As is known, pervious concrete is commonly used in low-traffic-load applications. Therefore, pervious concrete is exposed to flexural loads throughout its economic life. To improve the flexural behavior of pervious concretes, fibers are the most common solution used by researchers. Hence, fiber dosages of 0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.3% (by volume of concrete) are selected for this study. The influence of increased cement content is also discussed. Single-sized limestone aggregates without any mineral admixture were used to produce pervious concretes. The mechanical and hydraulic properties of the pervious specimens were examined. Additionally, image analyses using both CT (Computed Tomography) and scanned sliced samples were conducted. In this study, the samples containing 0.3% polypropylene fiber by volume yielded the highest splitting tensile and flexural strength. Adding fiber reduced the porosity of the pervious concrete. Mixtures with the highest fiber content exhibited the lowest porosity and permeability coefficients. Also, the porosity obtained from image analyses correlates well with volumetric porosity results. The impact of fiber additives on the strength and permeability of pervious concrete has been explored only to a limited extent in existing literature. This study contributes original insights by assessing this impact through a comprehensive approach that examines mechanical, hydraulic, and microstructural aspects, utilizing both experimental methods and image analysis.

The inherent performance conflicts among the acoustic, mechanical, and hydraulic properties of pervious concrete represent a core obstacle to its application as a low-noise pavement material. To address this challenge, this paper proposes a multi-objective synergistic optimization method based on Stacking ensemble learning and the NSGA-II algorithm to proactively optimize mix proportions, thereby achieving a balance and enhancement of multiple performance metrics. A comprehensive database, comprising both proprietary experimental data and data from the literature, was first established to systematically train and construct a high-precision predictive model for the sound absorption performance of pervious concrete. Subsequently, this model was combined with previously established models for compressive strength and permeability to serve as the fitness functions for the NSGA-II genetic algorithm, which performed a multi-objective search for optima. The accuracy and reliability of the optimization results were then confirmed through experimental validation. Results indicate that aggregate gradation has a significant impact on the sound absorption of pervious concrete, with a relative performance improvement of 95.7% between the optimal and poorest gradations. The constructed Stacking ensemble learning model achieved a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.97, outperforming all individual models with minimal fluctuation. The proposed multi-objective optimization framework successfully resolved the intrinsic conflict between permeability, compressive strength, and sound absorption. The optimized mix proportion solution (O3) not only satisfied the standards for permeability and strength but also achieved superior sound absorption performance that surpassed all single-sized aggregate groups, with an error of only 8.9% between the model's prediction and the experimental value.

Pervious concrete has emerged as a sustainable solution for stormwater management and urban flood mitigation. However, its practical application is constrained by the inherent trade-off between mechanical strength and permeability. This study investigates the synergistic effects of incorporating carbon fibers (CF), polypropylene fibers (PPF), and their hybrid combinations on the mechanical properties, pore structure, and permeability of pervious concrete. Six types of fiber-reinforced pervious concrete mixtures were prepared using a paste-wrapped aggregate method. Compressive strength, flexural strength, and splitting tensile strength were evaluated. Two-dimensional and three-dimensional pore features were extracted and analyzed based on computed tomography (CT) imaging, followed by numerical seepage simulations to assess flow characteristics and key hydraulic parameters. Results showed that fiber incorporation significantly improved the fundamental mechanical properties of pervious concrete but reduced its permeability. However, hybrid fiber reinforcement at equal dosage effectively mitigated this trade-off. Multiscale pore analysis based on CT imaging revealed that the hybrid mixture achieved the highest effective porosity (22.4%) and the lowest viscous resistance coefficient (1.43×109 Pa·s), with a strong linear correlation identified between continuous porosity and permeability. Numerical simulations confirmed a Darcy-to-non-Darcy flow transition at a gradient of 1,000 Pa/m and identified the hybrid mixture as having the optimal hydraulic performance. These findings suggest a novel mix design strategy with promising applications in sustainable pavement systems and sponge city infrastructure.

Urban stormwater is often viewed as a drainage problem rather than a local water resource, even in areas where runoff capture could simultaneously reduce flooding and promote the reuse of non-potable water. This study develops, installs, and field-tests a decentralized, school-scale stormwater harvesting system that relocates permeable concrete, transforming it from a passive infiltration surface into a purpose-built capture and pretreatment interface. The system integrates a 3 m × 3 m permeable concrete slab with load-bearing sections, an impermeable underlayer to ensure controlled flow, a double-compartment sump for staged sedimentation and hydraulic damping, sequential filtration with sand/gravel and activated carbon, and a 5000 L storage tank. The prototype was implemented at CETis 105 in Querétaro, Mexico, and evaluated during its commissioning and operation in the 2023 rainy season. Field operations demonstrated reduced ponding in the catchment area and a reliable flow of runoff to the pretreatment units. In the sump compartments, apparent color decreased from 221 to 59 Pt-Co, turbidity from 46.8 to 12.9 NTU, and COD from approximately 30–35 to 15–18 mg·L−1, corresponding to approximate pretreatment reductions of 73.3%, 72.4%, and 40–57%, respectively, before post-filtration. Conversely, the elevated pH, electrical conductivity, and total dissolved solids indicated interaction with fresh cementitious materials and dissolved ionic residues during initial operation, highlighting the need for curing, initial washing, and post-filtration verification before declaring compliance with reuse requirements. Therefore, the results support the feasibility of the proposed configuration as a decentralized, low-infrastructure architecture for localized runoff control and pretreatment, while confirming that full reuse validation still requires microbiological and post-filtration evaluation. The study provides a field-proven system design adaptable to school campuses and similar institutional environments for distributed stormwater management and non-potable water storage.

This is because the corrosion of embedded steel reinforcements in concrete because of the ingress of chloride ions is one of the most important durability factors in the construction sector. This experiment was used to test the efficacy of Coconut Shell (CSh) as a partial substitute to coarse aggregate and Rice Husk Ash (RHA) as a partial substitute to cement to minimize chloride ion induced corrosion in reinforced concrete. The research was a response to the necessity to find long-term building material and discuss its usefulness in the sustainable construction, by substituting the 1:2:4 mix ratio CSh with RHA by weight at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%. Prism samples 100 x 100 x 500 mm of reinforced concrete were placed in a solution of 5.844g/L NaCl to replicate a chloride rich environment and 150 mm cube samples were left to cure under normal laboratory conditions. The ingress of chloride ions was measured using the gravimetric analysis of the weight loss of the steel reinforcement, compressive strengths were measured at 7, 14, and 28 days. The findings indicated that compressive strength reduced progressively with the replacement rates with the 10 per cent mix providing a good compromise of 16.09 MPa at 28 days. The corrosion rates reduced considerably to 18.52 mm/year in the control mix and 6.17 mm/year in 10 percent replacement, which demonstrates the beneficial effect of RHA and CSh on the corrosion resistance of concrete. Nonetheless, corrosion rates were higher in 15-percent and 20-percent levels, meaning that the matrix integrity was reduced with the increase in the replacements

The use of porous concrete is a crucial strategy for mitigating surface water runoff in urban areas. However, low compressive strength often poses a major challenge in its application. This study aims to analyze the effect of adding silica fume on the mechanical and hydraulic properties of porous concrete. The research was conducted experimentally in a laboratory setting, following ACI 522R-10 standards for mix proportions and ASTM C39 for compressive strength testing. The silica fume content was varied at 0%, 3%, 5%, and 7% of the total cement weight, with a total of 24 test specimens, each a 10x20 cm cylinder. Test procedures included a slump test for workability, a permeability test, and a 28-day compressive strength test. The results showed that increasing the silica fume content significantly reduced the slump to 0 cm at a 7% increase, indicating that the mixture became stiffer. As the micro-structural density increased, the permeability coefficient decreased from 0.0288 cm/s to 0.0082 cm/s. Although drainage capacity decreased, the compressive strength of the concrete increased significantly by 69.6%, from 6.58 MPa to 11.16 MPa at the 7% content. The novelty of this study lies in identifying the optimal silica fume content to achieve a structural compressive strength above 10 MPa while preserving drainage functionality. These findings confirm that silica fume effectively enhances the mechanical performance and durability of porous concrete, making it highly suitable for use in eco-friendly infrastructure, such as parking lots and neighborhood roads, that require a balance between structural strength and water infiltration efficiency.©The author(s). Published by BEJTSThis is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License (CC BY-SA 4.0).Introduction: Pervious concrete is a construction material designed with a high level of porosity, allowing water to flow through its internal cavities. This material is widely used in parking areas, pedestrian paths, and sustainable drainage systems due to its ability to reduce surface runoff and increase groundwater

The use of porous concrete is a crucial strategy for mitigating surface water runoff in urban areas. However, low compressive strength often poses a major challenge in its application. This study aims to analyze the effect of adding silica fume on the mechanical and hydraulic properties of porous concrete. The research was conducted experimentally in a laboratory setting, following ACI 522R-10 standards for mix proportions and ASTM C39 for compressive strength testing. The silica fume content was varied at 0%, 3%, 5%, and 7% of the total cement weight, with a total of 24 test specimens, each a 10x20 cm cylinder. Test procedures included a slump test for workability, a permeability test, and a 28-day compressive strength test. The results showed that increasing the silica fume content significantly reduced the slump to 0 cm at a 7% increase, indicating that the mixture became stiffer. As the micro-structural density increased, the permeability coefficient decreased from 0.0288 cm/s to 0.0082 cm/s. Although drainage capacity decreased, the compressive strength of the concrete increased significantly by 69.6%, from 6.58 MPa to 11.16 MPa at the 7% content. The novelty of this study lies in identifying the optimal silica fume content to achieve a structural compressive strength above 10 MPa while preserving drainage functionality. These findings confirm that silica fume effectively enhances the mechanical performance and durability of porous concrete, making it highly suitable for use in eco-friendly infrastructure, such as parking lots and neighborhood roads, that require a balance between structural strength and water infiltration efficiency.©The author(s). Published by BEJTSThis is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License (CC BY-SA 4.0).Introduction: Pervious concrete is a construction material designed with a high level of porosity, allowing water to flow through its internal cavities. This material is widely used in parking areas, pedestrian paths, and sustainable drainage systems due to its ability to reduce surface runoff and increase groundwater

Pervious concrete is widely used for sustainable pavement applications due to its ability to reduce surface runoff and enhance groundwater recharge; however, its application is often limited by low mechanical strength caused by the absence of fine aggregates. This study focuses on identifying an optimal balance between mechanical strength and hydraulic functionality of fine aggregate free pervious concrete through the incorporation of expanded vermiculite (EV) as a lightweight aggregate substitute. EV was introduced at 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15% as a partial replacement of the fine aggregate fraction typically present in conventional concrete. Specimens were designed using a modified volumetric approach based on ACI 522R-10. Compressive strength was evaluated at 7 and 28 days, while porosity and permeability were assessed at 28 days. The results show that increasing EV content significantly enhances compressive strength, reaching 17.08 MPa at 15% EV due to internal curing and pore densification. However, excessive EV incorporation leads to a sharp reduction in porosity and permeability, indicating a loss of hydraulic functionality. A balanced performance was achieved at 5% EV, where meaningful strength improvement was obtained while maintaining effective infiltration capacity. These findings highlight the importance of dosage control when designing fine aggregate free pervious concrete systems for infiltration dependent applications.

In recent years, geopolymer concrete has attracted a lot of attention since it is a sustainable and environmentally friendly material with a small carbon footprint. The geopolymer concrete's qualities, such as mechanical strength, durability, and resistance to severe conditions, are improved by the addition of inhibitors. In this study, we offer an abstract on how corrosion inhibitors affect the characteristics of geopolymer concrete. In the study, fly ash, GGBS activated with NaOH and Na2SiO3, and the corrosion inhibitors sodium chloride and sodium nitrite, were used to create geopolymer concrete. The strengths of compressive force, split tensile force, corrosion potential, and chloride penetration of geopolymer concrete were assessed. Results indicated that the characteristics of geopolymer concrete and can be a possible replacement for conventional concrete in the building sector. The addition of corrosion inhibitors to the geopolymer concrete enhances its properties, including durability, and resistance to harsh environments. This study is based on the effect of geopolymer concrete cured at ambient conditions. Properties like Compression test strength, Split Tensile Test Strength, and durability properties like chloride penetration, and accelerated corrosion penetration are evaluated. The results showed an improvement in the durability properties of geopolymer concrete and canbe a promising alternative to traditional concrete in the construction industry. Geopolymer concrete is produced from the geopolymerization process, in which molecules known as oligomers integrate to form geopolymer networks with covalent bonding. Its production expends less thermal energy and results in a smaller carbon footprint compared to Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) concrete. As such, it is pertinent for this review article to provide critical insight into therecent progress in research on the durability of geopolymer concrete. One significant outcome of the review is that the admixture of geopolymer concrete could be blended with additives such as micro- silica and fibers such as polypropylene fibers, to enhance its durabilityto replace OPC concrete in the construction industry

The rapid accumulation of marble stone waste has created significant environmental concerns and disposal issues. At the same time, the construction sector is actively exploring sustainable material alternatives to reduce dependence on conventional resources. Pervious concrete, widely recognized for its ability to allow water infiltration and manage stormwater, provides a promising solution for incorporating industrial by-products without affecting its core functionality. This research focuses on evaluating the durability and environmental benefits of pervious concrete prepared using black marble stone waste as a partial substitute for natural coarse aggregates. Different concrete mixes were developed by varying the proportion of marble waste, and their performance was studied through a series of laboratory tests. Durability characteristics were examined using abrasion resistance, freeze–thaw resistance, water absorption, and chemical resistance tests. In addition, key properties such as permeability and void ratio were measured to ensure that the essential drainage capability of pervious concrete was preserved. The environmental impact assessment included analysis of resource conservation, efficiency in waste utilization, and reduction in the use of natural aggregates. The findings reveal that incorporating black marble waste enhances certain durability properties, especially abrasion resistance and long-term performance, while still maintaining sufficient permeability. Although minor changes in mechanical behavior were noticed with higher replacement levels, the results remained within acceptable limits for pervious pavement applications. From an environmental standpoint, the use of marble waste contributes to reducing landfill burden and supports efficient utilization of industrial by-products. Overall, the study demonstrates that black marble stone waste can serve as a viable and eco-friendly alternative to conventional aggregates in pervious concrete, promoting sustainable construction and responsible infrastructure development. Key word:- Pervious concrete, Marble Dust, landfill disposal

Pervious Concrete as a Stormwater Management Interface: Mechanical, Hydraulic, and Adsorptive-Filtration Behavior

This work describes the effect of biochar (BC) and lightweight expanded clay aggregate (LECA) on the engineering properties (compressive strength, density, porosity, water permeability and sound absorption), CO 2 emission and cost analysis of pervious concrete. 1-50 wt% of biochar was used as a filler and 25-100 wt% LECA was used as a coarse aggregate. Moreover, the porosity values determined by the traditional method and a method using an air pycnometer were compared. The results indicated that the strength, density and sound absorption coefficient of the pervious concrete increased with increasing biochar contents up to 10 wt%, but decreased with increasing LECA contents. The porous nature of the LECA was responsible for the increased porosity and water permeability. A comparison of the porosity test methods for these materials showed that the air pycnometer method was fast and effective for samples of density <1000 kg/m 3 . The cost of pervious concrete containing biochar (sample BC50L0) and LECA (sample BC10L100) would be 1.7 – 2.2 times greater than a control sample (CT) without these additives. This drawback was offset in the biochar-containing samples by their lower total CO 2 emission. By contrast, the total CO 2 emission from the samples containing LECA was increased due to the high temperatures involved in the manufacture of the LECA. The optimum mixture for a biochar-pervious concrete incorporating LECA is sample BC10L25, which meets the ACI standard and provides a lower CO 2 emission than CT. Thus, this suggests that a future challenge would be to develop a pervious concrete containing low-cost biochar and retaining the low-CO 2 emission properties of LECA. • Excessive fine biochar content leads to clogging of pervious concrete. • The porous nature of lightweight expanded clay (LECA) reduces the compressive strength and density. • Mean sound absorption coefficient related to density of biochar-pervious concrete. • Negative CO 2 emission of biochar reduced the total CO 2 emission of pervious concrete. • The air pycnometer method was fast and effective for samples of density < 1000 kg/m 3 .

Pervious concrete (PC) is a sustainable solution for mitigating urban drainage and surface runoff; however, casting and compaction parameters, specimen geometry and standardised testing methods remain insufficiently defined, limiting consistent performance evaluation. This study examines, for a single PC mix, the influence of specimen geometry and moulding technique on mechanical properties and permeability, compares technical standards and evaluates the feasibility of standardisation. The adapted infiltration test for cubic specimens proved effective and simpler than testing larger blocks. Results showed that permeability increased as specimen height decreased under single-layer roller compaction, indicating dimensional dependence. For compressive strength, 100 mm cubes exhibited lower variability (CV ≈ 7.4%) than 150 mm cubes (CV ≈ 14.8%) and cores (CV = 19.1%). The four-point flexural test provided more reliable elastic modulus values and enabled the reuse of prisms for splitting tests. Overall, the results support simplified, standardised PC testing protocols with reduced time and resource demands while maintaining data consistency.

The stockpile of waste glass is enormous, while its recycling rate remains low. This study investigates the degradation laws of pervious concrete (PC) incorporating waste glass powder (WGP) and waste glass sand (WGS) under severe degradation factors such as freeze–thaw cycles and sulfate dry–wet cycles in western China. The results show that: with increasing freeze–thaw cycles, the mass loss rate of all three specimen groups first decreases then increases, while the compressive strength loss rate continuously rises. The incorporation of WGP and WGS reduces both mass loss rate and compressive strength loss rate at equivalent cycles, demonstrating enhanced frost resistance. During sulfate dry–wet cycles, the value of mass loss rate changes from negative to positive, while the corrosion resistance coefficient of compressive strength first increases then decreases. WGP/WGS addition reduces both mass loss rate and compressive strength corrosion resistance coefficient at identical cycles, improving sulfate resistance. The degradation model established using Copula distribution functions aligns with experimental degradation laws, effectively describing the degradation process of WGP/WGS-added PC under freeze–thaw and sulfate attacks.

A double-layer pervious concrete composite structure incorporating recycled fine aggregates derived from construction waste was developed to advance ecological slope protection performance. Single-factor experimental investigations on single-layer pervious concrete examined the effects of recycled fine aggregate replacement ratios (0-60%) and water-cement ratios (0.27-0.39) on material properties. The experimental results established 0.36 as the optimal water-cement ratio, while a 45% replacement ratio achieved an effective balance between permeability and compressive strength. Subsequently, parametric studies on double-layer composite concrete evaluated paste-to-coarse aggregate ratios ranging from 0.3 to 0.55. A paste-to-coarse aggregate ratio of 0.45 yielded optimal compressive strength while preserving favorable permeability characteristics, thereby achieving an effective balance between hydraulic and mechanical performance. Field tests of slope protection demonstrated that the double-layer configuration exhibited superior water retention capacity within the planting layer, while the fine particle layer effectively attenuated infiltration rates. Interlayer capillary mechanisms facilitated vertical moisture redistribution, ensuring equilibrated moisture distribution across soil strata. These findings provide a theoretical framework and experimental validation for implementing recycled fine aggregates in sustainable ecological slope protection engineering.

Fate of clogging material in pervious concrete manufactured with diverse methods

Factors and mechanisms of pollutant leaching during long-term maintenance of hydraulic performance of pervious concrete.

Effects of types and replacement levels of artificial fly ash aggregate on physical-mechanical properties, clogging resistance, and microstructure of pervious concrete

Pervious concrete (PC) is a promising solution for urban stormwater management, yet achieving an optimal balance between mechanical integrity and hydraulic functionality remains a critical challenge. Although previous studies have examined compressive strength and permeability, the quantitative interplay between these properties under controlled aggregate gradation has not been clearly isolated. This study systematically evaluates five PC mixes (N6, N67, N7, N8, and N89) incorporating single-sized and gap-graded coarse aggregates (ASTM No. 6 to No. 89). Uniform mix design, mixing, and compaction procedures were applied to isolate the effect of gradation. Experimental tests included compressive and flexural strength, water absorption, infiltration rate, permeability coefficient, porosity, and cross-sectional structural analysis. As gradation shifted from coarser to finer, porosity increased from 12.6% (N6) to 19.7% (N89), resulting in a 250.8% rise in infiltration rate (5823 to 20,424 mm/h) and a 150% increase in permeability (1.06 to 2.65 cm/s). Conversely, compressive strength decreased from 14.89 MPa to 8.52 MPa (–42.8%). Among the mixtures, N8 achieved the most balanced performance. These findings highlight the critical role of aggregate gradation in tailoring PC properties for applications requiring both structural capacity and effective drainage.

ABSTRACT Permeability is a key property of pervious concrete, yet laboratory measurements are time-consuming and labor-intensive, and previous machine learning studies often overlooked testing-related factors. To address this limitation, a hybrid machine learning framework was developed to predict the permeability coefficient (PEC) of pervious concrete. After extracting and cleaning data from published literature, 450 valid samples were compiled. Input features included water–cement ratio, aggregate–cement ratio, aggregate size parameters, specimen geometry, porosity, and testing method, with PEC as the output. Five machine learning algorithms (support vector regression, artificial neural networks, random forest, LightGBM, and XGBoost) were combined with three optimization algorithms to construct 15 hybrid models. Among them, the PSO-optimized XGBoost model achieved the best performance, with an R² of 0.990 and RMSE of 0.790. SHAP analysis revealed that porosity had the most significant influence on PEC, followed by testing method, aggregate size, and mix proportions. Partial dependence plots further illustrated the effects of key variables. A user-friendly prediction platform was developed to enable rapid PEC estimation and SHAP-based visualization, supporting data-driven mix proportion optimization. This study enhances PEC prediction accuracy and provides practical guidance for pervious concrete design and performance improvement.