigate a kind of bio-bitumen produced by blending this bio-oil with paving-grade bitumen. The rheological behaviour in a wide temperature range, the performance relative to fatigue cracking and permanent deformation sensitivity, and the evolution with oxidative ageing were evaluated for the bio-bitumen and paving-grade bitumens. The bio-oil significantly affected the rheological behaviour of bitumen through an overall decrease in the phase angle and by failing the time–temperature superposition principle. The strong elastic response of the bio-bitumen improved resistance to fatigue and permanent deformation accumulation; however, resistance to oxidative ageing declined. Linear viscoelastic rheological indicators proposed in the literature to assess the material’s performance showed a similar trend of variation with oxidative ageing for bio-bitumen and paving-grade bitumen, though the indicators’ values could not be directly compared.

The use of bituminous rocks and natural bitumens from a geonic point of view

Objective. The purpose of the work is to study the experience of using bituminous rocks from various deposits for the preparation of hot asphalt concrete or extracting bitumen from rocks from the point of view of geonics. Method. The following research methods are used: systematization, description and analysis. The necessary data is formed on the basis of information obtained from the analysis of domestic and foreign articles related to the topic of natural bitumen and practical experience in extracting bitumen from tar sand for the preparation of hot asphalt concrete mixture using bituminous rocks without the use of petroleum bitumen from various fields. Result. Various works on the preparation of hot asphalt concrete and bitumen from bituminous rocks are considered. The results obtained showed that the use of bituminous rocks for the preparation of hot asphalt concrete and bitumen based on them is possible, and the properties of the resulting material comply with current quality standards. Conclusion. The dependence of the properties and chemical composition of the material on the deposit in which it was mined has been established.

Synthesis of new-type, cost-effective and insensitive energetic materials via nitration of solid bituminous hydrocarbons.

A global trend for the development of energetic materials using various sources is promoted by researchers annually. Solid bituminous hydrocarbons can play a key role in carbon science as abundant, low-cost, and mineral carbonaceous substrates. This study focuses on the design and synthesis of a series of new energetic materials from natural asphalt (NA), petroleum pitch (PP) and petroleum bitumen (PB) as industrial and available solid bituminous hydrocarbons. Energetic materials NA-NO2, PP-NO2 and PB-NO2 were synthesized through the nitrification reaction. The heat of combustion, thermal behaviors and FTIR, elemental, BET, UV-vis, SEM, EDX-map, AFM, GC-MS and TG-DSC analyses were applied to identify and confirm that all were prepared successfully. Further, the physicochemical and energy properties of NA-NO2, PP-NO2 and PB-NO2 were calculated using EMDB V 1.0 software. Thermal analysis showed thermal stability and insensitivity of NA-NO2, PP-NO2 and PB-NO2 toward mechanical stimuli. The combustion heats of NA-NO2, PP-NO2 and PB-NO2 were measured using a calorimeter bomb via the ASTM D240 method and evolved high amounts of energy of 23 500, 23 450 and 23 360 kJ kg-1, respectively. The density of NA-NO2 was measured using the ASTM-D8176 test and confirmed to be 0.5 g cm-3, which can be considered the lightest energetic material. Based on the conducted studies and analyses, new energetic materials synthesized based on solid bituminous hydrocarbons are classified as first-generation energetic materials.

Technology for the production of road bitumen modifier using aluminosilicate microspheres extracted from ash and slag energy waste

The results of research on the development of technological solutions for the production of a new rubber-bitumen binder for asphalt concrete based on the use of industrial waste: used car tires, used car oil and microdispersed aluminosilicate spherical particles obtained from the processing of ash and slag waste (ASW) from thermal power plants are presented. The proposed technological solutions make it possible to obtain high-quality polymer additives for modifying the properties of road bitumen. The elements of novelty of the developed approach include the use, to obtain a granular modifier, of micro-sized hydrophobized aluminosilicate spheres, which are extracted as an additional product during the complex processing of ASW. The positive economic efficiency of technological solutions is ensured by the use of large rubber crumb (more than 8 mm) or rubber chips, their devulcanization together with hydrocarbon fractions of used engine oil and petroleum bitumen at a given temperature to form a gel-like mass, which is further subjected to mechanical grinding in a mill.

ОДЕРЖАННЯ НАФТОВИХ БІТУМІВ ОКИСНЕННЯМ ГУДРОНУ ІЗ СУМІШІ СХІДНОУКРАЇНСЬКИХ НАФТ

The study results of the process obtaining of petroleum bitumen with improved quality indicators are described. The method of mixing the tar of paraffinic oils with the residue and the distillation of Orkhiv oil with subsequent oxidation of this mixture was used. To conduct the research, tar extracted from Western Ukrainian paraffinic oils was used. The influence of temperature, oxidation duration and air consumption on the operational properties of oxidized petroleum bitumens were determined. Samples of the obtained oxidized petroleum bitumen were analyzed with the determination of ductility (at 25 0C), penetration (at 25 0C) and softening point (ring-and-ball method). We established that the bitumen with improved operational properties obtained from the residue of paraffinic oils with the addition of residue from the distillation of Orkhiv oil to the raw materials can be used for laying asphalt pavement.

The Thermal Oxidative Aging of Petroleum Bitumens and Tars

The Thermal Oxidative Aging of Petroleum Bitumens and Tars

THE CURRENT STATE TRENDS OF PRODUCTION AND USE OF PETROLEUM BITUMEN ABROAD AND IN THE KAZAKHSTAN

The world production of petroleum bitumen for road construction is considered, where residual petroleum road bitumen is mainly used, from which more than 80% of roads are built in the West. The absolute leaders of the bitumen market are the USA, Canada and China. In terms of development of oil bitumen production potential, Russia ranks second among the developed countries of the world after the United States, but at the same time lags behind the US level by 3 times, but is ahead of Canada, which ranks third and has 7.0% of global production capacity. The leading positions in the Russian bitumen market are occupied by companies Gazprom Neft, Rosneft, and Lukoil. They account for almost 80% of the total bitumen production in the Russian Federation. The needs of the domestic bitumen market in the Republic of Kazakhstan are met by four large producers of road bitumen, with a total capacity of 1.2 million tons per year. Data on the development of the bitumen industry of the Republic of Kazakhstan for 5 years are analyzed and the dynamics of the volume of the bitumen market in Kazakhstan is shown. The volume of bitumen production in the Republic of Kazakhstan has doubled since 2015.