Personal Enjoyment Research Articles

The watersports inclusion games - what are the benefits for volunteers?

IntroductionThe Watersports Inclusion Games is an annual event organised by Irish Sailing and partners that provides an opportunity for individuals of all abilities across the physical, sensory, intellectual and learning spectrums and those experiencing barriers accessing mainstream sport to partake in a range of watersports. 79 volunteers from the 2019 cohort responded to a pilot survey to assess the benefits for volunteers at the event.ObjectivesThis project aims to assess this data in the context of current knowledge about the benefits for volunteers in inclusive sport.MethodsLiterature review used the PEO keyword framework in medical and psychological databases, as well as grey literature. Data was collected using SurveyMonkey, quantitative data was analysed using Survey Monkey and SPSS, and qualitative themes were analysed using SurveyMonkey and Excel.ResultsOnly one article exploring the benefits for volunteers in inclusive watersports was identified during literature review. This pilot survey analysis is the first on this topic in Ireland, and the largest sample of volunteers in inclusive watersport that we are aware of internationally. Thematic analysis finds that volunteers at this event are primarily motivated by altruistic motives, while the benefits they perceive include both personal enjoyment and growth, and seeing the enjoyment of other participants.ConclusionsThis project demonstrates that inclusive watersports can have many benefits for volunteers. The findings of this study can contribute to the evidence base on the benefits of inclusive sport for all those involved, while also identifying an opportunity for further study on volunteerism in inclusive sport, particularly adaptive watersports.Conflict of interestMs O’Flynn reports a scholarship from the Health Research Board for this project, Dr Barrett has nothing to disclose, Ms Murphy reports to be the Inclusion Games Office, and thus responsible for the organisation of the Watersports Inclusion Games.

From toilet to table: value-tailored messages influence emotional responses to wastewater products

BackgroundProducts made from recycled organic materials are an important part of a circular economy, but the question is whether they will be adopted by the public. Such products can elicit strong emotional responses and public resistance. As a case in point, we studied products made from sewage waste, such as recycled toilet paper, which can serve as material alternative to wood and plastic when making household items (e.g., tables). In an experimental study, we investigated the role of values in emotional responses to such wastewater products, and whether emotional responses were influenced by value-tailored messages. We expected that people would experience positive emotions towards products that supported their values, especially when the messages emphasised the benefits of these products for their values (e.g., when the products were presented as good for the environment). We presented participants with one of two messages describing wastewater products as having positive implications for either biospheric values (i.e. positive consequences for the environment) or hedonic values (i.e. positive consequences for personal enjoyment). We predicted that the relationship between values and positive emotions would be stronger when the messages emphasised the positive implications of wastewater products for one’s core values. Additionally, we predicted that emotions would be associated with acceptability and intentions to purchase the products.ResultsThe more strongly people endorsed biospheric values, the more positive emotions they reported towards wastewater products. As expected, this relationship was stronger when the environmental benefits of products were emphasised. Hedonic values were significantly but weakly associated with more negative and more positive emotions, and this did not depend on the message framing. However, we found that emphasising pleasurable benefits of wastewater products reduced positive emotions in people with weaker hedonic values. Positive and negative emotions were significantly associated with higher and lower acceptability of the products and intentions to purchase the products, respectively.ConclusionsOur findings have implications for the effective marketing of wastewater products. For people with strong biospheric values, emphasising the positive environmental consequences may promote wastewater products. Such biospheric messages do not seem to make the products less (or more) appealing for people with strong hedonic values, who do not generally have strong emotional responses to these products. We discuss the theoretical implications of our findings and avenues for future research.

Knowledge Sharing Framework: a Game-Theoretic Approach

Uncertainty in business environments is promoting learning as an organizational value. Organizations need to implement knowledge management (KM) processes as well as organizational mechanisms transforming collective knowledge into a learning organizational capability. Literature identifies knowledge sharing (KS) as a fundamental KM process. Moreover, KM was found to be a prerequisite to a learning organization. Unfortunately, organizational initiatives promoting KS are challenged with the hoarding wisdom, “knowledge is power.” Literature has researched intrinsic and extrinsic motivations affecting KS intention. The rational action theory (RAT) explains the embedded utility function merging these motivations. Despite many studies, the dynamics of KS behavior needs further examination. This paper is an attempt to frame the KS behavior using game theory and RAT. We represent individuals’ perceived utility in two functions: knowledge and trustworthiness. This limits the perceived utility to personal enjoyment and reciprocity, which could be viewed as establishing a baseline KS behavior. We use the assurance game framework to incubate the two utility functions. Finally, we argue that KS intention is actually a dynamic state within a KS strategy. We identify five KS strategies: cooperation, defection, tit-for-tat, unforgiving, and random. It is the performance of these strategies that needs to be studied. Several scenarios are simulated to observe the progression of knowledge within each strategy. Interestingly, two strategies start with positive KS intention yet end up converging with those who started with negative KS intention. On the long run, only cooperatives seem to be contributing to collective knowledge. Empirical data from a teaching hospital is collected and analyzed for comparison.

Faculty Motivation for Pursuit of Entrepreneurial Mindset Professional Development

Entrepreneurial mindset (EM) has recently been adapted and integrated into various engineering classes and programs globally. Studies have shown that this integration can be effective and lead to beneficial student outcomes. To ensure broader integration of EM, faculty need to be trained on this construct and how it can be implemented within class-based environments. This study examines faculty motivation to attend professional development opportunities focused on EM offered by the Kern Entrepreneurial Engineering Network (KEEN). Through this mixed methods study it was found that faculty are often motivated by the value the workshop holds for them personally and for their career, and its usefulness in their courses. They are also motivated by their personal interests and enjoyment of professional development opportunities. The faculty in our study indicated being enabled by the workshop content's relevance to their teaching, especially in terms of course development, and its effectiveness in helping them become better instructors. Depending on the circumstances, faculty were either enabled or dissuaded by the timing of the workshop and the available funding for them to attend. The results of this study can help future workshop designers tailor their workshops to meet the needs of engineering faculty both nationwide and globally.

Analysis of Using of Social Media as Communication for Lectures at PTKIN: Case Study of Da’wa Management of IAIN Sultan Amai Gorontalo and IAIN Pare-Pare

Social media is a tool that cannot be separated from modern human life, regardless of age, location, profession, and status. Every message can be sent quickly and right to other people both short and far distances. The covid-19 outbreak makes everyone do social distancing to minimize the spread of the virus, including teaching and learning activities at schools and campuses. This research discusses social media that has used by students and lecturers in their online learning with various platforms directed by lectures or campus that occurred in students of the Da’wa Management department at IAIN Sultan Amai Gorontalo and IAIN Pare-Pare. This discussion aims to determine the analysis use the social media during the online learning period which has occurred in the last semester, so it will provide benefits to researchers and intellectuals to explore and learn effective ways of organizing online learning in the future. This study used a descriptive qualitative method that occurred in two different places (IAIN Sultan Amai Gorontalo and IAIN Pare-pare. The researcher collected data by observation, documentation, and interviews with several structured and non-structured questions. The data that has been collected and analyzed by the researcher to give conclusions from the problems that have been found. The results of this study indicate that the use of social media as communication for online lectures in the Da’wa Management Department of IAIN Sultan Amai Gorontalo and IAIN Pare-Pare is effective with several notes related to minor numbers on students' understanding of the material, personal enjoyment, influencing attitudes, social relations between students and lecturers. students and personal actions during the Covid-19 pandemic.

Delicious Prose: Reading the Tale of Tobit with Food and Drink. A Commentary by Naomi S. S. Jacobs (review)

Reviewed by: Delicious Prose: Reading the Tale of Tobit with Food and Drink. A Commentary by Naomi S. S. Jacobs Gary A. Anderson Naomi S. S. Jacobs. Delicious Prose: Reading the Tale of Tobit with Food and Drink. A Commentary. Supplements to the Journal for the Study of Judaism 148. Leiden: Brill, 2018. xxii + 274 pp. doi:10.1017/S0364009420000161 This book covers all the meals and references to food found in Tobit, beginning with the tithes and firstfruits Tobit brings to Jerusalem in 1:6–8 and concluding with the brief reference to Tobiah's feeding of Sarah's parents in their old age in 14:13. There is no overarching thesis to the book; rather, it is written in the form of a continuous, running commentary on every passage that is related to food or drink. Each section begins with a detailed consideration of text-critical issues before turning to matters of interpretation. There is also a consistent concern for issues of gender, class, and wealth. Though the author discusses date, provenance, and original language, no firm conclusions are reached. Jacobs believes the book underwent extensive and continuous development and proper interpretation requires respecting the diversity of voices contained within the various versions of the book. For this reason, her text-critical discussion is not so much a search for the original text as it is a survey of the various readings at hand. In conclusion she writes, "If one's goal is to seek out the complicated ways in which Jews of the Second Temple period incorporated, negotiated, and resisted their surrounding cultures by situating, educating and advocating how Jews should behave, one can do no better than examine matters of the table in popular fiction like Tobit" (205). Let us take a look at two of the more central moments in the book. In chapter 2, after Tobit has been restored to his family, the narrator relates that the festival of Pentecost was at hand. As was the custom, a grand meal was prepared and Tobit reclined at table to enjoy the feast. But before partaking of any part of the meal, Tobit turned to his son and said, "Go, my child, and bring whatever poor person you may find of our people among the exiles in Nineveh" (2:2) in order that this person might enjoy the meal with the family. It is crucial to note, Jacobs argues, that this delay in eating reflects Tobit's strong devotion to God. Personal enjoyment takes a backseat to the obligations of Torah. [End Page 418] In one of the more important observations of the book, Jacobs notes that the Pentecost meal in chapter 2 lends structure to the book as a whole for it points forward to the welcoming meal and wedding feast that will take place at the home of Raguel and Edna in chapters 7–8. As Pentecost sets in motion the tragedy of blindness for Tobit, the wedding of Sarah and Tobiah marks the onset of healing. Jacobs notes a number of parallels in the way food structures these crucial moments in the story. In chapter 2, Tobit delays eating in order to fulfill the commandment of charity toward a kinsman. In chapter 7, Tobiah delays eating in order to fulfill the command to marry a kinswoman (cf. 4:13 and 6:16). Jacobs's conclusion is worth citing in full: Tobiah has not only shown that he . . . can put aside the demands of the body as a worthy goal, but that all that his father has undergone can be mended. Tobit's consumption of his festive meal, marked by sadness (2:5–6), similarly has been overwritten by the happy wedding celebration at Ecbatana (8:19–20, 9:6) . . . Tobit's Shavuot meal (2:3), the welcoming meal [in Ecbatana] (7:9), and the wedding celebration (9:6) are also tied together by a description of the characters reclining. . . . Just as Tobit's and Sarah's crises (3:7–10) and prayers (3:1–6 and 3:11–15) unite the two households in sorrow, they now have been united by joyous endogamous marriage (per 6:13 and 7:11). This is in...

Improving children’s social and emotional health by dramatising their stories

Speech Bubbles (SB) is a drama-based intervention designed to address the Speech, Language and Communication needs of six and seven year olds. It aims to hear and dramatize stories constructed by children and thereby build confidence, listening skills and improve oracy. Method Six children aged 10 or 11 years part of a SB intervention in 2015, were chosen in 2019 to share their memories and feelings about the programme. Pairs of children were informally interviewed on video by a researcher. The recorded exchanges were transcribed and margin notes added on body language, facial expression and eye contact. This data was then analysed for themes, categories and properties and children’s own words used to capture their view of the personal benefits of this arts intervention. Results Memories of the SB involvement five years before generated themes of Personal confidence, Storytelling, Listening, Participation, Relationships, Enjoyment, Play and Fluency emerged from analysis. Categories involved interactions with peers and adults, transferred skills or characteristics, progressive improvement and emotional impact. The properties of responses were positive, relaxed, detailed, empathic and articulate. Conclusions This report summarises children’s perceived outcomes of a SLC/Arts intervention experienced four or five years ago. Measured, verified and statistically significant improvements in confidence, storytelling, listening, relationships, participation and positivity have occurred, but SB’s role in generating these outcomes is unclear. But this small sample of children unequivocally believe that SB made all the difference to them. Founded upon their experience of SB, they constructed enduring personal stories that underpin their present identities. These stories open with shaky beginnings, introduce a varied cast of activity, fun, friendship, values and develop via the arts of story-making, story-sharing and the collective honouring of contributions. Each child’s personal narrative separately culminates in the discovery and development of a confident, contributing, socially and psychologically healthy self.

Segmentation of music festival visitors by values of hedonia, life satisfaction and eudaimonia

PurposeWith the growing interest in eudaimonia in the past years and the need to better understand festival visitors' motivation in the context of music festivals, this study aims to propose visitor segmentation based on the values of hedonia, life satisfaction and eudaimonia.Design/methodology/approachThe analysis in this study employs a case research method that follows the abductive paradigm. The authors begin their conceptual foundation with a review of the literature on hedonia, life satisfaction and eudaimonia. The authors then use the preliminary conceptual foundation as the basis of rival analysis through a focus group and interviews with senior executives, government officials, communities and other related stakeholders. The authors also carry out an exploratory factor analysis to determine the building blocks of eudaimonic festival experiences. Last, using cluster analysis, the authors support their conceptual proposition from the initial qualitative inquiries.FindingsFrom the three studies that the authors performed, their findings suggest that, based on hedonia and eudaimonia, festival attendees can be divided into three distinct segments: (1) pleasure seekers (i.e. visitors who look for personal pleasure, enjoyment and affection), (2) playful learners (i.e. visitors who not only seek pleasure, but also consider the urgency to think about the need to grow as a person) and (3) transcendentalists (i.e. visitors who seek a balance of pleasure, escapism, self-reflection, personal meaning and impact through attending festival activities).Research limitations/implicationsThis study argues that the ideas of hedonia and eudaimonia are present in the context of the music festival. Theoretically, this paper suggests that festival-goers can be divided into three clusters based on the values of hedonia and eudaimonia: pleasure seekers, playful learners and transcendentalists. Practically, this study suggests that festival organisers should consider developing music concert events by taking into account the eudaimonic and hedonistic desires, intrinsically possessed by the festival-goers, which is expected to add value to the produced musical event.Originality/valueThis study is the first to present visitor segmentation in a music festival setting based on the values of eudaimonia, life satisfaction and hedonia.

Kierkegaard on the transformative power of art

ABSTRACT Kierkegaard seeks to inspire transformations. His aim is to get us to devote our lives to God or the Good rather than our own personal enjoyment – to abandon the aesthetic life in favour of the ethical or religious one. Drawing on Laurie Paul and Agnes Callard’s recent work, I maintain that two obstacles stand in Kierkegaard’s way. First, transformations involve adopting a new perspective on the world, one we cannot fully grasp ahead of time. Second, transformations also involve coming to care about something we do not yet care about. On my interpretation, Kierkegaard sees art, especially literature, as central to overcoming both obstacles. Good stories afford us a glimpse into what it would look and feel like to live in ways other than we currently do. In addition, they have the power to attract us to points of view we would ordinarily reject.

The Use of Social Media Platforms to Enhance Vocabulary Developing in Learning a New Language: A Review of The Literature

Social media platforms (SMPs) are widely used by many users worldwide in different fields, including business, politics, education, and personal enjoyment (Kapoor et al., 2018). However, the use of SMPs for English language vocabulary learning is still under-researched, particularly in a Saudi Arabian context. Alzahrani (2016) and Alqunayeer (2016) have underscored the scarcity of research exploring the use and effect of SMPs on Saudi learners’ vocabulary development, and as these platforms are highly favored in Saudi Arabia, the paucity of research makes the current study timely and pertinent. Furthermore, recent studies in Vietnam and Indonesia have recommended that further research should be conducted regarding the use of SMPs for English language vocabulary learning and indeed for learning English as a second language (Indari & Putri, 2018; Tran, 2016). This paper aims to review the research concerning the use of SMPs for vocabulary learning from 2014 to 2018. Out of 50 peer-reviewed articles, only 15 studies were relevant to SMPs and vocabulary learning. It has been recognized that SMPs are effective in improving learner engagement, motivation, and vocabulary development, suggesting that SMPs can be valuable tools and resources to facilitate learning. The authors have also proposed a definition for the term social media, as one has not been agreed upon in the educational literature, this is not surprising given that the social media phenomenon is still a new and rapidly evolving field of practice and study.

성인발레교육 경험이 개인의 문화향유 태도에 미치는 영향

성인발레교육 경험이 개인의 문화향유 태도에 미치는 영향

Understanding diverse approaches to predator management among gamekeepers in England

Abstract Disagreements and disputes over the management of predatory animals are a frequent feature of conservation conflicts. In the UK, there are long‐standing conflicts surrounding legal and illegal killing of predators as part of management fostering game species as quarry for sport shooting. Despite the central role of gamekeepers as stakeholders and actors in this predominant form of predator management, little direct attention has been paid to their perspectives and motivations. We conducted semi‐structured interviews on the subject of predator management with 20 gamekeepers across the south of England and applied a social‐psychological approach to explore the underlying beliefs, norms and information sources associated with their actions. Data were analysed for patterns in terminology, rationalization or subject and synthesized into broad ‘motivations’, which were structured using a framework from the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB). Six primary motivations for predator management emerged: professional identity, personal norms, potential penalties, perceived impact, personal enjoyment and perceived ease. Perceived impact of predators on released game, and wildlife more broadly, was a central driver of predator killing. We identified three indirect influences on how this impact is judged: ‘maintaining balance’, ‘appeal to nature’ and ‘problem individuals’. We find that predator killing by gamekeepers is not solely a function of perceived economic loss but a product of multiple factors, including perceived professional norms, a sense of personal responsibility for game and non‐game wildlife, and assessments of predator populations and behaviours based on personal encounters. Motivations were well characterized within the TPB framework, with links to subjective norms, attitudes and perceived behavioural control. Our use of this social‐psychological approach to understanding the actions and preferences of these key stakeholders highlights how behaviours that are central to conservation conflicts have multiple social and ecological drivers. Characterizing the multiple motivations behind predator killing might help address aspects of the social conflicts with which sport shooting is currently associated, if actions, deliberation and, where appropriate, mediation, can be targeted at the key concerns of these central stakeholders and actors. A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.

What languages do undergraduates study, and why?

Language attitudes and motivations are among the most important factors in language acquisition that condition the language learning outcomes. College students enrolled in first-semester and second-semester courses of Chinese, Japanese, and Spanish at a Midwest American university completed a survey eliciting instrumental motivations, integrative motivations, and language attitudes. The purpose of this study was to examine the perceptions the learners of that language(s) held and how their language attitudes and motivations correlate with specific world languages. There was strong interest in using Chinese and Spanish for careers, while participants in Japanese were more interested in using the language for personal enjoyment. American-raised participants take Spanish and Asian-raised students take Chinese and Japanese for much the same reasons, in that they perceive the languages to be easy. Implications for world language programs recruitment are discussed, along with what world language educators can do to take advantage of these pre-existing attitudes and motivations to deliver high quality instruction beyond simply grammar.

A Review of Cultural Added Value Research Based on Knowledge Mapping Analysis

The enhancement of cultural added value to products is reflected in the level of personal cultural spiritual enjoyment, corporate cultural brand building and social cultural essence inheritance. Compared with ordinary products, the added value of products after incorporating cultural elements is the size of the product’s cultural added value. At the same time, different components of cultural added value can meet different cultural needs of consumers and reach emotional consensus with consumers to some extent. This complex diversity of value realization helps to lay a good foundation for developing cultural brands with Chinese characteristics and transmitting excellent traditional Chinese culture.

CONSUMPTION AS A SOCIAL PHENOMENON

Formulation of the problem. In the processes of socio-cultural dynamics of modern society, a significant role is played by the consumption process, which is not only a marker of the development of society because it creates new semantic connections and forms a symbolic continuum of social relations, but also significantly influences the processes of personality socialization and formation of social practices. Moreover, just the discourse of consumption that creates and represents patterns of behavior, shapes values and norms that make up the socio-cultural aspect of the late-20th-the beginning of the 21st century, which they call “consumption society”. Consumerism is the ideology of “consumption society” is the dependence of the level of personal happiness and enjoyment on the value and prestige of things, that are consumed. In sociological discourse, consumption is interpreted as the conscious activity of people to construct their own identity through consumption.Analysis of recent research and publications. Consumption as a phenomenon and society of consumption as a new image of society during a long period of time has been on the focus of Western researchers, especially economists, sociologists, philosophers, the most illustrative are the works of K. Marks, M. Weber, T. Veblen (consumption is interpreted as a process of socio-economic stratification), J. Baudrillard, G. Marcuse (consumption as a symbolic exchange), P. Bourdieu (field of consumption as a lifestyle), E. Giddens (consumption as a process of identity construction), N. McCendrick, J. Brewer, J. G. Plumb, etc., among Ukrainian researchers, these issues are studied by O. Gerus, A. Doroshkevich, N. Zinchenko, O. Serdyuk.Formation of goals. The purpose of the article is to reveal the essence of the phenomenon of consumption and consumer practices, to reveal their influence on the processes of socio-cultural dynamics of modern society.Presentation of the main material. The concept of “consumption” has become on the focus of attention of intellectuals in connection with the philosophy of “consumption society”, which was developed by J. Baudrillard as a result of rethinking K. Marx’s theory of political economy and its replacement with the theory of symbolic objects. J. Baudrillard interprets consumer society as a practical reality that contains a “mythological dimension” in its own “objective” definition.J. Baudrillard proves that consumption is not reduced to satisfaction of needs, but encourages their production, turns into an “active mode of relation” to objective reality. Beyond consumption, it is impossible to explain human behavior. Not only goods and services are consumed, but the whole system of objects as a symbolic structure, whereby the need becomes a structural mode of productivity, and the product is reduced to values-signs, not things, but ideas of things are consumed.The specificity of the consumption process is conditioned by the influence of purposeful pressure of economic levers and the system of value determinants, which are constructed within a certain society, mainly through the media space, as well as by the fact that the objects of consumption are not material but socio-cultural objects. Significant importance is attached to the peculiarities of consumer behavior and reproduction of their consumption practices, because it is through consumption that person realizes and asserts.Conclusions. Consumption in the processes of social dynamics and social transformation becomes functional, significantly influencing the status position of the individual in the structure of social relations. It is a means of social reproduction and a marker of the individual’s position in the social hierarchy system. Through advertising and fashion, individual consumes a set of certain images and lifestyles, values and patterns, which then he reproduces in everyday practice, in communication, in social interactions. Consumption of certain goods, services is important for self-identification and self-affirmation of the individual.

Equidad de género en el ocio de las personas mayores

Según el Centro Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) a fecha del 7 de noviembre de 2019 destaca que “Casi dos tercios de los mayores españoles se sienten felices, una proporción mayor que sus similares europeos”, lo que representa a más de seis millones de ciudadanos con una edad igual o superior a los 65 años.Teniendo en cuenta que casi la mitad del total indica que su actividad relevante diaria es el ocio, se hace necesario conocer en qué invierten dicho tiempo, si existen diferencias de género al respecto y si el período de senectud dificulta la práctica o no de sus acciones. La comunicación que nos ocupa, muestra,además, la relevancia de un envejecimiento activo,aquel que“permite a las personas realizar su potencial de bienestar físico, social y mental a lo largo de todo su ciclo vital” (Organización Mundial de la Salud, 2012) en el que las diferentes actividades llevadas a cabo se realicen con criterios equilibrados, flexibles, en función de las características individuales para que ese tiempo de ocio, de disfrute personal, sea motivador y significativo, dejando atrás el sedentarismo relacionado con los medios de comunicación, principalmente, que pueda provocar o acrecentar problemas de salud ya diagnosticados.

“We Cannot Avoid Drinking”: Alcohol Use among Female Entertainment Workers in Cambodia

Background: Female entertainment workers (FEWs) in Cambodia work in predominantly alcohol-based venues and therefore may face occupational risks. Studies have suggested that FEWs are pressured to consume alcohol while at the workplace, which may have adverse health outcomes. This study aims to explore the experiences of alcohol use among FEWs in Cambodia. Methods: Twenty-seven focus group discussions (FGDs) with FEWs were conducted across five sites in four provinces in Cambodia. FGD participants were FEWs who worked at entertainment venues, including karaoke TV bars, beer gardens, and massage parlors, as well as women who worked as on-call or street-based sex workers, and women across entertainment venues who were parenting. Results: The authors modified a conceptual model to create a framework based on the major themes identified within the FGDs on autonomy in alcohol use among FEWs. The framework and thematic components highlight the continuum of autonomy from pressured or coerced alcohol use to, economically or socially rational alcohol use to voluntary alcohol use. Factors that impacted alcohol use across the spectrum include experiencing an economic shock, needing to maintain a livelihood, experiencing psychological distress, having the desire to thrive in employment environment and drinking socially for personal enjoyment. Conclusion/Importance: Much of the motivation behind alcohol use is related to the need for economic security. For women who do not have other employment or income-generating options, individual behavior change programing is unlikely to be effective. Structural changes are needed to improve the health and safety of FEWs in Cambodia.

Charitable bequest importance among donors to different types of charities

This paper explores differences in the self‐rated importance of charitable estate giving depending upon the type of charitable cause a person donates to during life. One theoretical motivation for lifetime giving is to personally enjoy benefits from improving a shared collective good. However, this motivation is not possible for bequests. Bequest transfers and resulting improvements occur after personal enjoyment of benefits is no longer possible. This paper hypothesizes that among donors to high personal benefit causes (those typically creating shared goods benefitting donors), interest in a charitable bequest (which offers no opportunity for receiving such benefits) will be relatively less than among donors to low personal benefit causes. In order to explore this, each charity type is categorized as providing high, low, or mixed personal benefits from shared collective goods. This hypothesis receives mixed support. Donors to international relief organizations, a low personal benefit charity type, do place a higher importance on charitable bequests than do donors to shared‐goods type causes such as neighborhood associations, service clubs, sports leagues, or “other” charities, including those focused on local public safety and crime. However, donors to arts organizations—a classic example of donors creating a shared good—have a relatively high interest in charitable bequests. One important exception to the exclusion of postmortem personal benefits could come from religious belief. Accordingly, donors to religious causes do place a higher importance on charitable bequests.

Tailoring the Professional Development of Volunteer Clinical Faculty at Regional Medical Campuses:

Volunteer Clinical Faculty (VCF) are essential for the education of medical students at most medical schools with regional campuses. Indiana University School of Medicine is the largest medical school in the United States, with over 1,400 medical students experiencing part or all of their medical education at nine campuses (one academic center and eight regional medical campuses). Given the large number of students learning in the community, we surveyed our VCF in 2016 to better understand their characteristics, reasons for teaching, and professional development needs. Survey participants reported personal enjoyment from teaching as their primary reason for continuing to teach, but time pressure as a limiting factor. They identified faculty development opportunities in areas of efficient teaching, giving feedback, and adapting teaching style for various learners. Interventions were designed to create a unique, state-wide model of both face-to-face and online professional development to ensure the success of our VCF.

Tailoring the Professional Development of Volunteer Clinical Faculty at Regional Medical Campuses:

Volunteer Clinical Faculty (VCF) are essential for the education of medical students at most medical schools with regional campuses. Indiana University School of Medicine is the largest medical school in the United States, with over 1,400 medical students experiencing part or all of their medical education at nine campuses (one academic center and eight regional medical campuses). Given the large number of students learning in the community, we surveyed our VCF in 2016 to better understand their characteristics, reasons for teaching, and professional development needs. Survey participants reported personal enjoyment from teaching as their primary reason for continuing to teach, but time pressure as a limiting factor. They identified faculty development opportunities in areas of efficient teaching, giving feedback, and adapting teaching style for various learners. Interventions were designed to create a unique, state-wide model of both face-to-face and online professional development to ensure the success of our VCF.