Gasoline Engine Research Articles

Influence of γ-Fe2O3 Nanoparticles Added to Gasoline–Bio-Oil Blends Derived from Plastic Waste on Combustion and Emissions Generated in a Gasoline Engine

The environmental pressure to reduce the use of fossil fuels such as gasoline generates the need to search for new fuels that have similar characteristics to conventional fuels. In this sense, the objective of the present study is the use of commercial gasoline in mixtures with pyrolytic oil from plastic waste and the addition of γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles (NPs) in a spark ignition engine to analyze both the power generated in a real engine and the emissions resulting from the combustion process. The pyrolytic oil used was obtained from thermal pyrolysis at low temperatures (450 °C) of a mixture composed of 75% polystyrene (PS) and 25% polypropylene (PP), which was mixed with 87 octane commercial gasoline in 2% and 5% by volume and 40 mg of γ-Fe2O3 NPs. A standard sample was proposed, which was only gasoline, one mixture of gasoline with bio-oil, and a gasoline, bio-oil, and NPs mixture. The bio-oil produced from the pyrolysis of PS and PP enhances the octane number of the fuel and improves the engine’s power performance at low revolutions. In contrast, the addition of iron NPs significantly improves gaseous emissions with a reduction in emissions of CO (carbon monoxide), NOx (nitrogen oxide), and HCs (hydrocarbons) due to its advantages, which include its catalytic effect, presence of active oxygen, and its large surface area.

An innovative triple-screw pump for engine cooling in the road transportation sector

The efficiency improvement of Internal Combustion Engines (ICEs) is still necessary, providing them a valid contribution to the future of road propulsion, increasingly governed by regulations aimed at curbing CO2 emissions. In this context, technologies related to engine thermal management, and more specifically to the cooling pump, offer a good potential. Screw-type cooling pumps, notably triple-screw pumps (TSP), emerge as a solution, demonstrating superior efficiency compared to centrifugal pumps at design and off-design operating conditions.A TSP optimized in terms of efficiency for the cooling system of a turbocharged gasoline engine was investigated. The requested high speed of rotation suitable for engine cooling to reduce size and weight led to the introduction of a new screws' arrangement, which improved pump durability and mechanical efficiency, but enhanced the impact of clearances on the so-called blowhole backflow, usually negligible for bigger pump sizes. Hence, a refined mathematical model capable to predict the new screw pump's performances was developed and experimentally validated. A stable and high mechanical efficiency (>80 %), and a global efficiency greater than 50 % even very far from the design point, were reached. This feature applies in engine cooling, but can be useful also in industrial applications requiring high pump efficiency.

Relative reactivity of methyl anisole isomers: An experimental and kinetic modelling study

Due to the current interest in biomass derived carbon neutral fuels and fuel additives for gasoline engines and to the growing need of understanding the fundamentals of gas phase combustion in the context of wildfires, this study investigates the combustion behavior of key components of biomass pyrolysis oils, namely the three methylanisole isomers (ortho-, meta- and para-methylanisole). Specifically, this study presents the first experimental ignition delay time measurements for such fuels using a shock tube and a rapid compression machine. Ignition experiments were carried out for stoichiometric fuel/air mixtures (φ = 1) at compressed pressure pc = 10 and 20 bar, covering a temperature range Tc = 880–1220 K. A kinetic model based on previous efforts in the area of oxygenated aromatic hydrocarbon fuels is proposed to reproduce and interpret the experimental findings, specifically focusing on capturing the observed different reactivity of the three isomers. To this aim, thermodynamic properties of primary intermediates and bond dissociation energies were calculated highlighting relevant differences originated from the relative position of the O–CH3 and –CH3 substituents. In addition, an isomerization pathway specific to the ortho isomer was theoretically investigated and found to motivate the observed higher reactivity with respect to the meta and para isomers

Development of Technology and a Convertеr for Neutralizing Greenhouse Gases Emitted from Automobiles

The article touches upon the issues of global warming associated with carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions into the atmosphere from vehicle internal combustion engines (ICE). To neutralize existing greenhouse gases emitted by ICE, in particular CO2, the interaction of the latter with various chemicals has been studied. The dynamics of exhaust gas emissions from ICE cylinders were observed. The experimental research was conducted to develop a greenhouse gas neutralization technology. Carbon dioxide neutralization converter with three neutralization batteries and a homogenization device is presented. This converter can guarantee CO2 neutralization of up to 92%. The formation of CO2 in the cylinders of modern petrol engines is due to the final combustion of the air-petrol fuel mixture. The combustion of the latter in the cylinder can be heterogeneous and diffusive. In addition, CO2 is generated in large quantities during diffusion combustion. The most effective method of diffusive combustion was chosen by the constructors of modern ICE, which is the formation of an artificial turbulent gas-dynamic condition for the fuel mixture due to the increase in the temperature of the air adsorbed in the cylinder, which ensures the engine's thermal energy efficiency coefficient of up to 35%. The CO2 volume in the exhaust gases of such engines reaches up to 16%. Thus, considering the perfection of modern ICE design for providing a high-efficiency reaction for the hydrocarbon oxidation in the fuel mixture in the combustion chamber, it becomes apparent that the presence of about 16% CO2 in the fractional composition of emitted dissolved gases is a serious problem in terms of increasing the volume of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Therefore, the goal of this article is to develop a reduction technology.

Comparative Life Cycle Assessment of Electric and Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles

This article is devoted to the ecological comparison of electric and internal combustion engine vehicles throughout their entire life cycle, from mining to recycling. A scientifically based approach to a comprehensive environmental assessment of the impact of vehicles on the environment has been developed. To analyze the impact on the environmental situation, aspects such as the consumption of natural resources, waste generation, electricity consumption, emission of harmful substances into the atmosphere, water consumption, and greenhouse gas emissions are taken into consideration. As a result of comparing the environmental impacts of vehicles, it was found that natural resources consumption and production of industrial waste from electric vehicles (EV) is 6 times higher than from internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEV). Harmful substance emissions and greenhouse gas emissions from EV production are 1.65 and 1.5 times higher, respectively. The EV total electricity consumption is 1.4 times higher than that of ICEVs. At the same time, it was revealed that during operation, EVs have higher energy consumption and emit more harmful substances into the atmosphere, but EVs produce less greenhouse gas emissions. It means that at different life cycle stages, EVs have a much higher negative impact on the environment compared to gasoline engine vehicles.

Effect on Fatigue Behavior of Connecting Rod in Gasoline Engine

Effect on Fatigue Behavior of Connecting Rod in Gasoline Engine

Influence of compression ratio on the performance characteristics of a spark ignition engine

In this study, the influence of the compression ratio on the performance characteristics of a gasoline engine was investigated in detail using COMSOL simulations. Four compression ratios — 8, 9, 10 and 11 — were investigated at different engine speeds between 1000 and 1800. The analysis focused on power output, braking performance and fuel consumption in order to decipher the complicated relationships between compression ratios and engine dynamics. The results showed a significant increase in power output with increasing compression ratio, highlighting the delicate balance required for optimal power generation. Braking power increased with higher compression ratios, indicating a potential improvement in braking performance. In addition, the study showed a correlation between increased fuel consumption and higher compression ratios, highlighting the need for strategic fuel-saving measures. These results contribute to the understanding of gasoline engine behavior and provide insights into the trade-offs that need to be made when adjusting the compression ratio. Recommendations include experimental validation, exploration of dynamic compression control, research into integrated braking systems, investigation of sustainable fuel strategies and a focus on multi-metric optimization. The observed increase in power output at higher compression ratios highlights an important aspect of engine optimization. Engineers and researchers need to carefully consider compression ratio adjustments to ensure optimal power generation while maintaining efficiency. This insight can guide the development of engines that strike an ideal balance between power and fuel efficiency.

Recent progress of Rh‐based three‐way catalysts

AbstractThree‐way catalysts are widely used to control criterion pollutant emissions from the increasing gasoline engines. With the stringent requirements of automotive pollutant emission standards in various countries, Rh has become an irreplaceable component of three‐way catalysts due to its superior NOx elimination, high N2 selectivity, and simultaneous elimination of CO and hydrocarbons. In this review, we systematically review the recent development of Rh‐based three‐way catalysts in terms of potential supports and effective active center construction strategies. We further summarize the key role of Rh metal in the three‐way catalytic mechanism and reaction kinetics. Finally, we conclude the current challenges and future opportunities facing Rh‐based catalysts. It is believed that based on the deep understanding of Rh‐based three‐way catalysts, the design of Rh‐based catalysts with good low‐temperature catalytic performance and low cost is expected to be realized in the future.

Investigating the effects of underwater noise from two vessels on the behaviour of short-finned pilot whales

Multiple whale-watching vessels may operate around cetaceans at any one time, and targeted animals may experience underwater noise effects. We hypothesised that the cumulative noise of two vessels with low source levels (SLs) will elicit lower behavioural disturbance in short-finned pilot whales (Globicephala macrorhynchus) compared to a single vessel with a higher SL. We measured the behaviour of whales during 26 controls (stationary vessel >300 m) and 44 treatments off Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain). Treatments consisted of vessel approaches mimicking whale-watch scenarios (distance ∼60 m, speed 1.5 kn). Approaches with two simultaneous vessels, with maximum cumulative mid and low-frequency (0.2–110 kHz) weighted source levels (SLsMF-LF) 137–143 dB, did not affect mother-calf pairs’ resting, nursing, diving, respiration rate or inter-breath interval. However, a louder single vessel approach with twin petrol engines at SLsMF-LF 139–151 dB significantly decreased the proportion of time resting for the mother. The results suggest that if a single or two vessels are present, if the cumulative SL is < 143 dB, the behavioural disturbance on the whales will be negligible. By examining noise effects from multiple vessels on the behaviour of pilot whales, the importance of incorporating a noise threshold into whale-watching guidelines was emphasised.

Selecting lubricating oil for two-stroke gasoline engines: a multi-criteria decision-making approach

Selecting lubricating oil for two-stroke gasoline engines: a multi-criteria decision-making approach

Combustion and emission characteristics of distilled waste plastic pyrolysis oil-gasoline blends using single cylinder motorcycle petrol engine

ABSTRACT This study assessed the performance and emissions characteristics of a single cylinder, 2-stroke motorcycle spark ignition engine (Esoo 150 cc) utilising clay-catalytically produced distilled waste plastic pyrolysis oil (DWPPO) fuel. The clay catalyst and fuel properties were analysed using established standard testing procedures. The engine performance and exhaust gas emissions were determined for various fuel blends and compared with those of commercial gasoline at various parameters. Results showed that distilled pyrolysis fuel properties (kinematic-viscosity: 6.4 × 10–7 m2/s; caloric-value: 47.82 MJ/kg) were enhanced compared to kinematic viscosity of 1.92 × 10–6 m2/s and caloric value of 44.41 MJ/kg for Crude Waste Plastic Pyrolysis Oil. Notably, chemical composition of distilled fuel collected within a temperature range of 90°C-180°C closely resembled those of pure gasoline. It was also shown that 50% Distilled Waste Plastic Pyrolysis Oil (D50WPPO) significantly improved the brake power, brake thermal efficiency and reduction in brake specific fuel consumption while operating at full load conditions with various DWPPO-Gasoline blends and pure gasoline. Unburned hydrocarbon emissions reduced by 40% when the engine was fuelled with D50WPPO. The study concluded that DWPPO can potentially be employed as a substitute of conventional gasoline without any engine modifications.

Optimization and prediction of a novel preignition in hydrogen direct injection engines through experimentation and the Random forest algorithms

The potential use of hydrogen in automotive internal combustion engines could aid in the energy transition and contribute to achieving carbon neutrality. This paper has investigated the impact of operating parameters boundary for a novel preignition event on a 2.0L hydrogen direct injection (HDI) engine to address the challenge of abnormal combustion limiting the application of HDI engines. The identified characteristics of the event and its potential harm to the engine has been summarized. Experiments have shown that the novel preignition event predominantly occurred mainly during 170−80°CA BTDC, hence the name PEMC (preignition in the early/mid compression stroke) event, and caused a surge in cylinder pressure. In 77.2 % of the selected cases, the PEMC events resulted in increased NOx emissions. In 93.1 % and 91.5 % of the cases, there was a decrease in brake power and brake thermal efficiency, respectively. Unlike the low speed, high load preignition of gasoline engines, PEMC events were more likely to occur in the torque range of 70–100 Nm and could be monitored in a lean mixture environment with λ = 1.5–3.3. PEMC events were found in the interval of 180−320° CA BTDC at injection timing and were most intense at 240−250° CA BTDC. To prevent PEMC events completely, it is recommended to delay the injection timing beyond 180° CA BTDC. The paper has employed a model based on experimental data and Random Forest algorithms to predict PEMC events. The model demonstrated an accuracy of 98.76 % and 97.69 % for the training and test data, respectively. It has been effective in predicting the occurrence of PEMC events under various operating conditions. The paper has offered an alternative solution for the novel preignition in HDI engines.

Investigation on the hydrocarbon adsorption performance enhancement of the ZSM-5 zeolite with different Si/Al ratio in the cold start process of the gasoline engine

In response to the issue of hydrocarbon emissions during the cold start process of gasoline engines, a hydrocarbon catcher coated with ZSM-5 zeolite was manufactured. The post-treatment system of the prototype vehicle was modified to install the hydrocarbon catcher, and cold start experiments on the vehicle under World Light-vehicle Test Cycle (WLTC) conditions were conducted. The experimental results showed that the hydrocarbon emissions in the low-speed stage of WLTC were much higher than those in other stages. In the early stages of cold start, the hydrocarbon catcher can reduce hydrocarbon emissions by up to 61 %. The analysis results of engine emissions showed that the content of various hydrocarbon components during cold start was: 60.1 % butene, 13.6 % acetylene, 11.3 % propylene, 7.3 % ethylene, 7.1 % acetaldehyde, and 0.6 % other components. Further molecular simulation studies were conducted on zeolite of different types and Si/Al ratios. The results showed that the adsorption of hydrocarbons on pure Si-MFI and -FER zeolites were less affected by H2O and CO2, making them ideal hydrocarbon capture materials. Al substitution introduced compensating cations into zeolite, which increased the adsorption capacity of H2O, CO2, and C2H4O with polar functional groups. Reducing the degree of Si/Al substitution is beneficial for hydrocarbon adsorption.

Feasibility of Electric Fishing Boats based on Evaluation of Hydrostatic Forces and Resistance

Conventional gasoline engine fishing boats have several disadvantages, such as high exhaust emissions, high fuel consumption, and low service life. The disadvantages of the gasoline engine can be resolved by using the electrical engine. Electrical fishing boats is an improvement on conventional boat to reduce the fuel consumption and emissions. In realizing an electric fishing boat, a feasibility analysis of the design, shape and weight that can be accommodated is required. The feasibility of an electric fishing boat has been successfully carried out by simulating the boat on Maxsurf Software. The aim of this research is to analyze feasibility of conventional boats by designing electric fishing boats. Improving feasibility is carried out by calculating hydrostatic forces and resistance. Electric fishing boats design using the simulation model in Maxsurf Modeller and simulation of resistance in Maxsurf Resistance at speeds of 1, 3 and 5 knots, with Wyman method. The modeling results show that the electric fishing boat design has a pointed front configuration with a V-shaped bottom. Main dimensions LoA 3.49 m, width 0.8 m; height 0.5 m; and a draft of 0.2 m, the boat produces a hydrostatic force which includes a displacement of 301.5 kg, a midship draft and submerged area of 0.2 m, a wet area of 3.08 m2, and a waterline of 0.5 – 1.5 m. Testing 1, 3, and 5 knots, the boat experienced resistance of 26.11 N, 234.96 N, and 652.73 N respectively. The power required for the boat to operate was 13,43 W, 362.66 W, and 1678,97 W. The feasibility of designing an electric fishing boat is the main key to developing an electric fishing boat.

Determination Size Distribution of Shredded Vineyard Pruning Residues According to Variety

In this study, it was aimed to determine the particle size distribution of vineyard pruning residues shredded with a shredding machine according to grape variety. Pruning residues of three grape varieties, respectively, Boğazkere, Öküzgözü and Şire were used for the experiments. For shredding experiments, a wood chipper machine powered by a 15 HP thermal engine was used. Trials were conducted at three different engine speeds (1500 rpm, 2000 rpm, 2500 rpm). There are 3 shredding blades on the chopper unit of the machine. The blades are driven by gasoline engine with the a belt and pulley system. The study was carried out at three different blade rotation speed. Particle size distribution was determined for each rotation speed and grape variety. Sieves with diameters of 12.5-50 mm were used to calculate the particle size distribution. According to the results, an inverse relationship was obtained between the blade rotation speed and the size length of the shredded branches for all varieties. The ratio of the size and length of the chopped/chopped residues passing through the sieves varied according to the blade speeds. Also, the significant difference were found between varieties (p

Effect of key structure parameters of passive pre-chamber on in-cylinder combustion processes and emissions within a gasoline engine

Due to increasingly strict global emission regulations and energy conservation policies, gasoline engines are facing significant challenges. Achieving high efficiency and ultra-low emissions in gasoline engines has become a critical technical challenge that requires attention. Pre-chamber (PC) Turbulent Jet Ignition (TJI) is a highly promising technology for improving thermal efficiency and reducing emissions in gasoline engines. This study employs a three-dimensional flow simulation analysis combined with a detailed chemical reaction mechanism. The investigation is based on eight distinct passive PC structural configurations. The effects of various structural parameters, including the orifice number (ON), orifice axis angle (OAA), orifice diameter (OD), and volume ratio (VR), on the in-cylinder combustion process and emission characteristics are investigated, in which the formation of the fire nucleus and the propagation of the flame are intensively involved. The investigation is conducted under equivalence ratio working condition. Among these, the ITE of the best configuration is relatively 5.46% higher than the baseline engine. The combustion duration decreased by 55.95% to 7.4 °CA compared to the baseline engine, while particulate soot emissions also decreased by 51.22%.

Theoretical thermal efficiencies of ideal, supercharged and gasoline engine cycles

This paper updated the perception of theoretical thermal efficiencies of reciprocating engine cycles by the analysis of six ideal cycles (Diesel, Joule-Brayton, Otto, Atkinson, Sabathe and Song). It was theoretically elucidated that more available energy remains in exhaust gas at higher load than at lower one, testifying that the exhaust waster energy recovery is more important at higher load than at lower one. A supercharged cycle was theoretically demonstrated to have lower thermal efficiency than its counterpart naturally-aspirated one, while supercharged engines had been always considered to have higher thermal efficiency. The thermal efficiencies of gasoline engines were first derived, testifying that a homogeneous spark-ignition gasoline engine at part-load has less thermal efficiency than its corresponding Otto cycle and can achieve a higher thermal efficiency by retarding (or advancing) inlet valve closing than by throttling intake flow.

Study on the effects of intake valve timing and lift on the combustion and emission performance of ethanol, N-butanol, and gasoline engine under stoichiometric combustion and lean burn conditions

To achieve carbon neutrality goals, renewable alcohols and new technologies are receiving increased attention. Variable valve technology can effectively improve engine efficiency. However, there is limited research on valve strategies suitable for alcohol. To further promote the efficient and clean application of alcohol, this article studies the effects of intake valve timing and lift on performance of ethanol, n-butanol, and gasoline engines under stoichiometric combustion and lean burn. It is found that the combustion process of ethanol and n-butanol is prolonged by advancing intake valve timing, while gasoline is the opposite. Meanwhile, the improvement of equivalent brake-specific fuel consumption (ESFC) is the most significant when fueled with gasoline, improving by 6.9 %. The improvement of BSNOx is the highest when fueled with ethanol, improving by 42.07 %. Adjusting intake valve lift has a weaker impact on economy than valve timing. However, when adjusting the combination of throttle, valve lift and timing, the ESFC of ethanol, n-butanol, and gasoline can be reduced by 6.79 %, 4.35 %, and 10.98 %. Furthermore, combining valve timing and lean burn can further improve economy and emissions. The ESFC of ethanol, n-butanol, and gasoline can be decreased by 12.73 %, 6.87 %, and 11.96 %, while BSNOx decrease by 93.69 %, 74.86 % and 61.65 %.

Three-dimensional particle image velocimetry experimental study of transient motion characteristics of different scale vortices in gasoline engine

The paper adopted three-dimensional (3D) Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) combined with high-speed measurement technology to study the transient motion characteristics of tumble flow induced by small and medium-sized vortices on an optical gasoline engine. Meanwhile, the Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) method was introduced to analyze the evolution of transient vortices, revealing the three-dimensional motion principle of vortices with different spatial scales within the cylinder. The results showed that increasing the engine speed can cause boosted in-plane and out-of-plane velocity, especially for the in-plane velocity. However, the average velocity in the plane was higher than that out of the plane with the difference generally within an order of magnitude. The strong intake jet was the main reason for bringing turbulent kinetic energy in the cylinder. The average kinetic energy and turbulent kinetic energy in the cylinder are both significantly improved at high engine speed. From the results of this experiment, it was revealed that there exists isotropic turbulent pulsation characteristics. Overall, the corresponding flow characteristics of different decomposed modes were different. The first mode section had the lowest average velocity ratio, while the other two had the highest. Due to the dissipation of large vortices into small vortices or the shear action between flow layers, new vortices were generated, leading to the intermittent phenomenon of the motion path of the vortex cluster in the target plane. The average vortex size and velocity circularity corresponding to two varied engine speeds presented a downward trend. The average vortex size was smaller at high engine speed, while the vortex intensity was higher. In addition, increasing the engine speed would decrease the vortex scale but increase the vortex strength. This work provided new fundamental insights into analyzing the characteristics of micro-scaled vortices in turbulent flow, as well as the organization of intake in the gasoline engine.

Hydrogen doping control method for gasoline engine acceleration transient air-fuel ratio

One of the primary contributors to automobile exhaust pollution is the significant deviation between the actual and theoretical air-fuel ratios during transient conditions, leading to a decrease in the conversion efficiency of three-way catalytic converters. Therefore, it becomes imperative to enhance fuel economy, reduce pollutant emissions, and improve the accuracy of transient control over air-fuel ratio (AFR) in order to mitigate automobile exhaust pollution. In this study, we propose a Linear Active Disturbance Rejection Control (LADRC) Hydrogen Doping Compensation Controller (HDC) to achieve precise control over the acceleration transient AFR of gasoline engines. By analyzing the dynamic effects of oil film and its impact on AFR, we establish a dynamic effect model for oil film and utilize hydrogen's exceptional auxiliary combustion characteristics as compensation for fuel loss. Comparative experimental results demonstrate that our proposed algorithm can rapidly regulate the AFR close to its ideal value under three different transient conditions while exhibiting superior anti-interference capability and effectively enhancing fuel economy.