Instrumental Perspective Research Articles

Hukum dan Keadilan Sosial dalam Perspektif Hukum Ketatanegaraan

Law in this discussion is the law that is deliberately formed (by designed) by the state, not the law that occurs naturally in the society, which constitute the crystallization of human interaction within the society as the subject of law. Law is known as the common law or customary law and the second is the religious law, in particular, Islam with its Islamic law. The process of formation of common law or customary law is from the bottom upward (bottom-up process) while the establishment of islamic law is from top to bottom (top-down). The same as the nature of the process of formation of Islamic law is the in question in this discussion, which is the law called state legislation, or which is also usually known as laws and regulations. The only difference is, Islamic law is made by God, Allah SWT, while the maker of statutory laws is a state institution of which the major function is to make laws (legislative power). Legislation is interrelated to with humanity and justice, both in the establishment, implementation, and enforcement. This can be proven by tracing since the establishment of the state, particularly Indonesia, because the law is one of the implementation of state functions. State is established on the basis of motivation associated with humanity and justice, so that the objectives and the foundations are also related to humanity and justice. The State and the law is an instrument of humanity and justice, therefore, state and law must be related to humanity and justice, and thus, also would not be enough in the instrumental perspective, the state and the law itself without humanity and justice in serving the society.

A Self-Determination Perspective on Online Health Information Seeking: The Internet vs. Face-to-Face Office Visits With Physicians

This study elucidates the experiential and motivational aspects of online health information beyond the theoretically limited instrumental perspective that dominates the extant literature. Based on a sample of 993 online health information seekers in India, the survey found that online health information seeking offers individuals greater autonomy, competence, and relatedness compared to face-to-face office visits with physicians. According to self-determination theory, individuals are motivated to act by a sense of volition and experience of willingness, validation of one’s skills and competencies, and feeling of connection with others who shaped one’s decisions. These 3 psychological needs, which motivate individuals to pursue what they innately seek as human beings, help explain why individuals turn online for health information. T tests showed that all 3 self-determination theory constructs —autonomy, competence, and relatedness—were higher for online health information seeking than for face-to-face office visits with physicians. A regression analysis found that 2 variables, autonomy and relatedness, explained online health information seeking. Competence was not a significant factor, likely because of competency issues faced by individuals in interpreting, understanding, and making use of online health information. The findings, which do not suggest that online health information seeking would displace physicians as many have feared, offer promise for an integrated system of care. Office visits with physicians would necessarily evolve into an expanded communicative space of health information seeking instead of an alternative channel for health information.

Leadership: The Being Component. Can the Spiritual Exercises of Saint Ignatius Contribute to the Debate on Business Education?

In recent years, scholars have increasingly dedicated their attention to analyse and reflect on the topic of leadership. However, the debate has often focused on the figure of the leader, as if being a leader were a self-sufficient function in itself, understood without finalities or independent of them. I would argue that leadership is not a position that can be assumed, but, rather, a relationship that is constructed. Similarly, the question of leaders has often given rise to a deconstruction of its components, without any insight as to how the reality is put together. Leadership cannot be understood solely from a technical or instrumental perspective. It is not a mere relational skill that simply requires developing competencies. The exercise of leadership always includes—explicitly or implicitly—a connection with values. Therefore, developing leadership is impossible without a personal process that develops the person’s capacity for perception, learning, interiorisation, explicit sense-making and constructing meaning. These issues are truly important at a time in which the debate on business education and its contribution is completely open, targeting the very core of business education’s reason for being. Though open, the debate can only become a truly dynamic discussion if there is a real dialogue between the different positions and traditions. For this reason, this paper proposes an anthropological and non-denominational reading of some of the fundamental meditations found in the Spiritual Exercises of Saint Ignatius which could be used as a heuristic in the debate regarding what business schools propose. This paper represents an initial step in this direction, exploring some of the potentialities of the Spiritual Exercises for business schools that do not claim any religious tradition.

Ambiguities of Accountability and Attention –


 The article examines the failed implementation of a Security Project initiated by the Norwegian government prior to the terrorist attacks in 2011. It analyzes interviews with central government actors and uses two perspectives from organization theory to explain why the project failed. From an instrumental perspective, the failure might be explained by a conscious lack of attention or commitment. From a ‘garbage can’ perspective, the failure might be explained by a lack of collective instrumental rationality. Taking both perspectives into account, inherent ambiguities in horizontal and vertical accountability and a lack of attention influenced both by formal rules and informal practices are the main explanations. The prevalence of local democratic values, a lack of central political involvement and a generally slow administrative process contributed considerably to this.

A Pós‑Graduação como Lócus da Formação Docente para o Ensino Superior: Diálogos entre Didática e Currículo

Neste trabalho pretende‑se refletir sobre a formação para a docência nos programas de pós‑graduação stricto sensu de uma universidade pública brasileira, sob a ótica dos saberes curriculares e pedagógicos, no âmbito da didática e do currículo. Foram analisados programas de ensino de 40 disciplinas de pós‑graduação da área de ciências da saúde que integram oPrograma de Aperfeiçoamento de Ensino da Instituição, utilizando a análise documental e de conteúdo, tendo aportes teóricos da área do currículo e da didática. Os dados revelam currículos em que há predominância dos aspectos relacionados à metodologia e estratégias de ensino, em detrimento da explicitação das dimensões profissional e pessoal docente. Ou seja, tem‑se ressaltado a preparação didática e metodológica para a docência superior numa perspectiva instrumental, secundarizando os pressupostos teóricos, epistemológicos, políticos e pedagógicos da prática docente. Evidenciam‑se,ainda, as possibilidades do referido Programa como um espaço formativo de valorização da formação pedagógica.

The perspective of international instruments and the Islamic approach towards Human Rights with emphasis on freedom of expression, opinion and religion

Freedom of opinion and religion, as the foundation of humans ’words and deeds, are two important aspects of individual freedom. In fact, freedom of expression and other aspects of individual freedom are derived from freedom of opinion and its different manifestations. Thus, freedom of opinion may be assumed as the mother of all freedoms. Needless to say, the freedom of opinion has different dimensions such as political, social and religious freedoms. The question arises is that what is the approach of Islam, as the last and most perfect divine religion, towards the freedom of opinion and religion? Investigating different Islamic viewpoints revealed that freedom of opinion has been accepted and emphasized by Islam as one the most significant human rights. The issue stipulated in Quran as well as the Sirah (sayings and practical life of the Prophet and Imamas). In Islam, there is no compulsion in religion. In fact, Islam like international instruments and conventions on human rights respected freedom of religion.

An Instrumental Perspective of Value Creation through Multi-stakeholder Initiatives

Multi-stakeholder initiatives (MSIs) are an important instrument to improve the social and environmental performance of global supply chains. However, they are often ineffective due to a lack of co...

Authority and Punishment: On the Ideological Basis of Punitive Attitudes towards Criminals

Three explanations dominate the literature as to why people support tough sentencing of criminal offenders. The first is an instrumental perspective: people are concerned about becoming a victim of crime and they look to punishment to reduce future harm. The second is a relational perspective: people are concerned about community breakdown, and they support punishment to restore moral boundaries. The third is a psychological model based on ideological preferences: people desire conformity and authority in society, and they look to institutions to punish transgressions that threaten collective security. Building on the work of Tyler and Boeckmann (1977), we show that right-wing authoritarianism predicts both the extent to which people worry about social threats and the extent to which they support harsh punitive measures. Bridging research from political psychology and criminology, we conclude with the idea that popular punitive sentiment is grounded in an uncritical submission to authorities, an adherence to conservative moral values, and consonant concerns about collective security and cohesion.

시민참여형 과학기술 거버넌스의 논의와 실험에 내재된 도구적 관점: 영국 공론화 사례 중심

시민참여형 과학기술 거버넌스의 논의와 실험에 내재된 도구적 관점: 영국 공론화 사례 중심

Measurement of Affect: From Theoretical and Instrumental Perspectives

Affect plays a central role in human experience and is related to different psychological variables, such as memory, coping, personality, and self-esteem. It can be characterized as a state of pleasure or discontentment experienced with some degree of activation. This article aims to analyze from theoretical and instrumental perspectives in the measuring of affect. The affect construct went through some constructing over the decades. For Russell, it can be viewed through his circumplex of bipolar and orthogonal dimensions, called valence (pleasure or displeasure) and perceived activation (high or low). By means of systematic revision, 17 measurement instruments about affect were found, which were based, generally, on the choice of adjectives that corresponded to whatever the individual indicated to be feeling at the moment or in unique scales dedicated to a dimension of the construct. It was observed that the effective field is permeated by several measuring instruments and theoretical concepts, which made the measurement of affective spectrum a challenge in terms of methodology. The lack of a definition both operational and constitutive about the affect concept and its distinctions from mood, emotion and other associated variables compromises the theoretical and instrumental development. A contributing factor for the restriction in this development is the utilization of instruments on account of tradition of use, without identifying the reason for continued use. In utilizing a measuring instrument, researchers must recognize that they are agreeing with its theory and thus understand how their knowledge production can contribute to new studies. Finally, the relationship between affect and other external variables is discussed.

Europe's ordoliberal iron cage: critical political economy, the euro area crisis and its management

ABSTRACTOrthodox integration scholarship failed to identify the factors leading to the euro area (EA) economic and financial crisis because of weaknesses that Horkheimer identified in ‘traditional’ theory: disciplinary splits and a tendency to idealize from particular instrumental perspectives. By contrast, critical political economy offered a plausible and coherent elucidation of the emergent properties and limits of finance-led capitalism and their concrete manifestation in the EA. This contribution both reviews state-of-the-art critical political economy research on the EA crisis and makes a distinct contribution to it. In addressing the puzzle of why not only the Economic and Monetary Union persists despite morbid symptoms but why crisis management is extending and deepening a discredited finance-led capitalism, the contribution synthesizes theories of transnational class formation and inter-state relations, and proposes that Europe is caught in an ordoliberal iron cage.

Deontic Technology Perceptions: A Complimentary View to Perspectives on Technology Acceptance

For decades, researchers have used primarily instrumental perspectives to understand technology acceptance and problem solving behavior by emphasizing how technology impacts the personal interests of end users themselves. In this paper we offer a complimentary paradigm by applying a deontic perspective to the study of technology acceptance and problem solving. This perspective asserts that technology users pay attention to and react meaningfully to perceptions of how technology impacts external parties like patients, customers, and members of the general public. In this paper we introduce an original scale to measure deontic technology perceptions (DTP), defined as the degree to which individuals believe that the technology they use is beneficial to other individuals beyond themselves. Using a multisource, multi-method design in three hospitals, we validate this scale and test it as part of an original conceptual model to predict technology acceptance and problem solving behaviors. Our results suggest deontic technology perceptions add value above and beyond instrumental technology perceptions in explaining these outcomes. Based on the findings across the two studies, a future research agenda is proposed to further integrate DTP with the technology acceptance literature.

National Disaster and Corporate Philanthropy

The research on corporate social responsibility (CSR) has largely emphasized the instrumental perspective which highlights economic implications. However, political CSR presents an alternative view...

The Blind Scientists and the Elephant of Swallowing: A Review of Instrumental Perspectives on Swallowing Physiology

AbstractSwallowing is a complex biomechanical process. In this review, several different techniques for measuring swallowing physiology are described, and limitations of each instrumental perspective are discussed. The techniques discussed include videofluoroscopy, endoscopy, three‐dimensional dynamic computed tomography imaging, ultrasound, electromagnetic articulography, electromyography, lingual and pharyngeal manometry, electropalatography, airflow measurement, and swallowing acoustics/accelerometry. It is hoped that this review will inform scientists in the food oral‐processing field regarding methods that may be useful for capturing relevant features of swallowing behavior across different food textures and liquid consistencies. Likewise, it is hoped that the delineation of current gaps in knowledge will reveal topics of shared interest for swallowing and food oral scientists as a first step toward future collaboration.Practical ApplicationsSwallowing is something that we take for granted, but is actually a complicated biomechanical activity involving many muscles. The process of swallowing can be studied or measured using a variety of different clinical and instrumental techniques. In this review article, the strengths and limitations of several different instrumental approaches to measuring swallowing behaviours are discussed. An extensive reference list is provided to original articles using these different techniques.

The Scientist, Philosopher, and Rhetorician: The Three Dimensions of Technical Communication and Technology

Technical communication's attempt to prioritize theories of scholarship and pedagogy has resulted in several authors contributing a three-dimensional framework to approach technology: the instrumental perspective, the critical humanist perspective, and the user-centered perspective [1–3]. This article traces connections between this framework for technical communication and the philosophies of Michel de Certeau [4] and Andrew Feenberg [5], suggesting that the primary connection is a turn toward “rhetoric” as a mediator between scientific and philosophical communication. The article concludes that the current paradigm for understanding technology can be best understood by exploring three conjoined, yet competing, mentalities between a scientific, philosophical, and rhetorical worldview. While this three-dimensional approach provides a strong foundation for technical communication pedagogy and scholarship, it should continue to be re-examined for potential anomalies as the field continues to develop an identity.

A condição paradoxal da administração de recursos humanos: entre a racionalidade instrumental e a racionalidade substantiva

Este artigo, na forma de ensaio, discute a condição paradoxal da ARH, que busca agir em função de uma perspectiva instrumental de racionalidade ao contemplar as exigências de competitividade organizacional. Entretanto, ao mesmo tempo, procura considerar os anseios dos colaboradores. Tais anseios, em uma perspectiva de emancipação do trabalhador, seriam alcançados pela racionalidade substantiva, a qual se caracteriza pelo julgamento ético, a autorrealização, a emancipação e a autonomia. As práticas organizacionais relacionadas às pessoas estão vinculadas a um contexto propriamente humano e a outro contexto altamente competitivo. Nesse sentido, os gestores da área parecem precisar agir em função de uma convergência das racionalidades instrumental e substantiva. O desafio da área é agir nessa condição paradoxal. É realizada uma discussão teórica sobre essa realidade e sobre possíveis direções para o futuro.

CSR in multiple environments: the impact of headquartering

Purpose– This paper aims to argue that the on-going professionalization and dissemination of the current wave of corporate social responsibility (CSR) concepts and instruments leads to a headquartering effect, i.e. the concentration of CSR-related decision-making within corporate headquarters. This headquartering effect casts doubt on earlier studies suggesting that the “transnational” or “glocal” model can effectively address the multitude of global and local CSR challenges modern multinational companies (MNCs) face.Design/methodology/approach– This conceptual paper uses a stakeholder lens, in turn, drawing from resource dependence theory and organizational legitimacy theory to develop under which conditions claims of Southern stakeholders will be considered by Northern MNCs. It provides evidence for the existence of a headquartering effect as a defining characteristic of mainstream CSR approaches.Findings– The authors argue that the increasing professionalization and dissemination of mainstream CSR approaches among MNCs reinforce the headquartering effect, with strategic decision-making increasingly confined to the companies’ headquarters, while the scope of action within the subsidiaries and the supply chain of MNCs becomes increasingly restricted over time. Ultimately, this headquartering effect strengthens a Northern CSR/sustainability agenda and fails to empower developing country stakeholders.Originality/value– The paper contributes by exploring how international CSR follows a different underlying rationale than international business. While international business research follows an instrumental perspective, international CSR is driven by both instrumental and normative considerations. Thus, international business theories may not be directly applicable to international CSR contexts.

Confidence in the police among Korean people: An expressive model versus an instrumental model

The legitimacy of police authority has often been questioned due to a relatively low level of public confidence in the police in South Korea. Instrumental and expressive perspectives provide competing explanations of the determinants of public confidence in the police. Empirical studies comparing these competing perspectives are thus far limited to British and US studies. To fill this void, this study used a structural equation modeling approach to examine expressive and instrumental models of confidence in the police among South Koreans. Analyses of data from the Korean National Crime Victimization Survey revealed that both models were empirically supported. However, the expressive perspective (i.e., perceptions of local disorder, informal social control, and social cohesion) was more important than the instrumental perspective (i.e., worries about crime) in explaining confidence in the police among Koreans. The implications for research and policy are discussed based on the findings.

Revisiting the Instrumentality of Voice: Having Voice in the Process Makes People Think They Will Get What They Want

Research on procedural justice has found that processes that allow people voice (i.e., input) are perceived as fairer, and thus elicit more positive reactions, than processes that do not allow people voice. Original theorizing attributed these effects to beliefs that the provision of voice enhances people’s sense of process control, which people were assumed to value because it impacts their perceived likelihood of receiving desired outcomes (the instrumental perspective of procedural justice). Subsequent research questioned this perspective, arguing that outcome expectations do not account for the effects of voice. However, this subsequent research failed to directly examine the interplay of voice, outcome expectations, and reactions. The current studies revisit and extend research on this topic by asking whether manipulations of voice act as shared circumstance effects. Confirming an untested implication of the instrumental perspective, we show that giving everyone voice increases their belief, ex-ante, that they are likely to win an upcoming competition. However, this instrumental belief accounts for only part of the effects of voice on perceived procedural fairness and on general reactions to outcomes. Results suggest that voice does indeed have instrumental significance, an implication not adequately recognized in current justice theorizing. However, this instrumentality does not, by itself, explain why people value having a voice in processes that affect them.

A contingency framework on partnership risk

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to analyze and compare the specific contingencies of partnership risk in shared equity public-private partnerships (PPPs) with the contingencies of privately held, loose related PPPs.Design/methodology/approach– Drawing on instrumental and relational accountability perspectives, the author formulates theoretical propositions on partnership risk.Findings– The author conclude that loose related PPPs are characterized by high expertise and a higher risk of contract incompleteness by reason of opportunism. Shared ownership PPPs are characterized by lower opportunism but stronger goal ambiguities and role conflicts. These relationships are threatened by political micromanagement, agency capture and bailout problems.Research limitations/implications– The study offers an analytical frame of propositions and provides avenues for further research on partnership risk.Practical implications– The author suggest risk mitigation strategies for tight and loose related PPPs.Originality/value– Identifying crucial contingencies from both an instrumental and a relational perspective, the study makes a contribution to cooperation research in PPPs.