Personal Interview Method Research Articles

Cloud Computing in Agricultural Enterprises in Slovakia

We are currently making great strides in the field of ICTs, which is associated with the availability of other larger volumes of information any species. There are problems with their analysis, storage, as well as security in companies. The aim of the paper was to focus on the agricultural sector in terms of innovation. In the presented article we deal with the issue of cloud computing and its use in management in agricultural enterprises in Slovakia. We characterize cloud computing, its advantages and disadvantages, as well as the current use of this service by agricultural entreprises in Slovakia. We used the method of questionnaire survey and personal interview to investigate the above problems. We also focused on the study of cloud computing and related issues from available foreign sources. The results show that agricultural enterprises in Slovakia use cloud computing services less with comparing to the countries of EU.

Own Grown Food Concept - Perception of Urbanites of Twin Cities of Telangana State

The present study entitled ‘Own Grown Food Concept - Perception of Urbanites of Twin Cities about Urban Farming’ has been conducted to assess the perception of the urbanites about the urban farming and its relationship with profile characteristics. An Ex-post facto research design was followed for the study. The investigation was carried out in twin cities of Telangana namely, Hyderabad and Secunderabad comprising Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation, because twin cities have large number of active urban farming practitioners compared to all other towns and cities in Telangana, in addition to this, Urban Farming Division, Department of Horticulture, Telangana organized trainings in urban farm management and distributed urban farming kits to urbanites in twin cities. All the six zones comprising twin cities (L.B Nagar, Charminar, Khairatabad, Secunderabad, Serilingampally and Kukatpally) having large number of urban farming practitioners was selected purposively. 120 urban farming practitioners having more than three years experience was selected from above six zones randomly at the rate of 20 respondents from each zone. The data were collected by a personal interview method with the help of structured interview schedule and data was analyzed by employing suitable statistical methods. The findings of the study revealed that, majority of the respondents (58.33%) had medium perception level, followed by high (21.67%), and low (20.00%) level of perception about urban farming. Correlation analysis between perception and profile of the urbanites revealed that there was a positive and significant relationship between perception and independent variables viz., education and family support. Whereas, the variables namely, preference of crops, cropping intensity and innovativeness had a significant correlation with perception about urban farming. A negative and non-significant relationship was observed between perception and age, experience in urban farming and annual income.

A Model of Innovation Activity in Small Enterprises in the Context of Selected Financial Factors: The Example of the Renewable Energy Sector

One of the biggest problems of the modern economy is the depletion of traditional energy sources. Despite the fact that this problem was noticed several dozen years ago, steps to solve it were taken relatively recently. In December 2017, the European Union adopted a position on the directive, promoting the use of energy from renewable sources in all Member States. The EU has committed itself that by 2030, at least 27% of its energy consumption will come from renewable sources. On the one hand, it is a huge challenge, but on the other hand, it is an opportunity to achieve economic growth through innovation and a sustainable energy policy. On the Polish market, the chance to achieve the assumed plan is offered mainly by small companies that have been involved in innovative activities in the renewable energy sector in recent years. Innovation is an extraordinarily important determinant of the sustainable development of economies across the world. However, introducing it into business practice is extremely challenging for business leaders. Although there are many different factors influencing companies’ engagement in innovation activity, for smaller entities, the financial aspect plays a key role. Managers of small enterprises must frequently deal with limited access to additional financial resources, the complexity of the process of determining final cost and capital structure, and its accompanying various levels of investment risk. Small companies also struggle with certain limitations on resources related to a knowledge gap in finance, tax regulations, and the forms of support potentially available at different stages of the innovation process. In light of this, it seems reasonable to establish the strict financial factors that significantly influence the innovation activity of small enterprises, especially those operating in the energy industry, due to their dynamics of development in recent years. This article aims to develop a model to explain the financial incentives for implementing innovative solutions in small businesses in the energy sector. An empirical study using the Computer-Assisted Personal Interviewmethod on a sample of 115 Polish small companies, operating in the renewable energy sector, identified critical financial factors stimulating the implementation of innovative projects. The significance of impact of key financial factors on the innovation activity of these enterprises was analysed based on a logit regression model. The results indicate that 5 of the 18 factors identified in the model were significant. These statistically significant financial determinants of the innovation activity of Polish small enterprises in the energy sector exhibited both positive and negative impacts on the level of innovation activities undertaken.

A study on Profile Characteristics of Agricultural Officers in State Department of Agriculture, Andhra Pradesh

Extension systems in India have played immense role in delivering the services to the farmers there by increasing the agricultural productivity. Agricultural officers (AO’s) working in the State Department of Agriculture had greater responsibilities on them to convey recent advancements to the farmers. The profile characteristics of the AOs shows how well they are equipped and can plan the activities that befit the farmers. The study was conducted in southern zone of Andhra Pradesh by considering 90 respondents. Data collection was done by structured questionnaire and personal interview method. The results revealed that majority of AOs stands at medium category with respect to variables like achievement motivation, perceived workload, morale, job involvement and attitude towards farmers. Whereas, characters like mass media exposure, interpersonal contact and self-reliance were at high category showing us the characters that need to be improved and can be used to our advantage for extension services delivery. Personal characters like age, gender, marital status, family size and type, rural-urban background, education and health were also studied and gave us the information on present status of the AO’s.

Motivation for prosocial behaviour as a determinant of the development of the volunteer movement

The article contains operationalisation of the concepts of “volunteerismˮ and “volunteeringˮ, as a result of which it is determined that it is inappropriate to consider the concepts of “volunteerismˮ and “volunteeringˮ as synonyms. The systematisation and generalisation of various methodological approaches in their application to the study of motivation for volunteering have been carried out. The article presents the results of a study aimed at studying the motivation of mutual assistance in society. The object of the study was people engaged in volunteer activities. The research was carried out by the method of personal interview. The study involved 232 volunteers aged 14 to 57. The number of women is 181 (78 %), of men, 51 (22 %). The data collection was carried out by sending a questionnaire in Google form (attachment) to volunteer organisations in Yaroslavl. Using the results of empirical research, it has been shown that the role of empathy in motivation for prosocial behaviour is significant only within the limits of spontaneous behaviour. Volunteering can be seen as a form of pro-social behaviour. It has been established and proven that motivation to engage in volunteer activities does not always depend on the altruistic orientation of the individual. Selfish interests can also motivate people to volunteer. The role of empathy in motivating prosocial behaviour depends on the context in which the decision to provide assistance is made.

A Study on the Socioeconomic Profile of Self Help Groups Established under NRLM in the Jammu Region

National Rural Livelihood Mission (NRLM) scheme was launched in 2011 with an agenda to reach out and mobilise seventy million below poverty line (BPL) households into self-managed self-help groups (SHG) and federal institutions and support them through livelihood collectives. In order to understand the profile characteristics of SHGs established under this scheme, the study was conducted in purposively selected Jammu and Samba districts in the Jammu region. Out of a total of 670 SHGs set up till 2017, a sample of 20 SHGs, 10 from each purposively selected Dansal block of Jammu district and Ghagwal block of Samba district were selected employing random sampling technique without replacement. Data collection was done by personal interview method with a semi structured interview schedule. The results revealed that all the respondents were female and majority were married belonging to the scheduled castes, with a nuclear family type having an average formal education upto 5th standard. It is also understood that there is a significant relationship between the education levels of the respondents with their caste and group membership. The study also found that majority of the respondents engaged into self help groups under NRLM belonging to the below poverty line category.

The impact of Covid-19 on students’ mental health

Purpose: The research has been conducted to investigate the influential factors on students’ mental health during the Covid-19. Research methodology: The research is quantitative in nature. The structured questionnaire has been prepared to collect the data from 250 Bangladeshi students through a personal interview method using a 7-point Likert scale. The research used the convenience sampling method to collect the data and data were analyzed through SPSS 25.0 software. Results: The research found that economic factors, social factors, and educational factors have a significant impact on the students’ mental health during the Covid-19 pandemic situation. Limitations: The study is limited by geographical and sample size in the aspect of students’ mental health during the pandemic situation. Contribution: All sorts of people will be benefited from this study obtaining a clear understanding and scenario about the students’ mental health during the pandemic situation. Educational institutions, teachers, psychologists, behavioral therapists, social researchers, politicians, legal agencies, and others that are engaged in the education sector will be fruitful by this study’s outputs. Governments and governmental agencies may plan and promote their strategies and policies by having a clear concept about students’ mental health during the Covid-19 pandemic. Keywords: Mental health, Student, Covid-19, Education, Social aspect, Economic condition

تقييم مدى جاهزية الحكومة الليبية واستجابتها في توفير متطلبات حملة التطعيم للوقاية من فيروس كوفيد-19 (An Appraisal Regarding the Libyan Government's Predisposition and Response in Providing the Requirements for the Vaccination Campaign to Prevent/Precaution of COVID-19 Pandemic)

Arabic Abstract: نتيجة لأن حملة التطعيم للوقاية من فيروس كوفيد-19 تحتاج لعناية وجهد كبير قبل وأثناء عملية التعاقد والشراء وفي مرحلة التوريد والاستلام وفي مرحلة التوزيع والتطعيم وفي مرحلة متابعة المضاعفات والتغذية الرجعية، فإن هذه الدراسة سعت لتقييم مدى جاهزية الحكومة الليبية واستجابتها في توفير متطلبات حملة التطعيم للوقاية من فيروس كوفيد-19 من خلال المراحل الأربعة السابقة، وفي سبيل تحقيق أهداف الدراسة تم الاعتماد على المنهج الوصفي التحليلي. وتمثل مجتمع الدراسة في اللجنة العلمية الاستشارية لمكافحة جائحة فيروس كورونا وعددهم (10). أما عينة الدراسة فتمثلت في (8) مفردات وتم الاعتماد على الاستبانة كأداة رئيسة لجمع البيانات، إضافة لاستخدام أسلوب المقابلة الشخصية المنتظمة مع بعض الجهات ذات العلاقة من أجل التأسيس للجانب النظري، وبعد تحليل البيانات التي تم جمعها بأداة الدراسة الرئيسة، أشارت النتائج إلى وجود جاهزية للحكومة الليبية واستجابة في توفير متطلبات حملة التطعيم للوقاية من فيروس كوفيد-19. وتوصي الدراسة بالإسراع في استكمال باقي المتطلبات بالمراحل التي يوجد فيها جاهزية إضافة لتوفير المتطلبات في المراحل التي لا يوجد فيها جاهزية. كما توصي الدراسة أيضا بضرورة التواصل فورا وبكل الطرق مع الشركات المنتجة واستكشاف كافة خيارات الشراء، وإبرام العقود مع أكثر من شركة منتجة، وتوفير الامكانات اللازمة لعمل المختبرات لمعرفة نوع السلالات الموجودة في ليبيا وحصرها وتصنيفها حتى يتم التعاقد على اللقاح المناسب خاصة بعد ورود معلومات أولية تفيد بضعف فعالية بعض أنواع اللقاحات ضد سلالات محددة. English Abstract: Resulting in the fact that the vaccination campaign to prevent / Precaution of COVID-19 pandemic needs great care and effort before and during the contracting and purchasing process, at the stage of supply and receipt, at the stage of distribution and vaccination, and in the follow-up stage of complications and feedback, this study sought to assess the extent of the Libyan government's readiness and response in providing the requirements of the vaccination campaign to prevent the pandemic. COVID-19 pandemic through the previous four stages, and in order to achieve the objectives of the study, a detailed descriptive analytical approach was approved. The study population was represented in the scientific advisory committee to combat the COVID-19 pandemic, they were (10). As for the study sample, it consisted of (8) vocabulary, and the questionnaire was relied on as a main tool for data collection, in addition to using the method of regular personal interview with some relevant authorities in order to establish the theoretical side, and after analyzing the data collected with the main study tool, the results indicated the presence of readiness. To the Libyan government and in response to providing the requirements for a vaccination campaign to prevent COVID-19. The study recommends expediting the completion of the rest of the requirements in the stages in which there is readiness in addition to providing the requirements in the stages where there is no readiness. The study also recommends the necessity of communicating immediately and in all ways with the producing companies and exploring all procurement options, concluding contracts with more than one producing company, and providing the necessary capabilities for the work of laboratories to know the type of strains present in Libya, inventory and classify them so that the appropriate vaccine is contracted, especially after receiving initial information that benefits The effectiveness of some types of vaccines against specific genealogies is weak.

Knowledge of eggplant growers of the most important scientific recommendations for growing it in greenhouses and its relationship to some variables in Zaliya village / Samarra distric

The research aimed to identify the level of knowledge of eggplant farmers with the most important scientific recommendations for growing it in greenhouses in the Zaliya village of Samarra distric and its relationship to some variables. The research population included all eggplant growers in Zalaya village which number (133) farmers, a random sample of (75%) was selected, bringing the number of farmers to (100) respondents. The data were collected by the personal interview method using a questionnaire form specially prepared for this purpose. consisting of two parts. A part is concerned with the independent factors for the respondents and a second part is related to the dependent factors The paragraphs in this part were of the type (choice of alternatives,). The first field: Establishing a greenhouse includes (12) paragraphs. The second field agricultural operations / soil service includes (10) field paragraphs. The third agricultural operations / crop service includes (21) paragraphs. The fourth field includes marketing operations (7) paragraphs. After verification of the face and content validity of the measuring tool. and presented to the specialists, the reliability was calculated using the Alpha Cronbach method. And used in displaying and analyzing the data: Percentage, arithmetic mean, simple correlation coefficient (Pearson), correlation coefficient (Spearman), and t-test to analyze research data using statistical analysis program Spss. The most important result of the research came as follows:● 61% of the respondents had their level of knowledge within the intermediate category, with an average of (30.6) degrees, and this means that most of the respondents had a lack of knowledge of eggplant farmers with the most important scientific recommendations for growing it in greenhouses.● There is a correlation between the knowledge level of eggplant farmers and the most important scientific recommendations related to cultivating eggplant in greenhouses and each of: age, educational level, and land tenure.

Marketing Efficiency of Different Marketing Channel of Mustard Crop in Swai Madhopur District of Rajasthan

An attempt has been made to study the Comparative Marketing Efficiency of different marketing channel with reference of mustard crop in Swai Madhopur district of Rajasthan. The study was conducted in Chauth Mata Agro Producer Company Limited; Chauth ka Barwada blocks in Swai Madhopur district. For each selected randomly villages, a separate list of mustard growing farmers was prepared and 80 farmers, processor, retailers, wholesaler and consumers were selected. The primary data were collected from the mustard producers and market functionaries through personal interview method with the help of well prepared schedule and questionnaire for the production and post-harvest year for Rabi mustard 2017-18. The market efficiency of FPOs and Non FPOs channel worked out to be 1.23 and 1.09, respectively. Price spread of FPOs and Non FPOs channel work out to be 43.19 and 46.11 percent, respectively. Producer’s share in consumer’s rupee of FPOs and Non FPOs channel out to be 55.86 and 52.71 percent, respectively. The market margin and marketing cost of FPOs channel works out less than the Non FPOs marketing channel. According to finding of this study Farmer Producer Organisations channel were found to be more relevant and profitable for farmers.

Practice of ICT tools during Classroom Teaching in Private Universities of Jaipur, Rajasthan, IN

Ensuring universal service and access to Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is a top National objective in many countries. One of the distinctive features of human being is their ability to acquire knowledge and what makes the knowledge an ever-thriving entity is men’s ability to impact this knowledge to others. In this research paper researcher tried to find out the concept of moving the traditional classroom of desks, notebooks, pencils and blackboard to an online form of computers, software and the internet intimidates many teachers who are accustomed to face to face interaction of the traditional classroom. A quantitative research design is used to collect the data through the method of survey and personal interview by filling the survey questionnaire. Through this data finding the benefits of ICT’s in teaching is that they can improve the quality of education. The contemporary higher education systems are aiming for accusation of ICT skills as part of the core education system. It is believed that this research paper provides proper recommendation and suggestions for use of ICT in education and can increase access to learning opportunities. Findings of this research suggest that mostly teachers use Laptop and projector as a mode of ICT tools at universities for teaching and learning. It is concluded that the use of ICT in education can increase access to learning opportunities. It can help to enhance the quality of education with advanced teaching methods, improve learning outcomes and enable reform or better management of education systems. Through this research paper it is recommended that teachers of universities should combine different resources in their teaching methods and utilize different ICT tools in classroom and Universities must ensure that student must have equitable access to digital content for learning.

Constraints and Management Practices of Dairy Farming during COVID-19 Pandemic Situation

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent lockdown have created unprecedented emergency and sudden distress on all sectors in India including the livestock sector. Among livestock sectors, dairy farming is more sensitive due to the handling of an essential and perishable commodity of milk.Methods: Under this pandemic situation, the aim of the study to know the constraints confronted and management practices followed by dairy farmers during the COVID-19 pandemic situation. The study was conducted in July 2020 in Cuddalore district of Tamil Nadu. Thirty dairy farmers were selected randomly and data were collected by a personal interview method through a well-structured interview schedule. Socio-economic data were analyzed by statistical methods viz. percentage, mean and standard deviation. Constraints of dairy farming were analyzed and ranked by Mean Weighed Score method and percentage analysis was used for analyzing and ranking management practices.Result: Socio-economic characterstics revealed that more than 86.66 per cent of dairy farmers were belonged low to medium groups and utilized different mass media tools for retrieving information. The constraints analysis revealed that high cost of concentrate feed foremost constraint with Mean Weighed Score of 50.00 were ranked first. Dairy farmers expressed difficultly in the procurement of concentrate, shortage of wheat bran supply and elevated wheat bran cost (MWS 44.44) second important constraints. Dairy farmer’s made alterations in the concentrate feed composition, consulted veterinary doctors over the phone and direct selling of milk as management practices to manage the pandemic situation.

The phenomenon of empathy in the behaviour of the population as a stimulator of prosocial behaviour in personal development

The article analyses the role of empathy in motivating prosocial behaviour. The influence of the level of empathy development on the features of prosocial behaviour in personal development is analysed. A theoretical analysis of the phenomenon of empathy and its impact on prosocial behaviour is carried out from the point of view of an interdisciplinary approach. Studies of the prosocial behaviour phenomenon in the framework of modern psychological doctrines are considered. The article presents the results of a study aimed at studying the influence of the level of empathy on the formation of prosocial (helping) behaviour. The study was conducted using a personal interview method. The survey was conducted on a zoned quota sample, represented in accordance with sex, age, and educational structure of the population of Yaroslavl. (n=500 people). The main conclusions of the study include the conclusion about a low level of behavioural empathy, characterised by a willingness to sympathise and help, guided by emotional participation. We can talk about the correlation of the empathic potential of the individual and its altruistic orientation. Empathic potential makes it possible to predict the behavioural reactions of a person in a real situation and is a determinant of the formation of prosocial behaviour. An individual's belonging to a society is determined by its emotional connections and influences the formation of prosocial behaviour.

Impact of Workplace Conflicts on Self-Reported Medically Certified Sickness Absence in Latvia.

Sickness absence is one of the most important working population health indicators. It is a complex phenomenon that is investigated by health care and occupational health specialists, economists, and work psychologists. Sickness absence is used as a predictor for morbidity and mortality, but besides the health status of an individual, sickness absence is influenced by demographic, socio-economic factors, and work environment factors. Conflicts at work are a common psychosocial risk factor that can affect sickness absence. The aim of the study was to investigate the association between different types of workplace conflict and self-reported medically certified sickness absence using cross-sectional survey data pooled from four periodic national surveys—Work conditions and risks in Latvia (2006–2018). The sample is representative of the working population of Latvia, as respondents were randomly drawn from different regions and industries. In total, the study sample (n = 8557) consisted of employees between 16 and 80 years old (average 42.8 +/− 12.6) of which 46.2% were males and 53.8% were females. Researchers used the computer-assisted personal interviewing (CAPI) method for collecting data. The association between workplace conflicts and sickness absence was analysed by using binomial logistic regression and calculated as odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI), with adjustment for gender, age, education and survey year. The risk of sickness absence was higher among women (OR = 1.24, CI 1.13–1.35), employees aged 25–44 years old and employees with higher income. Controlling for socio-demographic factors and survey year, the odds of sickness absence increased significantly for all types of workplace conflict analysed. The strongest association with sickness absence was related to conflicts between managers and employees (OR = 1.51, CI 1.37–1.66) and conflicts between groups of employees (OR = 1.45, CI 1.31–1.61). Conflicts between employees and with customers also increased the odds of sickness absence (OR = 1.39, CI 1.27–1.52 and OR = 1.11, CI 1.01–1.23, respectively). Our findings suggest that tailored interventions at a company level for reducing workplace conflicts as risk factors of sickness absence are required. Those should focus on the improvement of managers’ leadership and human resource management skills.

Integrated assessment of system of rice intensification vs. conventional method of transplanting for economic benefit, energy efficiency and lower global warming potential in India

ABSTRACT There is a close relationship among agriculture, economics, energy and the environment. A comparison was made between conventional and the system of rice intensification (SRI) methods of rice cultivation by conducting two experiments. One field experiment was conducted from 2013 to 2017 at 25 locations across India under the All India Coordinated Rice Improvement Project and another experiment was conducted in 2017 using surveys by collecting data from 262 randomly selected SRI farmers using a personal interview method in the Telangana state of India. The 5-year experimental data revealed that the SRI method of cultivation produced higher rice grain yield (up to 55%) compared to the conventional transplanting method. Survey data revealed that total costs of rice production reduced by 22.71% under SRI. Break even output under SRI was reduced by 58.1%. Adoption of SRI saved total energy inputs by 4350 MJ/ha. The energy productivities were 0.16 kg/MJ and 0.21 kg/MJ for conventional and SRI methods, respectively. Also, SRI resulted the lowest greenhouse gas emissions of 0.280 kg CO2e/kg rice grain. Therefore, for ensuring higher productivity, net returns, energy efficiency and sustainable rice production it is recommended to adopt an environmentally friendly SRI method of crop establishment in the Telangana region of India.

Constraints Perceived and Suggestions Offered by the members of Tribal Farmer Producer Groups (FPGs)

Farmer Producer Groups (FPGs) have emerged as a possible solution to many of the problems faced by the Indian agriculture sector. The plight of small and marginal tribal farmers is aggravated by the weak marketing system: lack of quality input and technical services. The situation can be improved through collectivization when grouped and trained effectively, farmers can achieve enormous growth goals, finally making the group selfreliant and self-sufficient. The study focused on identifying the constraints faced by members of FPGs and possible suggestions for the tribal farmers of Seethampeta block of Srikakulam district, Andhra Pradesh. The study included 145 members, selected through a multi-stage proportionate random sampling method from three villages with the highest number of FPGs and members. Data collection was done through personal interview method and the respondents were provided with open-ended questions for listing out the constraints faced by them and suggestions for improving the effectiveness of FPGs. The constraints listed were then grouped into economic, marketing, organizational, technical and socio-cultural constraints. The collected data were analyzed using frequency and percentage. The ranking was given based on the percentage for easy identification of the major and minor constraints faced by the tribal farmers of FPGs under study.

Perception of soil health card by the farmers of Bilaspur district

Soil is a critical part of successful agriculture. The soil health card scheme has led to a decline of 8-10% in the use of chemical fertilizers and also raised productivity by 5-6% (NPC). The study was conducted in four blocks of Bilaspur district of Chhattisgarh during the year 2019-20. SHC beneficiary farmer of these blocks was who are engaged with the SHCs activities. 30 SHCs holder farmers were randomly selected from each block to constitute a sample size of 120 SHC beneficiary farmers for the study. The data were collected through personal interview method with the help of pre-structured scheduled designed with the objective of finding out perception regarding utility of soil health card and to analyze the constraints expressed by farmers in utilization of soil health card. The study revealed that the majority of the SHC holders (95.83 per cent) had medium to high level of perception about Soil Health Card. The probable reason for this result might be the fact that farmer had education above secondary level of education, medium level of mass media exposure and medium scientific orientation i.e. SHC was not only affected by the basic characteristics of the farmers but also by the level of awareness.

Socioeconomic Burden of Type 2 Diabetes with Complications on Families: A Hospital-Based Study in Puducherry

Abstract Introduction India is on the verge of diabetes mellitus (DM) epidemic. Within the near future, DM will put a big burden on India’s already vulnerable and resourced health care system. The objectives of the study were to (1) estimate DM treatment-related out-of-pocket expenditure (OOPE) among type 2 DM patients with complications from a tertiary care hospital and (2) estimate the economic burden on the household income of these patients due to DM treatment-related OOPE. Methods A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted among known type 2 diabetic individuals with complications admitted in a tertiary care hospital. Using a structured pretested questionnaire required data, such as sociodemographic details, direct costs, and indirect costs in health care of DM, which were collected by a personal interview method. Results Males constituted around 57% of the 100 patients who participated in the study. The average age of the population was 56 ± 10.03 years. The mean monthly income of family (in Indian Rupees [INR]) was 10,375.00 ± 9,201.55. Total expenditure includes the cost of medication, investigation, consultation fee, transportation, and miscellaneous expenditure. The average monthly OOPE in the management of DM for government and private facilities was INR 74 and 1,540, respectively. Among the total cost, the highest share was accrued toward medicines followed by diagnostics, miscellaneous, and transportation. There were 22% of families incurring catastrophic expenditure at the highest threshold of 40%. Socioeconomic status, history of at least one hospitalization in the past 6 months, and type of medications were factors found to be associated with costs. Conclusion Heavy economic burden highlights the urgent need for the health care agencies and policy bodies to plan and prioritize local health policies and DM management schemes accordingly.

Socio-economic empowerment of women self help group through backyard poultry farming in Mandla district

Role of Women in Animal Husbandry cannot be separated but their contribution is mostly neglected. The present study was conducted in six villages of Narayanganj and Niwas blocks of Mandla District to empower women self help groups. For integration of Narmada Nidhi among tribal women SHGs extension interventions like awareness camps, exposure visits and trainings on poultry management were organized in the study areas. Data were collected from 6 women self help groups through a structured interview schedule by personal interview method. Results revealed that, each tribal SHGs were economically benefitted as they received an average income of ₹17,032 during the 8 months study period. Proper extension strategies like awareness campaigns, exposure visits and training helps in capacity building of tribal people. Thus, appropriate extension cum technological interventions (Narmada Nidhi Backyard poultry) played an important role to empower tribal women socially and economically, as it generates cash income and provides employment opportunities, while increasing production of valuable foods (eggs and meat) that improve household nutrition.

Assessment Study on Custom Hiring Centers (CHCs) and Its Services for Farmers in Khandwa District of Madhya Pradesh

The study was conducted in Khandwa district of Madhya Pradesh during the year 2017-2019. At present there are 50 CHCs working at different locations to make available various farm machinery/equipment to small and marginal farmers and to improve farm mechanization in place with low farm power availability in Khandwa district. The present study was carried out to find out the factors affecting smooth functioning of CHCs and record the views of custom hiring farmers on of CHCs services in Khandwa district of Madhya Pradesh. The data were collected through personal interview method with the help of pre-structured scheduled designed. On the farmers response basis, it was revealed that the adoption by the farmers of the relevance of technologies i.e. CHCs was not only affected by the basic characteristics of CHCs but also by its owner’s level of education, land holding, previous experience, requirement and availability of implements and machinery. On farmers response basis, it was also revealed that, CHCs is 100% beneficial to farmers, 90% farmers were satisfied with CHCs services, 75% farmers responded that there is nearby availability of CHCs, 70% farmers were satisfied with machinery of CHCs and 64% of them agree with Govt. rates of CHCs.