Personal Area Networks Research Articles

Neuro-Fuzzy-Based Routing Mechanism for Effective Communication in 6LoWPAN-Based IoT Infrastructure

IoT (Internet of Things) devices that are IEEE 802.15.4 compliant are used to build 6LoWPANs (IPv6-based Low Power Personal Area Networks). For most IoT applications' network systems, 6LoWPA is the wireless technology of choice. However, the various IoT systems produce diverse routing patterns in actual network implementation. An objective of such a strategy is to enhance connectivity while ensuring route stability throughout the network at all times.Neuro-Fuzzy Based Routing Mechanism for efficient routing in 6LoWPAN-based IoT infrastructure is proposed. Using neural networks, fuzzy systems can incorporate the computational properties of training the input data into their representations and gain the coherence and interpretation they need. This research finding shows that the suggested routing strategy provides improved communication effectiveness in regards to packet transmission (93%) and other parameters such as energy usage (2.33%) and latency (7.42%).

Design and optimisation of high‐efficient class‐F ULP‐PA using envelope tracking supply bias control for long‐range low power wireless local area network IEEE 802.11ah standard using 65 nm CMOS technology

This article presents the design and optimisation of a sub-1 GHz class-F ultra-low power (ULP) power amplifier (PA) in 65 nm Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) technology. An envelope tracking (ET) supply biasing technique is adopted to improve the efficiency of class-F PA. The ET consist of a pre-amp right before the detector in order to enhance the efficiency and save adequate amount of dc power consumption. The PA consists of two cascode cells terminated as class-F with gate-to-drain feedback in order to enhance linearity and limit any harmonic component from the input signal. The novel design consumes a dc power of 3.75 mW, power added efficiency of 37.1%, operating at 915–925 MHz unlicensed band and total saturated output power of 22 dBm including 14 dBm power gain at PA, which qualifies under long-range low power wireless personal area network IEEE 802.11ah standard. The inductor-less design for ET supply bias reduces the chip layout size to 0.13 mm2 only.

Hybrid error correction in fragmented IoT media streams

AbstractWireless personal area networks (WPANs), as most IoT networking technologies, rely on constrained low power devices that support a trade‐off between signal coverage and transmission rates. WPANs are characterized for medium to low transmission rates over low distances. The transmission rates, however, are high enough to support maximum transmission unit (MTU) sizes that are large enough to enable the transmission of IPv6 datagrams. One such WPAN technologies is associated with the IEEE 802.15.4 physical layer. Because IEEE 802.15.4 does not natively support IP encapsulation, an adaptation mechanism known as IPv6 over low‐power wireless personal area networks (6LoWPAN) is used to this end. For large datagrams like those generated when transmitting speech frames, 6LoWPAN fragments them in order to comply with the 127‐byte IEEE 802.15.4 MTU size. Fragmentation, however, aggravates the effects of network packet loss. This article explores this problem and attempts to find a mechanism that overcomes these limitations. Specifically, it introduces a hybrid error correction algorithm that dynamically adjusts the number of fragments that are transmitted in order to balance application layer loss and transmission rate.

KPI Deployment for Enhanced Rice Production in a Geo-Location Environment using a Wireless Sensor Network

Rice production plays a significant role in food security in the globe. The automation of rice production remains the paradigm shift to meet up with the consumer demand considering the tremendous increase in consumption rate. The paper aimed at implementing some selected key performance indicators (KPIs) for enhanced rice production by addressing five major challenges that face rice farmers, especially in Nigeria. The Non-availability of water/rain for year-round cultivation, disproportionate application of fertilizer, weed control/prevention, pest/disease control, and rodents and bird’s invasion are outlined as observed constraints. A Zigbee-based Enhanced Wireless Sensor Network (eWSN) was used to model various network scenarios to demonstrate data sensing of different environmental variables in a given farm land. This was achieved by varying network devices at different scenarios using OPNET simulator and understudying the network performances. Each new set of network devices was integrated to a Zigbee Coordinator (ZC) which assigns an address to its members and forms a personal area network (PAN), thus representing data sensing of a particular environmental variable. Three different scenarios were designed and simulated in the study. Each of the temperature and humidity, motion and soil nutrient sensors generated about 29bps of traffic. At the Coordinators, steady stream of traffic was received. The temperature and humidity Coordinators, received a traffic of 64bps each, while the soil nutrient Coordinator received data traffic of 96bps. The outcome of the design demonstrates effective communication between different network components and provides insight on how WSN could be used simultaneously to monitor a number of different environmental variables on a farm field. By implementing the KPIs, the simulation result provided an estimated yield increase from 2.2 to 8.7 metric ton per hectare of a rice farm.

Survey on Modest Sensory Network Utility Device Watcher Using Android Database System

Abstract: This report introduces the android application using a modest sensor device. The objective of this project is to develop a system to collect data from sensors, and to send this data broadcast through a network which passes the data to an application. Wireless transmission methods have been detected, and it was decided that a HTTP GET method would be used. This report also saysthe progress made to date on the project, and proposes a timeline for the completion of the project. The aim of this project was to design and build a wireless sensor network. These are the exploration of personal area networks and mesh networking, this system was implemented to detect physical intrusion. This network communicates with the generic infrastructure, resilient to future wireless sensor projects, which stored sensor data in a database. Also it was a user interface to monitor the status of the entire application

Highly efficient microstrip patch antenna for wireless gigabit alliance applications

A <span>wireless gigabit alliance (WiGig) is widely known for higher bandwidth which operates at 60GHz unlicensed spectrum for super-fast data speed over short distances for millimeter-wave band application. This study offers an efficient, compact microstrip patch antenna for WiGig with a lesser return loss -50.45 dB (60 GHz). The gain and directivity of the proposed antenna are 13.01 dB and 13.42 dBi. It provides higher efficiency of around 91%. The proposed antenna also covers another mm-wave band that is at 95 GHz. The U.S. military uses electromagnetic radiation of 95 GHz as a non-lethal weapon. So, the anticipated antenna can be used for a miniaturized active denial system. The proposed antenna has a good gain, directivity, and efficiency for the multigigabits/s data rate. The aforesaid properties imply that it can be used for wireless personal area networks (WPAN) and wireless local area network (WLAN) and fifth-generation (5G) applications too.</span>

6LoWPAN Over Optical Wireless Communications for IPv6 Transport in Internet of Things Networks

As an emerging technology for the Internet of Things (IoT) wireless connectivity, there have been a lot of research and standardization activities on Visible Light Communications (VLC) and Optical Wireless Communications (OWC) using Light Emitting Diode (LED) lights. In the meantime, the Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) over Low Power Wireless Personal Area Network (6LoWPAN) has been discussed to provide the IPv6-based IoT services in wireless networks. However, the study on IoT systems using 6LoWPAN over OWC networks has not been made so far. This letter proposes a new architectural model to effectively use 6LoWPAN between IoT gateway and IoT device in the OWC-based IoT networks. The proposed model is easy to implement and provides the performance enhancement in OWC-based IoT networks, compared to the general IPv6 model. From testbed experimentations, it is shown that the proposed model provides the delay gain up to 5% and the throughput gain up to 19.52%, compared to the conventional IPv6 transport model.

A Systematic Literature Review on Machine and Deep Learning Approaches for Detecting Attacks in RPL-Based 6LoWPAN of Internet of Things.

The IETF Routing Over Low power and Lossy network (ROLL) working group defined IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Network (RPL) to facilitate efficient routing in IPv6 over Low-Power Wireless Personal Area Networks (6LoWPAN). Limited resources of 6LoWPAN nodes make it challenging to secure the environment, leaving it vulnerable to threats and security attacks. Machine Learning (ML) and Deep Learning (DL) approaches have shown promise as effective and efficient mechanisms for detecting anomalous behaviors in RPL-based 6LoWPAN. Therefore, this paper systematically reviews and critically analyzes the research landscape on ML, DL, and combined ML-DL approaches applied to detect attacks in RPL networks. In addition, this study examined existing datasets designed explicitly for the RPL network. This work collects relevant studies from five major databases: Google Scholar, Springer Link, Scopus, Science Direct, and IEEE Xplore® digital library. Furthermore, 15,543 studies, retrieved from January 2016 to mid-2021, were refined according to the assigned inclusion criteria and designed research questions resulting in 49 studies. Finally, a conclusive discussion highlights the issues and challenges in the existing studies and proposes several future research directions.

ZigBee Healthcare Monitoring System for Ambient Assisted Living Environments

Healthcare Monitoring Systems (HMSs) are promising to monitor patients in hospitals and elderly people living in Ambient Assisted Living environments using Wireless Sensor Networks. HMSs assist in monitoring chronic diseases such as Heart Attacks, High Blood Pressure and other cardiovascular diseases. Wearable and implanted devices are types of Body sensors that collect human health related data. Collected data is sent over Personal Area Networks (PANs). However, PANs are facing the challenge of increasing network traffic due to the increased number of IP-enabled devices connected in Healthcare Monitoring Systems to assist patients. ZigBee technology is an IEEE 802.15.4 standard designed to address network traffic issues in PANs. To route traffic, ZigBee network use ZigBee Tree Routing (ZTR) protocol. ZTR however suffers a challenge of network latency caused by end to end delay during packet forwarding. This paper is proposing a New Tree Routing Protocol (NTRP) for Healthcare Monitoring Systems to collect Heart Rate signals. NTRP uses Kruskal’s minimum spanning tree to find shortest routes on a ZigBee network which improves ZTR. Neighbor tables are implemented in NTRP instead of parent–child mechanism implemented in ZTR. To reduce end to end delay, NTRP groups’ nodes into clusters and the cluster heads use neighbor tables to forward heart rate data to the destination node. NS-2 simulation tool is used to evaluate NTRP performance.

6LoWPAN Stack Model Configuration for IoT Streaming Data Transmission over CoAP

Abstract: Different protocols have been developed for the Internet of things (IoT), such as the constrained application protocol (CoAP) for the application layer of the IPv6 over low-power wireless personal area networks (6LoWPAN) stack model. Data transmitted over 6LoWPAN are limited by the throughput and the frame size defined by IEEE 805.14.5 standards. Choosing the best configuration for data transmission involves a trade off between the application requirements, the constrained network configuration, the constrained device specifications and IoT application protocols. This paper provides an analysis of message size and structure recommendations for the 6LoWPAN stack model for different network topologies using CoAP. CoAP is a promising application protocol for the 6LoWPAN stack model because it can effectively manage the transmission required functionality in small header UDP packets compared to TCP packets. However, a data model is also required to realize an effective IoT model. While fragmentation and reassembly are supported by CoAP, they should be avoided for this type of model. As for any conceptual model, a high configuration between layers is mandatory. Additionally, the proposed message format is useful for semantic web of things application development and for WSN design and management.

Mitigation of black hole attacks in 6LoWPAN RPL-based Wireless sensor network for cyber physical systems

A cyber–physical system (CPS) classically comprises the physical components, computational units, the controller, and the communication network. The Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is a key component in the CPS and connects the distributed sensors for computation and communication. As the usage of such networks increases, the attack surface also increases and mechanisms for mitigating security threats must be developed. The nodes in the WSN are low-powered devices that cannot host traditional security systems. Moreover, specialized architectures of such networks mean that new attacks specifically targeting such architectures would be discovered. The proposed work introduces a security mechanism for black hole attack in Ripple Routing Protocol (RPL) networks, utilizing features such as IPv6 over Low-Power Wireless Personal Area Networks (6LoWPAN) network discovery. The state-of-the-art mechanisms existing today for such threats are either heavyweight intrusion detection systems or require nodes working in promiscuous mode. The promiscuity of nodes can be a security concern in itself, whereas large intrusion detection systems require huge processing and network overheads. The proposed work does not rely on either but utilizes a distributed timer-based mechanism to perform malicious node detection. The work has been evaluated using the Cooja simulator, and it has been seen that it can detect black holes with high accuracy resulting in a decrease in packet loss. The true positive rate can reach up to 100%.

Role of Zigbee Protocol in Monitoring Patient Physiological Conditions through Secured Environment

Zigbee is formed by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Standards Association's 802.15 specification. Zigbee is specifically built for control and position finder networks in the IEEE 802.15.4 WPAN (Wireless standard for Wireless Personal Area Networks). The Zigbee WPANs operating frequencies are 2.4 GHz, 900 MHz and 868 MHz Zigbee is a wireless technology standard based protocol with short range communication transmission protocols. Zigbee is used for less cost-effective data rate, low-power applications and is an open standard. In contrast to Wi-Fi networks, zigbee protocol is used to make communication among the endpoints to high-speed networks, Zigbee is familiar for lower data rates and uses a mesh networking topology to avoid centralized hub devices and create a self-healing architecture. In this paper we review how the patient’s physiological conditions like BP, Temperature and Heart rate are accessed on mobile device remotely through zigbee technology in secured manner using the coordinator device which will select the proper channel, assigns an Id to the network and allocates unique Id to each device through zigbee Gateway, which transfers a secured data (encrypted data) between a coordinator and end devices (decrypted). If patient situation is critical then a message will send to doctor’s mobile device with alarm sound, in this case immediately doctor sends a prescription to care taker or a family member through registered mobile number.

Network Design Issues in Wireless Body Area Network

This paper presents a survey on various aspects of Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) and its utility in healthcare system. Along with applications of WBAN in healthcare different areas of research with other prospective opportunities and prominent challenges are also discussed. Development in the field of wireless communication, particularly in the field of Personal Area Network and mobile networks, has lead to development of mobile healthcare system. As WBAN essentially consist of body sensors to sense various physical properties related to health. Apart from applications of WBAN, communication in WBAN and other important aspects like security, scalability are discussed. Some of the other important issues are physical and MAC layer design and network protocols being analysed.

ASIS Edge Computing Model to Determine the Communication Protocols for IoT Based Irrigation

Internet of Things (IoT) provide a promising Smart irrigation facilitator for continual monitoring and control of environmental parameters, thereby leading to a huge volume of data to be efficiently collected, transferred, processed and stored. The deployment of cloud-based infrastructure with on-field connectedness, allowing information exchange among IoT nodes, and the usage of energy scavenging (e.g., solar power) in feeding them, become necessary, since agricultural fields are in lack of wired energy supply and, often, a reliable (Internet) network coverage. Therefore, these issues can be addressed through the integration of Edge computing in IoT scenarios. An efficient strategy is required to select the best communication technology with a motive of increasing the network performance between the IoT devices, Edge device and cloud. Application Specific Infrastructure Selection (ASIS) is an edge computing model developed to select the appropriate communication protocols according to the infrastructure requirements of three different real time scenarios namely: Assembly line automation, Smart parking system and Automatic irrigation system are deployed to get the most suitable application specific protocol from ZigBee, LoRa (Long Range) and LoWPAN (Low-Power Wireless Personal Area Network) to implement in real-time basis. ASIS model is proposed as a network resource manager that is capable of sensing, acting, signal processing, and/or communication abilities to perform a protocol selection according to their physical and technological limitations. Further Edge based ASIS model is developed to enhance the network performance even better when compared with cloud-based model. Automatic irrigation system is extended in the Edge based ASIS model. The overall ASIS system is evaluated by means of network parameters such as network usage, network delay and power consumption. The ASIS model and Edge based ASIS model is deployed in iFogSim simulator that compares each protocol used in the above IoT scenarios. Finally, the scenario of Automatic irrigation system is modeled using Edge based ASIS model where ZigBee with edge performs better compared with cloud-based model. Experimental results show that ASIS based Edge implementation lessen the overall network parameters in contrast to non-edge deployment in automatic irrigation scenario.

“Remote Health Monitoring of elder using Wearable Sensor.”

Abstract: Wearable physiological monitoring devices are used to monitor the health status of a Patient in Intensive Care Units (ICU). These systems are wired everywhere. A wireless Physiological parameter monitoring system is presented in this paper. Literature review carried out in the area of wearable physiological monitoring systems. The proposed system includes sensors for continuous collection and evaluation of physiological parameters. A wireless personal area network has been introduced for reliable transmission of physiological information. The hardware design of this patient monitoring system is based on 8051 microcontrollers. Microcontroller acts as the gateway to ZigBee and GSM module. ZigBee wireless communication module has the advantage of lower power consumption which is attractive for portable applications. This system provides safe and accurate monitoring. It also gives the freedom of movement. The proposed system can be used to monitor the physiological condition of a person in out of hospitalcondition also. Keywords: Pulse Sensor, Temperature Sensor, ZigBee,Microcontroller, LCD, Buzzer Arduino.

Assessment of Routing Attacks and Mitigation Techniques with RPL Control Messages: A Survey

Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks (RPL) is a standard routing protocol for the Low Power and Lossy Networks (LLNs). It is a part of the IPv6 over Low-Power Wireless Personal Area Network (6LoWPAN) protocol stack. Features such as energy-efficient mechanisms and availability of the secure modes of operations make RPL suitable for the constrained Internet of Things (IoT) devices. Hence, the majority of IoT applications rely on RPL for data communication. However, routing security in RPL-based IoT networks is a significant concern, motivating us to study and analyze routing attacks and suggested countermeasures against them. To this end, we provide a comprehensive survey on the state-of-the-art security threats and their corresponding countermeasures in RPL-based IoT networks. Based on our study, we propose a novel classification scheme that uses a mapping between RPL attacks and their countermeasure techniques to the RPL control messages used to develop these techniques. Furthermore, we provide an in-depth statistical analysis that includes analysis of routing attacks through the RPL control messages, distribution of various mitigation techniques as per the method used, RPL control messages involved in the mitigation techniques, and details of the tools used by multiple researchers. In the end, we highlight some open challenges and future research opportunities on this topic. We believe that this survey will be beneficial to researchers and practitioners working in the area of RPL security.

Ultrasonic physical layers as building blocks of IoT stacks

Instrumental, Scientific and Medical (ISM) bands are essential to the transmission of IoT traffic as most of the physical layers of the Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN) and Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) families rely on them. ISM bands, however, are associated with a myriad of problems responsible for signal degradation and pollution that lead to application Quality of Service (QoS) issues. In this context, the use of alternative transmission mechanisms serve as backup to traditional schemes. One of such mechanisms relies on sub-ultrasonic and ultrasonic signals for the propagation of IoT device traffic. In this paper, we recycle a well known acoustic modulation scheme intended to be used in legacy Public Switching Telephone Networks (PSTNs) to support sub-ultrasonic and ultrasonic channels. This scheme becomes the basic building block of a physical layer that is combined with other well known elements of the IoT layered architecture. This not only includes a customized link layer but also an adaptation layer that enables full integration with upper layers.

Adversarial RL-Based IDS for Evolving Data Environment in 6LoWPAN

Low-power and Lossy Networks (LLNs) comprise nodes characterised by constrained computational power, memory, and energy resources. The LLN nodes empower ubiquitous connections amongst numerous devices (e.g. temperature, humidity, and turbidity sensors, together with motors, valves and other actuators) to sense, control and store properties of their environments. They are often deployed in hostile, unattended, and unfavourable conditions. Securing them often becomes very challenging. The extent of interconnected LLN devices poses a series of routing threats (e.g. wormhole, grayhole, DIO suppression, and increase rank attacks). Consequently, an efficient and effective intrusion detection system (IDS) is of utmost importance in identifying anomalous activities in the IPv6 over Low-powered Wireless Personal Area Networks (6LoWPAN). This article proposes a robust Adversarial Reinforcement Learning (ARL) framework to generate efficient IDSs for evolving data environments. The integration of ARL and incremental machine-learning facilitates the generation of resource-efficient and robust IDS detectors. We demonstrate in particular how such an approach, leveraging notions of ’concept drift’ detection and adaptation, can handle inevitable changes in the environment, giving the IDS best chances of detecting attacks in the current profile. The range of routing attacks considered is the most comprehensive to date. For the first time, Black-box and Grey-box ML-based adversaries aiming to destabilise the 6LoWPAN are distinguished and addressed.

Data Analysis for IoT System Using 6LoWPAN and Constrained Application Protocol for Environmental Monitoring

The need to preserve the environment has become a real societal and economic challenge. There are many sources of pollution, and identifying these sources, the different polluting substances, and their effects on ecosystems is complex. They can arise from natural disasters or as a result of human activity. The need to preserve the environment has become a real societal and economic challenge. The preservation of the environment can also be done by better management of human activities. However, these solutions require several human and technological resources, and they are expensive. However, such applications are usually deployed in large areas, not accessible and without pre-existing infrastructure, or that would require substantial redevelopment costs) In addition, they have to work for months (or even years) without human intervention. Internet of Things (IoT) is widely used to implement such applications. In this context, we introduce not only the notion of IoT but also Edge/Cloud Computing for environmental monitoring. The proposed solution represents a solution that is both financially and energy-efficient. This paper also focuses on accessing issues to IPv6 over Low Power Wireless Personal Area Networks (6LoWPAN) sensors using Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP).

A Secure and Efficient Cluster-Based Authentication Scheme for Internet of Things (IoTs)

IPv6 over Low Power Wireless Personal Area Network (6LoWPAN) provides IP connectivity to the highly constrained nodes in the Internet of Things (IoTs). 6LoWPAN allows nodes with limited battery power and storage capacity to carry IPv6 datagrams over the lossy and error-prone radio links offered by the IEEE 802.15.4 standard, thus acting as an adoption layer between the IPv6 protocol and IEEE 802.15.4 network. The data link layer of IEEE 802.15.4 in 6LoWPAN is based on AES (Advanced Encryption Standard), but the 6LoWPAN standard lacks and has omitted the security and privacy requirements at higher layers. The sensor nodes in 6LoWPAN can join the network without requiring the authentication procedure. Therefore, from security perspectives, 6LoWPAN is vulnerable to many attacks such as replay attack, Man-in-the-Middle attack, Impersonation attack, and Modification attack. This paper proposes a secure and efficient cluster-based authentication scheme (CBAS) for highly constrained sensor nodes in 6LoWPAN. In this approach, sensor nodes are organized into a cluster and communicate with the central network through a dedicated sensor node. The main objective of CBAS is to provide efficient and authentic communication among the 6LoWPAN nodes. To ensure the low signaling overhead during the registration, authentication, and handover procedures, we also introduce lightweight and efficient registration, de-registration, initial authentication, and handover procedures, when a sensor node or group of sensor nodes join or leave a cluster. Our security analysis shows that the proposed CBAS approach protects against various security attacks, including Identity Confidentiality attack, Modification attack, Replay attack, Man-in-the-middle attack, and Impersonation attack. Our simulation experiments show that CBAS has reduced the registration delay by 11%, handoff authentication delay by 32%, and signaling cost by 37% compared to the SGMS (Secure Group Mobility Scheme) and LAMS (Light-Wight Authentication & Mobility Scheme).