Personal Health Devices Research Articles

Bluetooth Health Device Profile기반 스마트폰을 이용한 u-Healthcare 모니터링 시스템 설계

Recently, the Personal Health Device(PHD) that measures various biometric data easily are highlighted for ensuring portability, scalability and interoperability among the device as well as needs for a standardization of managing information measured by. In this paper, we`d like to propose u-healthcare monitoring system that measure biometric data(Oxygen saturation, Body weight, ECG and Blood pressure) by PHD featured with transferring data into devices such as smartphone using Bluetooth Health Device Profile(HDP) based on the ISO/IEEE 11073.

Research Benefits of Using Interoperability Standards to Implement Personal Health Devices

Research Benefits of Using Interoperability Standards to Implement Personal Health Devices

A Distributed Continua AHD System with ZigBee/PAN-IF Gateway and Continua QoS Control Mechanism

In a residential or nursing home environment, using ZigBee/802.15.4 wireless network specifically to collect and gather various types of personal health data proves to be a feasible choice. The Continua Guidelines has defined both the sensor-LAN IF (sensor Local Area Network Interface) PHD (Personal Health Device) and PAN IF (Personal Area Network Interface) PHD, but only a Continua certified sensor-LAN IF PHD with Zigbee HC (Health Care) profile can connect with Continua AHD (Application Hosting Device) through Zigbee/802.15.4 network and allows data communicating between AHD and PHDs. In this paper, we present a distributed Continua AHD system design that divides the AHD device containing Continua PAN IF into Continua AHD Host and Continua AHD Gateway with communication through ZigBee/802.15.4 network. Under this structure, a Continua PHD connects with a Continua AHD Host through Continua AHD Gateway within ZigBee/802.15.4 network. One immediate advantage of the proposed system is that both of the Continua sensor-LAN IF and PAN IF PHDs can connect with Continua AHD (Host) through ZigBee/802.15.4 network. To further address the QoS (Quality of Service) issue for Continua PAN IF message transmission in a ZigBee network, we present a software approach to automatically determine the types of packet transmitted and execute Continua QoS control. Together with the QoS mechanism in the enhanced ZigBee MAC Layer, this approach realizes a complete Continua QoS control mechanism for the distributed AHD system.

IEEE 11073 개인건강기기별 표준 현황 및 분석

평균수명연장과 건강에 대한 관심 증가는 언제 어디서나 서비스 가능한 유헬스 산업을 활성화시키고 있으며, 표준화 역시 여러 국제표준기구를 통해 다뤄지고 있다. 그 중 IEEE 11073 PHD(Personal Health Devices) WG은 개인건강기기와 관리기기의 상호운용성 보장을 위해 개인건강기기 통신 프로토콜에 대한 표준화 작업을 진행하고 있다. 그동안 개인건강기기 기본 표준인 IEEE 11073-20601에 대한 분석과 유헬스 표준화 단체에 대한 연구는 많이 있었으나 개인건강기기별 표준에 대한 분석은 부족하여 해당 표준에 접근하는데 많은 어려움이 있었다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 개인건강기기 관련 국내외 표준화 기구와 현재 IEEE 11073 PHD WG에서 다뤄지는 표준화 현황을 언급하고 IEEE 11073-20601를 바탕으로 체온계, 체중계, 혈당계, 혈압계, 심전계 등 각 개인건강기기별 표준의 특징을 분석하였다. Increasing interest of life expectancy and health has made the u-health industry activating and the several international standard developing organizations(SDO) are dealing with u-health services and technologies. Among them, IEEE 11073 PHD(Personal Health Devices) Work Group is developing standards of personal health device communication for interoperability. There are many studies for introducing SDOs and analyzing the IEEE 11073-20601 standard. However, due to the rare study of PHD standards analysis, there are a lot of difficulties to utilize the standards. In this paper, present status of national and international SDOs including IEEE 11073 standards for PHD will be introduced. Moreover, device specialization standards such as thermometer, weighing scale, glucose meter, blood pressure monitor, electrocardiograph (ECG) etc.. will be analyzed based on the IEEE 11073-20601.

건강정보 교환 표준에 기반한 유비쿼터스 헬스케어 시스템 개발

의료 환경의 변화로 인해 개인의 건강관리를 위한 유비쿼터스 헬스케어(u-헬스케어) 서비스 및 시스템에 관한 관심이 증대되고 있다. u-헬스케어 시스템은 기본적으로 생체신호를 측정하기 위한 개인건강기기, 무선통신을 통해 개인건강기기로부터 전송되는 정보를 수집하는 정보수집기, 그리고 정보수집기로부터 전송되는 개인건강정보를 저장하고 관리하기 위한 건강정보시스템 등과 같은 다양한 기기와 시스템이 결합된 복합적인 환경으로 구성되어 있다. 이러한 기기 및 시스템 사이의 상호운용성을 위해 국제적으로 IEEE 11073이나 HL7과 같은 건강정보 교환 표준들이 발표되었으나, 국내에서는 이러한 표준을 적용한 u-헬스케어 시스템의 개발하여 실제 환경에 적용한 연구가 많지 않다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 건강정보 교환을 위한 국제 표준에 기반하여 혈당, 혈압, 체성분과 같은 건강정보를 관리할 수 있는 u-헬스케어 시스템을 개발한다. 또한 경북대학교병원 내분비계 질환자 대상의 임상시험을 통해 개발한 시스템의 안정성을 검증하고, 운영 과정에서의 문제점 및 개선 방안을 찾는다. As changed the clinical environment, the interest on u-Healthcare service and systems has been increased. The ubiquitous healthcare(u-Healthcare) systems are constructed at the integrated environment that consists of various devices and systems basically such as personal health devices(PHDs) measuring body signals, information aggregators gathering the data transmitted from PHDs through wireless technology, and health information systems storing and managing personal health information transmitted from the information aggregators. International standards such as IEEE 11073 and HL7 have been specified for the interoperability of PHDs and health information systems, but the research on u-Healthcare systems that were developed and applied in the real clinical environment by adopting the standards was rarely conducted. Therefore, we developed an u-Healthcare system which can manage personal health information, such as blood glucose, blood pressure, and body composition, based on health information exchange standards. Moreover, we verified the stability of the developed system through clinical trial in patients with endocrine disease at the Kyungpook National University Hospital, and listed problems occurred during clinical trial and found their solutions.

ISO/IEEE 11073 PHD 표준 구현을 통한 복잡도 분석

In this paper, we perform a complexity analysis for implementation of the ISO/IEEE 11073 Personal Health Device (PHD) standards in order to check the required system resources when ISO/IEEE 11073 PHD standards are implemented on the embedded system. Base on the implemented programs complying the PHD standards for a weighing scale, a blood pressure monitor, and a glucose meter among the various personal health devices, we make a pseudo-code. And then from the two different points of view such as program memory space and data memory space, we make a complexity analysis model. Because system resources or capability are strongly restricted in the personal health devices, our research work is very useful to estimate the required system resources.

An integrated gateway for various PHDs in U-healthcare environments.

We propose an integrated gateway for various personal health devices (PHDs). This gateway receives measurements from various PHDs and conveys them to a remote monitoring server (MS). It provides two kinds of transmission modes: immediate transmission and integrated transmission. The former mode operates if a measurement exceeds a predetermined threshold or in the case of an emergency. In the latter mode, the gateway retains the measurements instead of forwarding them. When the reporting time comes, the gateway extracts all the stored measurements, integrates them into one message, and transmits the integrated message to the MS. Through this mechanism, the transmission overhead can be reduced. On the basis of the proposed gateway, we construct a u-healthcare system comprising an activity monitor, a medication dispenser, and a pulse oximeter. The evaluation results show that the size of separate messages from various PHDs is reduced through the integration process, and the process does not require much time; the integration time is negligible.

A Closer Look on Standards Based Personal Health Device Comminication: A Résumé over Four Years Implementing Telemonitoring Solutions

Background: For years telemedical systems have been presented as potential contribution for tackling the increasing incrimination on healthcare systems due to related costs of chronic diseases. Especially interoperable personal health de-vices (PHDs) are expected to facilitate the successful implementation of telemedical systems. Continua Health Alliance has published implementation guidelines for end-to-end device communication chains based on existing international standards and frameworks (IEEE, HL7, OASIS, IHE). Objectives: Based on the experience of multiple projects imple¬menting the Continua guidelines and the Continua architecture this paper identifies, examines and discusses the open issues that have to be solved for an effective, efficient and broad use of PHD communication. Methods: The developed Continua conform software components were tested with Continua certified devices, open source IHE software compo¬nents and within a simulated environment using Continua's test tools. Exchanged messages were manually reviewed and security observations were recorded. Regulatory and management questions were addressed by researching available literature, observing discussions among stakeholders and recording opinions of individuals within the project partner institutions. Results: The software components were successfully tested for conformance according to the Continua guidelines including their underlying standards and security requirements. Issues concerning security requirements, patient identification, regulatory aspects, market integration and EHR integration were identified. Conclusions: The Continua guidelines and tools enable technically complete implementations of telemedical solutions especially for most chronic diseases, but a number of issues still remain open. Technical obstacles are likely to be solved on international and standardized bases whereas regulatory issues and local regulation might result in locally limited solution biotopes.

스마트폰을 이용한 IEEE 11073/HL7 기반의 개인 건강관리 시스템 설계 및 구현

의료 기술의 발달로 인한 평균 수명의 연장은 인구 고령화, 의료비 증가, 전문 의료 인력 부족 등 다양한 사회 문제를 야기 시켰다. 이에 따라 고도화 된 IT 기술을 의료 서비스 시장에 융합하여 최소한의 비용으로 삶의 질을 향상시킬 수 있는 유헬스 연구가 진행되고 있다. 하지만 대부분의 관련 연구들이 의료 표준 기술을 지원하지 않아 기존 의료 기기 간 호환성 및 확장성이 없고, 의료 기관 마다 다른 메시지 포맷을 사용하여 상호운용성을 보장 받을 수 없다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 현재 상용화된 비표준 개인 건강 기기에 의료 기기간 표준 전송 기술인 IEEE 11073을 지원할 수 있는 확장 모듈을 개발하고 IEEE 11073을 이용하여 개인 건강 기기로부터 수집된 정보를 전송받아 쉽고 간편하게 통합 관리 할 수 있는 스마트폰 기반의 통합 매니저를 개발하였다. 또한 매니저에 저장된 정보를 표준 데이터 포맷인 HL7을 이용하여 의료 센터로 전송함으로써 표준 기술이 지원되는 모든 의료 기관으로부터 실시간 의료 서비스를 제공 받을 수 있는 유헬스 시스템을 설계/구현하였다. The increased life expectancy of human due to the advance of medical techniques has led to many social problems such as rapidly aging populations, increased medical expenses and a lack of medical specialists. Thus, studies on improving the quality of life with the least amount of expense have been going on by incorporating advanced technologies, especially for Personal Health Devices (PHDs), into the medical service market. However, compatibility and extensibility among manufacturers of PHDs have not been taken into account in most of the researches done on the development of PHDs because most of them have been supported by individual medical organizations. The interoperability among medical organizations can not be guaranteed because each medical organization uses different format of the messages. Therefore, in this paper, an expansion module that can enable commercially-available non-standard PHDs to support the IEEE 11073, and a smart-phone-based manager that can support easy and comprehensive management on receiving and transmitting the collected data from each PHD using IEEE 11073 standard were developed. In addition, a u-health system that can transmit the data collected in the manager using the standard data format HL 7 to medical center for real-time medical service from every medical institutions that support this standard was designed and developed.

Implementation Methodology for Interoperable Personal Health Devices With Low-Voltage Low-Power Constraints

Traditionally, e-Health solutions were located at the point of care (PoC), while the new ubiquitous user-centered paradigm draws on standard-based personal health devices (PHDs). Such devices place strict constraints on computation and battery efficiency that encouraged the International Organization for Standardization/IEEE11073 (X73) standard for medical devices to evolve from X73PoC to X73PHD. In this context, low-voltage low-power (LV-LP) technologies meet the restrictions of X73PHD-compliant devices. Since X73PHD does not approach the software architecture, the accomplishment of an efficient design falls directly on the software developer. Therefore, computational and battery performance of such LV-LP-constrained devices can even be outperformed through an efficient X73PHD implementation design. In this context, this paper proposes a new methodology to implement X73PHD into microcontroller-based platforms with LV-LP constraints. Such implementation methodology has been developed through a patterns-based approach and applied to a number of X73PHD-compliant agents (including weighing scale, blood pressure monitor, and thermometer specializations) and microprocessor architectures (8, 16, and 32 bits) as a proof of concept. As a reference, the results obtained in the weighing scale guarantee all features of X73PHD running over a microcontroller architecture based on ARM7TDMI requiring only 168 B of RAM and 2546B of flash memory.

Recent innovative advances in telemedicine: standard-based designs for personal health

Recent advances and continuous innovations in Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) are bringing new opportunities to biomedical engineering and healthcare applications. Their most interesting advantages are being achieved to interoperability of Medical Devices (MDs) and Personal Health Devices (PHDs), and standard-based design focused to the new paradigm of personal health (p-health). These evolutions imply new medical Use Cases (UCs) and new proposals of p-health solutions based on open and interoperable architectures in order to assure robust implementations guidelines. A key challenge is to provide a standard-based design that can be incorporated in a simple way into patient-oriented solutions and the ISO/IEEE11073 (X73) family of standards is the best-positioned international standard to reach this goal.

Leveraging Devices, Data and Discovery for Smarter Healthcare in Japan

ObjectivesOver the past decade, hospitals and clinics have gradually adopted hospital information systems, including provider order entries and electronic health records. Although these systems have helped to improve patient safety and efficiency of healthcare providers, not all healthcare providers and patients are satisfied with the current situation. Healthcare should be smarter. Thus, there is a need for state-of-the-art medical and healthcare devices that can handle massive amounts of data with the help of sophisticated information processing and discovery technologies.MethodsThis article compares hospital information systems with the information systems of other social infrastructures. It also explores the possibilities of smarter healthcare, including personal health devices and personal health records with interoperability.ResultsThe main traits of the iEHR at Teikyo University Hospital in Tokyo include IT governance, unification, and workflow efficiency.ConclusionsSmarter healthcare can be achieved by leveraging the full capabilities of devices, data, and sophisticated algorithms.

Seamless Integration of ISO/IEEE11073 Personal Health Devices and ISO/EN13606 Electronic Health Records into an End-to-End Interoperable Solution

The new paradigm of personal health demands open standards and middleware components that permit transparent integration and end-to-end interoperability from new personal health devices to healthcare information system. The use of standards seems to be the internationally accepted way to face this challenge. In this article, the implementation of an end-to-end standard-based personal health solution is presented. It integrates the ISO/IEEE11073 standard for the interoperability of personal health devices in the patient environment and the ISO/EN13606 standard for the interoperable exchange of electronic healthcare records and proposes a new approach for the end-to-end ISO/IEEE11073-ISO/EN13606 communication. The design strictly fulfills all the technical requirements of the most recent versions of both standards. An entire prototype has been designed, developed, and tested as a proof-of-concept of a personal health solution.

Interoperability in Digital Electrocardiography: Harmonization of ISO/IEEE x73-PHD and SCP-ECG

The ISO/IEEE 11073 (x73) family of standards is a reference frame for medical device interoperability. A draft for an ECG device specialization (ISO/IEEE 11073-10406-d02) has already been presented to the Personal Health Device (PHD) Working Group, and the Standard Communications Protocol for Computer-Assisted ElectroCardioGraphy (SCP-ECG) Standard for short-term diagnostic ECGs (EN1064:2005+A1:2007) has recently been approved as part of the x73 family (ISO 11073-91064:2009). These factors suggest the coordinated use of these two standards in foreseeable telecardiology environments, and hence the need to harmonize them. Such harmonization is the subject of this paper. Thus, a mapping of the mandatory attributes defined in the second draft of the ISO/IEEE 11073-10406-d02 and the minimum SCP-ECG fields is presented, and various other capabilities of the SCP-ECG Standard (such as the messaging part) are also analyzed from an x73-PHD point of view. As a result, this paper addresses and analyzes the implications of some inconsistencies in the coordinated use of these two standards. Finally, a proof-of-concept implementation of the draft x73-PHD ECG device specialization is presented, along with the conversion from x73-PHD to SCP-ECG. This paper, therefore, provides recommendations for future implementations of telecardiology systems that are compliant with both x73-PHD and SCP-ECG.

The Remote Health System utilizing Wireless Communication of Personal Health Information

Objective: The current personal health devices are used as standalone machines or transmit the personal health information only to local PCs. The objective of this research is to build a system which can transmit personal health information from personal health devices to the healthcare server systems. Methods: In this research, we used infrared (IrDA) and Bluetooth for wireless communication from the personal health devices to a PDA. And, we utilized SMS (Simple Message Service) and world wide web systems to deliver the data from the PDA to other mobile phones or to the board in the web server. Results : We developed the system that wirelessly communicates personal health information from the personal health devices to a PDA. The system also delivers both glucose and blood pressure data from the PDA to other mobile phones by SMS (Simple Message Service) or automatically register to the board in the web server. Conclusion: We showed convenient and easy way of collecting personal health information. Our system will contribute improving personal healthcare environment and personal health device business. (Journal of Korean Society of Medical Informatics 13-4, 403-416, 2007)