This article explores the seventeenth–century English politician William Temple’s views on Confucianism, possible sources for his knowledge of China and fundamental reasons for his extolment of Confucian thoughts. Temple has discussed Confucian thoughts and Chinese governance principles in various essays, deeming Confucius as the model of reason and virtue, praising the governance principle of “rule by virtue”, and viewing Confucianism as an effective response to Europe’s political crisis. Re-examining Temple’s interpretation and acceptance of Confucian thoughts is conducive to clarifying the influence of Confucianism on early modern Europe and understanding the intricate mechanism of cultural connectivity and exchange in early global history.

This article investigates how the integration of Babylon into the Hellenistic world reshaped the worldview of the learned priests of the Esagila temple, the city’s principal institution. Drawing on a Global History perspective and the concept of globality consciousness, it examines how geographical knowledge was articulated in the writings of these temple scholars. Methodologically, the study identifies and categorizes toponyms attested in the historical-literary texts produced within this scholarly milieu. The article is structured into four sections. The first outlines the political context of Hellenistic Babylon. The second discusses the theoretical and methodological framework as well as the sources. The third classifies the toponyms and analyzes their dynamics, with particular attention to the enigmatic reference to the land of Ḫana. The final section reconstructs the main channels of information that enabled such dynamics. The central argument is that Babylon’s incorporation into the Hellenistic world brought about both an expansion and a clearer definition of the priests’ geographical horizons, while the millennia-old toponyms of the local scholarly tradition continued to shape their understanding of Hellenistic geopolitics.

Küresel tarih yaklaşımı, modern dünyayı şekillendiren etkileşim ve bağlantıları anlamaya, bölünmüşlüğü önlemeye ve dünya inşasına dair belirli bir perspektif sunmaya yönelik bir yöntem olarak ortaya çıktı. Bu çalışmada, tarih disiplini içerisinde hızla gelişen ve yalnızca Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nde değil, aynı zamanda Avrupa ve Asya’da da yaygınlık kazanan küresel tarih yaklaşımı ele alınarak bu yaklaşımın ortaöğretim öğrencilerinin akademik başarıları üzerindeki etkisi incelendi. Yarı deneysel desenin kullanıldığı bu araştırma, ünitenin kazanımları da dikkate alınarak 3 hafta boyunca toplam 6 ders saatiyle sınırlandırıldı. Deney grubundaki öğrencilere küresel tarih perspektifini yansıtan ünite uygulanırken, kontrol grubundaki öğrencilere mevcut tarih öğretim programında yer alan ünite sunuldu. Çalışmanın konusuna ve amacına uygun olduğu düşünülen ortaöğretim 12. Sınıf öğrencileri, çalışma grubu olarak belirlendi. Bu bağlamda, T.C. İnkılâp Tarihi ve Atatürkçülük ders kitabının 5. Ünitesi olan “II. Dünya Savaşı Sürecinde Türkiye ve Dünya” ünitesi, okul olarak Van ili İpekyolu ilçesinde yer alan mesleki ve teknik Anadolu lisesi, Anadolu lisesi ve Anadolu imam hatip lisesi olmak üzere üç farklı devlet okulu seçildi. Araştırmada hem deney hem de kontrol gruplarında yer alan öğrencilere ön test ve son test olarak başarı testi uygulandı. Toplam 30 sorudan oluşan başarı testi, ÖSYM tarafından 1998-2022 yılları arasında araştırma konusuyla ilgili çıkmış sorulardan seçildi. Araştırma sonucunda küresel tarih yaklaşımıyla hazırlanan tarih ünitesinin, ortaöğretim öğrencilerinin akademik başarılarında anlamlı ve olumlu bir etki oluşturduğu belirlendi.

ABSTRACT This paper provides an insight into the study of Portuguese-Spanish and Brazilian-Uruguayan-Argentinian borders, namely those administrative territories separated by respectively, the Guadiana and Uruguay/ La Plata Rivers from the perspective of Global History and Cultural Heritage studies. Borders are examined as geographic areas where connections and hybridisations occur and where shared territories are used to construct interwoven histories. This research is also focused on the way Iberian bordering processes became global in the Modern Era. Temporal and spatial scales are also considered in order to provide different interpretations of Iberian borderlands by proposing a periphery-based analysis of bordering processes, their cultural and social consequences, and the way all of these phaenomena can be reflected on tangible and intangible heritage.

The Yalu River forest played a key role in the changes in the ecological environment and the reshaping of border order in Northeast Asia in modern times. For about ten years from 1895 to 1904, the Russian Geographical Society, the General Staff, and the Ministry of Finance dispatched numerous expedition teams to the Yalu River border. Along with forest researches on the border, Russia simultaneously “managed” the Yalu River forest business. Forest development on both sides of the Yalu River has become the focus of Russia’s attention in East Asia. At the same time, Russian military activities under the cover of the forestry cause aroused Japan’s vigilance. As the current situation changes, the Yalu River forest issue has become an important means for Japan’s “war par ty” to incite war sentiments. Japan has used this to successfully shape international public opinion on the “Russo-Japanese War” and present a “forced defense” posture. The Japan-Russia game ultimately led to the outbreak of war for multiple reasons, but the Yalu River forest issue was also an important inducing factor. From the perspective of global history, this paper explores the inter twining of colonialism, imperialism and nationalism on the Yalu River border zone, thus presenting a forest history that transcends national boundaries.

From the 2nd century BC to around the 2nd century AD, two prominent empires, the Han Dynasty and the Roman Empire, fell respectively upon the Eastern as well as Western lands. From the perspective of global history, it's really important and valuable for us to make comparisons between these two nearly synchronous empires which hold different civilizations. Taking advantage of the method of historical comparison between East and West, this article strives to make a comparison between the Roman Empire and the Han Dynasty based on foreign trade and cultural values. In term of economy, the germination of "globalization" appeared, and the Roman Empire and the Han Dynasty made foreign trade frequently through the Silk Road; in term of cultural values, as autocratic country, the Roman Empire and the Han Dynasty paid attention to the construction of "common cognition", and further stabilized their rule through the process of "Romanization" and "Confucianism" respectively. Then, this paper makes a critical analysis, and combines it with the national conditions of today's China to strive to find some useful insights for us, hoping to achieve the effect of "using history as a mirror to know the rise and fall of dynasties".

<p><strong>Abstract:</strong> This article delves into the political biography and thought of Lord Henry Stanley, a member of British House of Lords, who embraced Islam in the mid-19th century. Through a global history perspective, this article’s analysis draws on Stanley’s personal writing, historical records, and parliamentary debates to trace his trajectory and analyze his political thought. By locating Stanley amidst the context of 19th-century international politics, Stanley’s biography and political thought challenged the dominant narrative portraying European officers merely as colonialist and imperialist. It also complicates the conventional narrative between Islam and the Christian West dominantly depicted as always an antithesis. Throughout his career in the British House of Lords, Henry Stanley consistently pinpointed the values of justice, which he believed were deeply rooted in the Islamic political system, amidst the increasing racialization of Muslims both in Britain and within the increasingly Eurocentric international community. Although Stanley did not challenge British imperialism in Asia and Africa, he did challenge several British policies in India and the Straits of Malacca, which he thought was the result of British arrogant attitude toward non-European political order.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Keywords:</strong> Lord Stanley, European empire, Islam, modern, international politics</p>

Sheldon Pollock's justly famous work on cosmopolitan orders and processes of vernacularization in the worlds of Latinity and Sanskrit invites questions of a comparative and global-historical character. I will raise such questions in the context of the Persianate cosmopolitan order, especially as exemplified by the early modern Ottoman Empire, focusing on the wave of vernacularizations this empire witnessed in the seventeenth-eighteenth centuries. In this process of vernacularization, new vernacular forms of philological learning appear to have played a crucial role. Building on Bourdieu's work, I will try to analyze the Ottoman cosmopolitan as a pre-modern form of linguistic domination, and vernacularization as a form of resistance. Moving beyond Bourdieu, I will be arguing for a genealogical approach that is alive to premodern non-European philological traditions, and to the historically variable relation between (philological) knowledge and power.

ABSTRACT The paper analyzes how (post)-migrant media outlets discussed the position of (post)-migrant people in France. (Post)-migrant media are periodicals, radio stations, and other forms of media produced by (post)-migrant actors and addressed to them. I argue that changes in the Global Cold War order, French national politics, and social changes in French (post)-migrant communities fostered a transition from anti-imperialist to multicultural understandings of migration in the examined media. The paper shows how these changes affected the experiences and identities of (post)-migrant people and adds a global history perspective to existing explanations about generational change and national political developments. It tracks how (post)-migrant media offered a space to negotiate the position in France against the backdrop of global developments such as the Cold War, decolonization, the disillusion with postcolonial governments, and the rising human rights movement.

Abstract This paper aims to introduce the recent reform in history education across high schools and universities in Japan. Japanese education, including university history majors and teacher credential programs, has for long focused on in-depth training in narrow empirical studies, while basic theories and concepts, ones positioned across the entire spectrum of academic knowledge of history and historical research, are seldom taught systematically. This tendency, combined with other social and economic conditions and cultural values, has resulted in a secondary education history syllabus that emphasizes memorizing factual knowledge without necessary reflection on what historians articulate and deliberate over. To help researchers and teachers in history replace such a conformist form of education with competence-oriented active learning of history as a subject, Osaka-based historians, collaborating nationwide with researchers and teachers, have proposed several glossaries, commentaries, and novel exercises for understanding history and historical research and conceptualizing factual knowledge so as to provide necessary clarifications, discussions, and judgments. Thus, new textbooks written from the perspective of global history are expected to be well understood and taught in classrooms.

초록 · 키워드 목차 오류제보하기 This paper examines the historical background behind the recent surge in the scholarly interest in "Buddhist talismans," the talismans made and used in the Buddhist context. Although talismans formed an essential part of Buddhist practice in East Asia, the study of Buddhist talismans has remained an intellectual hiatus for a long time. As Buddhologists began to more actively study various Buddhist practices rather than doctrines and scriptures in the early 21st century, things and monuments used for Buddhist practices became new objects of study in the field of Buddhology. In the larger picture, this change is related to the "material turn" that has impacted the humanities and social science since the 1990s. The "material turn" is an academic movement that examines the ways in which things affect human action and society. Bruno Latour"s (1947-present) Actor-Network Theory and Graham Harman"s (1968-present) Object-Oriented Ontology and Speculative Realism have contributed significantly to promoting this movement. With these academic changes, Buddhologists and art historians are now paying more scholarly attention to diverse materials as well as texts used outside canonical Buddhism. With such changes, "Buddhist talismans" have become an excellent tool to illuminate the actual practices done by premodern Buddhists and to reveal the porous boundary between Buddhism, Daoism, and shamanism. The Buddhist talismans included in the medieval Dunhuang manuscripts have been discussed by some leading scholars abroad. On the other hand, Buddhist talismans excavated from Buddhist statues and tombs from Koryŏ and Chosŏn have little been known outside of Korea. Because some of the Buddhist talismans used in Koryŏ show connections with those included in the Dunhuang manuscripts, they will be an appropriate object to explore from the perspective of global history. By adopting the global historical approach, we will be able to avoid the pitfall of simply assuming the latter as the origins of the former. Instead, we should consider them as traces of the extensive network of Asian Buddhist talismans that once covered a large area from west China to the Korean peninsula. #불교부적 #지구사 #물질적 전회 #고려 #다라니 #Buddhist talisman #global history #material turn #Koryŏ #dhāraṇī 머리말1. 국제적 흐름에서 살펴본 불교부적 연구의 타당성2. 국내외 불교부적 연구 현황3. 한국 불교부적 출토 및 수집 현황4. 한국 불교부적의 융합적 연구방법 모색5. 한국 불교부적의 지구사적 연구방법 모색맺음말참고문헌Abstract

In which sense could we possibly catch a glimpse of “Medieval Islands” on the Amazonian coast? This paper aims at unravelling and explaining how some old medieval Portuguese mythical matter and mythemes do still exist and thrive in terms of popular culture on the “Island of Maranhão”, i.e. <i>Upaon Açu</i> or the “Isle of São Luís” until the present time, in comparison to some mythical elements to be found on the Island of Marajó, in Pará. Both Pará and Maranhão are Amazonian federal states of Brazil and this paper emphasizes the historical permanence of medieval mythemes, of course combined with other very complex and cross-cultural heritages pertaining to nowaday population of Maranhão, to which the Island of Marajó shall be a term of historical and archaeological comparison. We expect to arouse scholars’ interest to our subject in a Global History perspective, which takes into account the links and unexpected cultural traits of Middle Ages still thriving in Brazilian popular culture as the upshot of a long-term and complex cross-cultural process that has been taking place in American countries since the late 15th. century. Little attention has been paid to the role of medieval mythemes along this complex process and I should like to endeavour to fill this historiographic gap by proposing the present paper. Therefore, the main purpose of this paper is to highlight and discuss the evidence of a medieval past transposed to the Portuguese Amazon, whose legacy is up to our days a very plentiful popular culture in terms of medieval references, such as the phantom barks and “Mothers of Creeks”, as we pimpoint along the text. This essay is keen to address this polemic topic by drawing on some authors and theorists who, in our view, must be brought back to the proscenium of scientific discussion concerning Social Sciences. The first and main one is Luís da Câmara Cascudo, a major folklorist and researcher whom we should like to introduce to international academic readers. Hence, this little essay aims at wreaking new academic discussion on the formation and colonization of the Amazon in cross-cultural terms.

This article analyzes the public school system established by the United States in the Philippines in 1901-1935 from the perspective of global history and soft power. It believes that the systematic public education of the United States in the Philippines is a colonial soft power policy. It had a profound impact on the modernization of the Philippines and the U.S.-Philippines relationship after World War II.

The various endeavors led by Jesuits under the auspices to the Plan Scientifique du Kiang-Nan (Scientific Plan for the Jiangnan region) constituted a defining moment in the history of their mission in modern China. The Jesuits aimed to found a scientific capital that would also constitute the base of their East Asian mission, a project that led to a far-reaching engagement in education and sciences. The multiple projects they undertook were located within the framework of Western knowledge. The traditional Jesuit strategy adapted itself to a new context by encouraging a constructive and fruitful interaction between religion and science. Jesuit intellectual apostolate included not only research but also the dissemination of technologies and knowledge central to the rise of modernity in China. The entry into this country of well-educated, deeply zealous Jesuit missionaries along with their observations on the social and political changes taking place decisively contributed to the modernization of Shanghai and to the emergence of multi-perspective narratives about the destiny of the city. Assessing the Jiangnan-based Jesuits’ continuous efforts as well as the challenges and contradictions they met with help us to integrate the seemingly conflicting ethos of Christian mission and scientific quest into a reframed perspective of global history.

Some Western scholars have re-examined the concept of “Chinese medicine” and its knowledge system under the influence of global history research methods in recent years, in an attempt to understand the factors that led to the spread of Chinese medicine around the world, and what kind of Chinese medicine is constituted outside of China. Thus, researchers have studied the initial stage of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM)'s entry into the western world, tracing its roots and observing new knowledge systems formed in the process of cross-cultural communication. Responding to the research of Western scholars, this paper studies the Radicis Chynae (《中国根书简》 Letters on Chinese Root), a monograph written by Andreas Vesalius, a famous European anatomist who lived in the 16th century. The author of this article examined the understanding and interpretation of Chinese medicine by the European intelligentsia from 16th to 19th century, investigated the influence of the westward spread of TCM on the scientific revolution and medical progress in Europe, and analyzed its relationship with the rise of Sinology in Europe. This article discusses the knowledge interaction between Chinese medicine and the formation of modern European medicine from the perspective of global history and cross-culture.

Abstract This article explores a smattering of thematic questions that criss-cross the articles in this special pandemics issue; it signposts some reverberations, overlapping responses, and problematic comparisons currently (mid 2020) being made between past pandemics and the tense experiences (and projections going forward) of COVID-19 across the world. The historical pandemics covered here offer an entry point to a fruitful set of genealogies, chronologies, epidemiologies, trajectories, and imaginaries linked to a host of issues: what makes a pandemic ‘global’? What does a global history perspective bring to the table? How does examining germs and genomes shed light on imperialism as a/the pandemic driver? Where do animals, the environment, and ecology fit in and why are they so often excluded from pandemic histories? What counts as medical humanitarianism when health knowledge, know-how, and cooperation ‘from below’ are sidelined? And what came/comes first: a pandemic or a changed world?

Статья представляет собой рецензию на книгу М. А. Липкина «Совет Экономической Взаимопомощи: исторический опыт альтернативного глобального мироустройства (1949–1979)». Автор монографии предпринял первую в отечественной историографии попытку обобщить историю этой многосторонней организации на основе широкого спектра новых архивных свидетельств из четырех архивов России (в том числе Российского государственного архива экономики, Российского государственного архива новейшей истории) и Исторического архива ЕС в Италии. М. А. Липкин показывает, что после самороспуска СЭВ в 1991 г. ее история была предана незаслуженному забвению. В отличие от Организации Варшавского договора, СЭВ имел глобальный, универсальный характер, а интерес многих неевропейских стран с разных континентов к присоединению к нему в различных формах свидетельствует о том, что он выступал в качестве альтернативного центра в биполярном мире. Советский лидер Н. С. Хрущев хотел одновременно скопировать некоторые черты западноевропейских интеграционных моделей и превратить СЭВ в глобальную организацию – супергосплан (наднациональную структуру государственного планирования), штаб-квартиру «мировой системы социализма» (включающую социалистические страны Азии, Америки и, возможно, Африки). Автор считает, что СЭВ следует рассматривать не как неудачную копию Европейского экономического сообщества, а как вполне успешный в 1960–1970-е гг. форум социалистического мира. Липкин также указывает на несостоятельность утверждений о советском «диктате» в СЭВ. М. А. Липкин является представителем новой волны исследователей, заинтересованных в объективном изучении феномена СЭВ с позиций глобальной истории. The article is a review of the book by M. A. Lipkin "Council of Mutual Economic Assistance: historical experience of alternative global world order (1949–1979)". The author of the monograph made the first attempt in Russian historiography to summarize the history of this multilateral organization on the basis of a wide range of new archival evidence from four Russian archives (including the Russian state archive of Economics, the Russian state archive of modern history) and the EU historical archive in Italy. M.A. Lipkin shows that after Council of Mutual Economic Assistance’s self-dissolution in 1991 its story was consigned to undeserved oblivion. Unlike the Warsaw Pact organization, Council of Mutual Economic Assistance was global and universal, and the interest of many non-European countries from different continents in joining it in various forms indicates that it acted as an alternative center in a bipolar world. The Soviet leader N. S. Hrushchev wanted to simultaneously copy some features of Western European integration models and turn the Council of Mutual Economic Assistance into a global organization – a super-plan (supranational structure of state planning), the headquarters of the "world system of socialism" (including the socialist countries of Asia, America, and possibly Africa). The author believes that the Council of Mutual Economic Assistance should be considered not as an unsuccessful copy of the European economic community, but as a completely successful forum of the socialist world in the 1960s and 1970s. Lipkin also points out the inconsistency of the claims about the Soviet "diktat" in the Council of Mutual Economic Assistance. Lipkin is a representative of a new wave of researchers interested in the objective study of the Council of Mutual Economic Assistance phenomenon from the perspective of global history.

Abstract The Silk Road ended in 1524 formally. To know how and why this significant event occurred, we should know more about the road itself and its evolution in history. In this essay, three issues will be discussed from the perspective of global history: (1) the Silk Road itself; (2) the trade along the Silk Road (or the Silk Road Trade, abbreviated as SRT in this paper); and (3) the termination of the Silk Road.

The article analyzes various methodological approaches and theoretical strategies applied to the study and understanding of the phenomenon of the 20th century. Realizing the breadth and semantic richness of the historical narrative of the past century, its multi-level temporal integrity, the author proposes following the logic of selectivity, focusing on the most significant events, trends, and processes. This focus on “significance” means that historical science remains true to its great humanistic ideals, striving to be a "teacher of life" and participate in the absorption of the most valuable experience of the past in order to apply it in the search for answers to the challenges of the future. Such nodal subjects of historiography should include demographic, economic, social, intellectual, cultural, military history, the history of everyday life of the 20th century. The author of the article notes that, summing up the results of the twentieth century, most historians proceed from the idea of the exhaustion of the Eurocentric approach to historiography. There is no doubt that all parts of the world and all peoples participated equally in the history of the 20th century, and therefore a retrospective view of the past century is possible only from the perspective of global history. The article notes that it is impossible to ignore the substantial contribution made to the understanding of global processes and relationships by numerous subdisciplines of history, such as the history of empires, history of international relations and organizations, urban history and the history of urbanization, history of finance, climate history, etc. The author notes that current perceptions of the 20th century are marked by massivization and commercialization. Their content is formed not only by the need to find historical truth, but also by the desire to hold the attention of the readership. More and more historical books today are written on the order of book publishers, which are guided by the demand of the reading public. The modern information society has created new challenges for historical science, but at the same time it has created new channels of communication between the historical science and society, scholars and authorities, intellectual and mass culture, individual and collective representations. The rapid increase in the volume of information, the development of mass media, the emergence of the Internet, and new means of communication in a certain sense led to the medialization and virtualization of historical knowledge. On the other hand, the vast information field has become a fertile ground for the cultivation and dissemination of historical рmyths, often archaic and primitive.

REVIEWS 789 example, the name of the nation, which was changed in 1993 from Muslim to Bosniak — and its recent dynamics are thoroughly covered here. Izetbegović’s Party of Democratic Action (SDA) as the force that promoted Islam as the key element in a newly emerging national identity is still commanding the majority, if fragile, allegiance of Bosnia’s Muslims, but is simultaneously broadening the fissures between Bosnia’s diverse communities. Finally, Bougarel introduces some clarity with his precise terminological rendering of different streams of thought among Bosnian Muslim thinkers, identifying traditionalists, reformists, revivalists, pan-Islamists and contemporary neo-Salafists, although the use of pan-Islamism after it was internationally abandoned begs further clarification. The book is equipped with numerous useful maps and tables. UCL SSEES Bojan Aleksov McDermott, Kevin and Stibbe, Matthew (eds). Eastern Europe in 1968: Responses to the Prague Spring and Warsaw Pact Invasion. Palgrave Macmillan/Springer Nature, Cham, 2018. xxiii + 311 pp. Abbreviations. Glossary. Chronology. Notes. Bibliography. Index. £89.99. This collection of essays offers a timely scholarly response to the 50th anniversary of the Prague Spring. Although the topic has been studied extensively and from a variety of perspectives, comprehensive assessments in English that compare responses to the events in Czechoslovakia in 1968 in the countries of Communist Eastern Europe are rare. The editors have also made a conscious choice to keep the focus of the volume limited to individual countries and refrain from approaching the subject from a global history perspective. This sets the work apart from recent histories of the ‘global 1968’, yet it makes significant contributions to our understanding of the repercussions of the Prague Spring in the individual countries of Communist Eastern Europe. While the volume does not present a global history of 1968, it does highlight the international — and to an extent, transnational — aspects of the Prague Spring. At the same time, it also presents new knowledge on the subject, while offering a comprehensive account of the key events in the various countries in question. As could be expected from an edited volume, the approaches of individual authors differ to a significant extent. Some focus on specific events or themes, whilst others offer a more general overview of the impact of the Prague Spring in the respective countries. Also, some chapters explore new aspects of the topic, whereas others present a synthesis of existing research on the SEER, 97, 4, OCTOBER 2019 790 subject. Although the scholarly approaches the contributors adopt are varied, the volume remains remarkably consistent, and there are several common themes that link the various chapters which analyse country-specific themes. The coherence of the volume is ensured by the attempt of individual authors to address some key issues in their chapters, including the reactions in the respectivecountriestotheWarsawPactinvasion,socialresponsestothePrague Spring and/or the military invasion, as well as the legacies of 1968. The focus on individual countries demonstrates that while the events of 1968 were connected to international — and, indeed, global — developments, the reactions of the countries of Communist Eastern Europe to the crisis were different, and the impact of the invasion on domestic social and political affairs were by no means uniform in the region. As the case studies on Hungary, Romania, Poland, the GDR and so on, show, the backlash to the Prague Spring was entangled with diverse political agendas in the individual countries. In Romania, for example, non-intervention in the military invasion to suppress the Prague Spring stabilized Ceaușescu’s rule, whereas in Hungary the invasion contributed to the moderation of the reformist agenda of the Kádár regime. The peculiar, and somewhat paradoxical situation of the GDR — the country that supported the invasion enthusiastically, but did not invade Czechoslovakia in the end, out of fear to evoke memories of the German invasion of the Sudetenland — is also highlighted in the volume, although a more extensive assessment of political debates about the East German non-intervention — maybe even a separate chapter — was needed. Some of the stories presented in the volume are relatively well-known — Poland’s reaction, Kádár’s hesitation, Ceaușescu’s appeal to Romanian nationalism, and so on — but the book presents new material and explores...