Persica Extract Research Articles

Metabolites profiling reveals for antimicrobial compositional differences and action mechanism in the toothbrushing stick “miswak” Salvadora persica

Among many plant species suitable for preparing toothbrushing sticks, miswak (Salvadora persica, family Salvadoraceae) is found the most effective tool for oral hygiene. S. persica possesses antibacterial, antiviral and antifungal effects against oral microbes, mostly due to its benzyl isothiocyanate content. To provide insight into S. persica chemical composition, volatile constituents from roots and stems of S. persica grown in Egypt and Saudi Arabia were profiled using solid-phase microextraction (SPME) coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS). A total of 21 volatiles were identified with sulfur compounds amounting for the major volatile class. Orthogonal projection to latent structures-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) revealed for benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC) enrichment in roots versus stems. Primary metabolites contributing to S. persica taste viz. sugars and organic acids were profiled using GC–MS with silylation. Polyols (sugars) viz. arabitol, meso-erythritol, and mannitol were found to predominate sugars composition in S. persica stems being most enriched in meso-erythritol. The impact of saliva on S. persica aroma profile was further assessed and revealing for no enhancement in BITC production with salivation, and further not being detected in toothpaste preparation claimed to contain S. persica extract. This study provides the most complete profile of volatiles, sugars, and organic acids in S. persica organs and more rationalizing its use as a toothbrush.

Effect of the addition of chlorhexidine and miswak extract on the clinical performance and antibacterial properties of conventional glass ionomer: an in vivo study.

Antibacterial restorations can increase the success rate of minimum invasive dentistry especially in young permanent molars with deep carious lesions as an attempt to preserve maximum dental structure and avoid pulp exposure. Further research is warranted to evaluate different antibacterial agents. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of adding chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX) or aqueous miswak (Salvadora persica) extract on the clinical performance and in vivo antibacterial activity of conventional anhydrous glass ionomer cement (GIC). The study was a randomized clinical trial. Sixty young permanent molars, with deep carious lesions in 6- to 9-year-old children were included. After randomization, atraumatic restorative treatment (ART) or stepwise excavation was performed followed by bacterial sampling from the center of the remaining carious dentine in the floor of the pulp. GIC powder was mixed with 0.5% chlorhexidine gluconate liquid in group I; with 100% aqueous miswak in group II; and with deionized water in group III (control). Clinical performance for all groups was assessed at 3, 6, and 9 months. After 9 months, restorations were removed and a second bacterial sample was collected for Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) quantification and analysis by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test. Results showed no statistically significant difference in the success rate of the three groups at the 3-month interval. At 6 and 9 months, however, restoration success was 75% then 60% in group I, 100% then 90% in group II, and 95% then 85% in control group. Group II and the control group showed statistically significant higher survival rates than group I. All groups showed reduction in S. mutans counts in underlying dentine, but the percent reduction was significantly higher in group I. (P < 0.001). The addition of CHX and miswak to GIC showed superior antibacterial properties than conventional GIC, without seriously affecting the clinical performance of the restoration until the 6-month follow-up, but failure significantly increased in terms of marginal defects at 9 months with CHX (group 1).

Antibacterial activity of Miswak Salvadora persica extracts against isolated and genetically identified oral cavity pathogens.

Despite medical progress worldwide, dental caries are still widespread. Miswak is derived from the plant Arak (Salvadora persica). It is used by Muslim peoples as a natural product for the cleansing of teeth, to ensure oral and dental hygiene. This study was conducted to evaluate the antimicrobial effects of ethanol, methanol, and ethanol/methanol extracts of Miswak against three bacterial pathogens of the oral cavity. The pathogens were isolated from the oral cavity of volunteers/patients and were identified on the basis of 16S rRNA gene amplification data. Sequence comparisons were made with 16S rRNA gene sequences available in the GenBank database. The results of sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis identified the three pathogens as being Staphylococcus aureus strain KKU-020, Enterococcus faecalis strain KKU-021 and Klebsiella pneumoniae strain KKU-022. All Miswak extracts showed powerful antimicrobial activity against the three pathogens. The maximum zone of inhibition (40.67 ± 0.88 mm) was observed against E. faecalis KKU-021 with ethanolic extracts whilst methanolic extracts showed the minimum zone of inhibition (10.33 ± 0.88 mm) against K. pneumonia KKU-022. Based upon the significant effects of the Miswak extracts, against the oral cavity pathogens in our study, we recommend that Miswak could be used as a dental hygiene method to prevent tooth caries.

Effect of Otostegia persica extract on ischemia/reperfusion induced renal damage in diabetic rats. A biochemical study.

To evaluate the effect of Otostegia persica (O. persica) extract on renal damage induced by ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) in diabetic rats. Forty-eight rats were subjected to right nephrectomy; then, they were allocated into six groups: Sham; Diabetic sham; I/R; Diabetic I/R; I/R+O. persica; Diabetic I/R+O. persica. Diabetes was induced by streptozotocin (200 mg/kg, i.p.). O. persica (300 mg/kg/day, p.o) was administered for 2 weeks. On the 15th day, ischemia was induced in left kidney for 60 min, followed by reperfusion for 24h. Renal functional and biochemical markers were estimated. I/R in both normal and diabetic rats, induced a significant elevation in serum levels of urea and creatinine (p<0.05). Renal I/R induced a significant increase of malondialdehyde, myeloperoxidase and nitric oxide concentrations associated with significant reduction in superoxide dismutase and catalase activities in comparison with the sham group (p<0.05). Diabetic rats that underwent renal I/R exhibited a significant increase in all the studied parameters with a reduction in the antioxidant enzymes as compared to nondiabetic rats (p<0.05). These deleterious effects associated with renal I/R were improved by the treatment with O. persica (p<0.05). Otostegia persica pretreatment protected the renal injury from ischemia-reperfusion in diabetic rats.

Antimicrobial Effects of Ferula persica Gum Extract and Gold Nanoparticles on Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Background: In the treatment of bacterial infections, drug resistance is a global problem; Pseudomonas aeruginosa is no exception. This bacterium is among the important causes of nosocomial infections, especially burn wound infections, and it is resistant to most applicable antibiotics. Objectives: The present study aimed to evaluate the anti-bacterial effects of Ferula persica gum extract and gold nanoparticles on P. aeruginosa strains isolated from burn wound infections in Isfahan in 2012. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 150 P. aeruginosa strains carrying the blaSPM-1 gene were isolated from burn wound infections and were confirmed by biochemical tests. The anti-microbial activities of Ferula persica gum extract and gold nanoparticles were evaluated by agar well-diffusion assay and microdilution antimicrobial susceptibility tests. The results were compared to ciprofloxacin. Results: The highest mean zone of inhibition (18 mm) was observed in a concentration of 250 mg/mL of F. persica extract, which was equal to that of ciprofloxacin. In the gold nanoparticles, the highest mean growth inhibition zone (10.18 mm) was observed in the dilution of 50 ppm. The highest zone of inhibition of nanoparticle-extract synergy was observed in the dilution of 125 mg/mL extract + 25 ppm nanoparticle (9.89 mm). The MIC and MBC of the extract were 69.25 ± 42.36 mg/mL and 102.25 ± 16.76 mg/mL, respectively. The MIC and MBC of the nanoparticle-extract mixture were 50.78 ± 19.26 mg/mL and 54.11 ± 19.72 mg/mL, respectively. Conclusions: The results of the present study showed that the extract of F. persica gum and the gold nanoparticles had antiPseudomonas aeruginosa effects, which were more pronounced when they were used separately.

In Vitro Scolicidal Effects of Salvadora persica Root Extract against Protoscolices of Echinococcus granulosus.

It has been known that Arak, Salvadora persica, has a number of medicinal properties. We tried to investigate in vitro scolicidal effect of root extracts of this plant against protoscolices from hydatid cysts of Echinococcus granulosus. Protoscolices were aseptically collected from sheep livers containing hydatid cysts. S. persica root extract was used in 10, 30, and 50 mg/ml concentration for 10, 20, and 30 min. The viability of protoscolices was ascertained by 0.1% eosin staining. Scolicidal activity of S. persica extract at a concentration of 10 mg/ml was 36.3%, 50.3%, and 70.8% after 10, 20, and 30 min of exposure, respectively. The scolicidal effect of this extract at a concentration of 30 mg/ml was 52.9%, 86.7%, and 100% after 10, 20, and 30 min of exposure, respectively. S. persica extract at a concentration of 50 mg/ml, meanwhile, killed 81.4%, 100%, and 100% of protoscolices after 10, 20, and 30 min, respectively. Also, the cytotoxic potential of S. persica was assessed on human liver cells (HepG2) using trypan blue exclusion test. No cytotoxic effect was observed on HepG2 cell line. The present study confirmed for the first time that the ethanolic extract of S. persica has high scolicidal power in vitro. However, in vivo effect of this material remains to be studied for treatment of echinococcosis in humans and herbivorous animals.

Antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of Varthemia persica DC extracts

Varthemia persica DC (Asteraceae) is an aromatic plant that grows wild in central parts of Iran. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of V. persica extracts in vitro, also, the relation between the total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoid contents (TFC) of each extract and its antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. The amount of TPC and TFC was higher in V. persica ethanol extract, followed by methanol and aqueous extracts, respectively. The lower IC50 was for V. persica ethanol extract (82 μg/ml), followed by methanol extract (145 μg/ml) and aqueous extract (550 μg/ml) and these amounts were higher than BHT (Butylated hydroxytoluene) (20 μg/ml). The result of antimicrobial screening exhibited that the antimicrobial activity of V. persica ethanol extract was higher than that of methanol extract followed by its aqueous extract. Therefore, there is a positive relation between TPC and TFC of V. persica extracts and their antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Other studies are required for its application in different industries especially as antioxidant agent.

Antimicrobial Efficacy of Salvadora persica Extracts on a Monospecies Biofilm on Orthodontic Brackets In Vitro.

The oral cavity is a rich ecosystem with a plethora of microorganisms, and different components of fixed orthodontic appliances may contribute to a shift in the balance of oral ecology. The purpose of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial potential of hexane and ethanol extracts of Salvadora persica on a monospecies biofilm model established on orthodontic brackets in vitro. Streptococcus mutans biofilm was formed on mini diamond orthodontic brackets following three days of anaerobic incubation at 37˚C. The bacterial cell viability of this biofilm was measured after their exposure to saline, hexane extract of S. persica, ethanol extract of S. persica and 0.2% chlorhexidine using 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol- 2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulphophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium (MTS) assay. On half of the brackets, the colony forming units (CFU) were counted. Both experiments were performed in triplicate. The absorbance values obtained from the MTS reduction assay after exposure to the different test agents showed a decline in the bacterial cell viability of the S. mutans biofilm as follows: chlorhexidine (+)<hexane extract (S. persica, 5 mg/ml)<ethanol extract (S. persica, 5 mg/ml)<saline+2% DMSO (-). There was significant difference between saline+2% DMSO and the other test solutions (p<0.05). The mean absorbance values showed that the antimicrobial activity of hexane extract was slightly more effective than that of the ethanol extract and was nearly as effective as chlorhexidine (+). However, the differences in the absorbance values between the extracts of S. persica and chlorhexidine (+) were not statistically significant (p>0.05). The CFU counts of S. mutans obtained from chlorhexidine exposure were lower than from hexane and ethanol extracts. S. persica extracts were found to have antimicrobial effects on S. mutans biofilm established in vitro on orthodontic brackets suggestive of its potential use as an oral antimicrobial agent for orthodontic patients.

Pengaruh Berkumur dengan Larutan Ekstrak Siwak (Salvadora persica) Terhadap pH Saliva Rongga Mulut

Saliva adalah cairan tubuh yang kompleks dan memiliki peran penting yang terkait dengan proses biologi dalam rongga mulut. Saliva memiliki peran penting dalam menjaga kesehatan rongga mulut dari karies dan penyakit periodontal. Salah satu fungsi saliva dalam menjaga kesehatan mulut berkaitan dengan tingkat keasaman saliva (pH). pH saliva dapat mempengaruhi kesehatan mulut yang berhubungan dengan karies dan penyakit periodontal. Salah satu metode pencegahan yang bisa dilakukan adalah secara kimiawi dengan menggunakan obat kumur. Salah satu obat kumur yang dapat digunakan adalah miswak (Salvadora persica). Kandungan kimia ekstrak Salvadora persica dapat mencegah menurunnya pH saliva karena memiliki efek bakterisida yang akan mencegah produksi asam dari bakteri mulut, meningkatkan aktivitas buffer saliva melalui peningkatkan sekresi saliva. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh ekstrak Salvadora persica pada pH saliva. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah eksperimental dengan satu kelompok desain pre-posttest. Subyek penelitian adalah 17 siswa dari SMK Muhammadiyah 1 Padang. Pengukuran dilakukan sebelum dan sesudah berkumur dengan larutan ekstrak Salvadora persica 50%. Data dianalisis dengan T-test (p &lt;0,05). Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan rata-rata pH saliva sebelum diberikan larutan ekstrak Salvadora persica adalah 6,565 dan pH saliva setelah diberi larutan ekstrak miswak adalah 7,4. Berkumur dengan ekstrak Salvadora persica dapat menjadi solusi dalam meningkatkan pH saliva dan dapat digunakan sebagai obat kumur untuk menjaga kesehatan rongga mulut.

Hepatoprotective activity of aerial parts of Otostegia persica against carbon tetrachloride-induced liver damage in rats.

To evaluate the hepatoprotective properties of Otostegia persica (O. persica) ethanol extract on carbon tetrachloride-induced liver damage in rats. Fifty adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups. Group I served as normal control and was given only olive oil intraperitoneally (i.p.). Group II, III, IV, and V were administered CCl4 mixed with olive oil 1:1 (1 ml/kg) i.p., twice a week for 8 weeks. Group II was maintained as CCl4-intoxicated control (hepatotoxic group). Group III, IV, and V received O. persica extract at a dose of 40, 80, and 120 mg/kg for 8 weeks every 48 h orally, respectively. Biochemical parameters including aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total bilirubin (TB), albumin (ALB), total protein (TP), and lipid peroxidation marker (Malonaldialdehyde, (MDA) were determined in serum. After 8 weeks, animals were sacrificed, livers dissected out, and evaluated for histomorphological changes. The administration of CCl4 increased AST, ALT, ALP, TB, and MDA in serum but it decreased TP , and ALB compared with normal control. Treatment with O. persica extract at three doses resulted in decreased enzyme markers, bilirubin levels, and lipid peroxidation marker (MDA) and increased TP and ALB compared with CCl4 group. The results of pathological study also support the hepatoprotective effects which were observed at doses of 80 and 120 mg/kg. The results of the present study indicate that ethanol extract of O. persica may have hepatoprotective effect which is probably due to its antioxidant property.

ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AND CYTOTOXICITY EFFECTS OF SALVADORA PERSICA (MESWAK) EXTRACTS ON JURKAT T-CELLS

Salvadora persica (S. persica), Meswak, is an evergreen shrub to 6-7 m. It has many biological activities such as antipyretic, anti-inflammatory and antifungal activities. This study evaluated in vitro cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory effects of S. persica extracts on human oral Jurkat (T leukemia cells). Extracts from Meswak stick and leaves were tested in different concentrations for their cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory activities on human oral Jurkat T- cells. So treated cells viability with increasing concentrations of S. persica stick extract (0.008-0.2 μg/ml) and leaves extract (0.016-0.5 μg/ml) for 24, 48 or 72 hours was assessed by using the mitochondrial dependent reduction of yellow MTT (3-[4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) to purple formazan. Also Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was performed on supernatants from treated Jurkat T-cells with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and both extracts to quantify IL-6, IL-8 pro-inflammatory cytokines. Statistically significant differences were indicated by p

Chemical Effectiveness of Salvadora persica and Commercially Available Whitening Toothpaste on Preventing Tea and Chlorhexidine Stain (in vitro study)

Salvadora persica, a plant that contains a wide range of healthy components, has been used as chewing stick for ages to maintain good oral hygiene and currently has been approved to remove stains. However, its stain-preventing effect is still under investigation. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of Salvadora persica and commercially available whitening toothpastes on preventing tea and chlorhexidine stains. Sixty clear acrylic blocks were used and divided into 3 groups, 20 for each group. First group was treated with drinking water, second with commercially available whitening toothpaste and third with whitening toothpaste containing Salvadora persica extract. Baseline measurement by spectrophotometer was taken before starting the procedure. All specimens were immersed in artificial saliva for 2 minutes, rinsed in distilled water and exposed in 0.2% chlorhexidine and tea solution. These cycles were performed 8 times a day for 5 days. Intervention with whitening toothpaste was done for 2 minutes; twice a day. Eventually, all blocks were removed, washed and dried. Stain was assessed by spectrophotometer and visual assessment using Lobene stain index (1968). This study results showed significant differences among groups (Kruskal-Wallis test, p&lt;0.001) and Salvadora persica extract was found to be more effective than commercially availablewhitening toothpaste on preventing stain formation

English

The effect of S. persica extract on the population of bacteria in single-species biofilm was investigated. An artificial mouth (NAM) system was used for the development of biofilm. In one experiment, aqueous extract of S. persica at sub-MIC concentration (5 mg/mL) was first pumped into the NAM system to treat the experimental pellicle on glass beads before inoculating it with the bacteria (Strep. mitis, Strep. mutans and Strep. sanguinis). This would resemble using the aqueous extract of S. persica before meals. In another experiment, the aqueous extract of S. persica was pumped into the NAM system after the bacterial inoculation and this would resemble using it after meals. In both experiments, 24 h biofilms were allowed to form. The bacterial population of the biofilms was determined and expressed as colony forming unit per mL (cfu mL(-1)). For negative control, sterilized distilled water was used whereas for positive control, commercial Listerine. It was found that the population of Strep. mitis, Strep. mutans and Strep. sanguinis in the respective biofilms for both experiments involving treatment with S. persica extract or Listerine was significantly reduced by more than 70% (p< 0.05) when compared with the negative control. Comparing the effect of S. persica with Listerine on the bacterial population of the biofilms when used either before or after meal showed that S. persica is slightly less effective towards S. sanguinis before meal and towards S. mutans after meal (p< 0.05). This study suggests that the efficiency of the antibacterial effect of S. persica is species-related and by its way of usage.

Effects of salvadora persica extract on DOK oral epithelial dysplasia and PE/CA-PJ15 oral cancer cell lines

Effects of salvadora persica extract on DOK oral epithelial dysplasia and PE/CA-PJ15 oral cancer cell lines

The effect of waterlase laser and herbal alternative, green tea and Salvadora Persica (Siwak) extract on push-out bond strength

Background: The bond strength of root canal sealers to dentin was important for maintaining the integrity of the seal in root canal filling in both static and dynamic situations. In a static situation, it should eliminate any space that allowed the percolation of fluids between the filling and the wall while in a dynamic situation; it was needed to resist dislodgement of the filling during subsequent manipulation. Materials and Methods: Forty mandibular premolars were selected for this study. All canals were instrumented using ProTaper rotary instruments. Instrumentation was done with copious irrigation of 5.25% sodium hypochlorite. Roots were randomly divided into four groups according to the type of cleaning and method of root canal irrigation (ten teeth for each group): Group A. The root canals were irrigated with 5 ml of 17% of EDTA for 1 minute and 5 ml of 5.25% NaOCl. Group B. Cleaning with waterlase laser. Group C. The root canals were irrigated with 5 ml of 5mg/ml of siwak (Salvadora persica) extract for one minute. Group D. The root canals were irrigated with 5 ml of 5% of green tea (camellia sinensis) extract for one minute. All groups were rinsed with distilled water and then obturated with cold lateral condensation technique and i Root sp sealer (Bioceramic sealer, the roots then stored in moist environment at 37°C for one week. Three horizontal sections were prepared at a thickness of 1 mm ±0.1 in the apical, middle and coronal parts of each root. The test specimens were subjected to the push-out test method using a Universal Test Machine that carried 1-mm, 0.5- mm and 0.3-mm plungers for coronal, middle and apical specimens, respectively. The loading speed was 0.5 mm/ min. The computer showed the higher bond force before dislodgment of the filling material. These forces were divided by the surface area to obtain the bond strength in MPa. Results: In all groups the mean value of push-out strength was greatest in apical area and least in coronal area and the middle area was in between, except in Waterlase the middle area showed the least mean push-out strength. Conclusion: Herbal extracts used in this study (Siwak and green tea) can be used safely as an intra-canal irrigant for smear layer removal with efficiency that is comparable with conventional synthetic materials (EDTA) and more complicated methods (Waterlase).

Effective antidiabetic and antioxidant fractions of Otostegia persica extract and their constituents

Context: Otostegia persica (Burm.) Boiss. (Lamiaceae), “Goldar” in Persian, is widely used in the folk medicine of south Iran for control of diabetes mellitus.Objective: In the present study, hypoglycemic and antioxidant effects of different fractions of the O. persica extract were investigated and constituents of effective fractions were elucidated.Materials and method: Different concentrations (100–400 mg/kg) of aqueous infusion (AI) of flowering aerial parts of the plant (traditional preparation) and all fractions of the O. persica extract (i.p. injection) were tested for antidiabetic activity in streptozocin-induced diabetic NMRI mice. Blood glucose level was measured at time 0 and intervals of 1, 2, 4, and 6 h later. Antioxidant activities of different fractions of the plant extract and pure compounds (0.1, 0.5, and 1 mg/ml) were determined with the DPPH method. Four compounds were isolated and identified from potent fractions.Results and discussion: Antidiabetic activity demonstrated that the effect of the methanol fraction at a dose of 300 mg/kg was equivalent with glibenclamide, and at a dose of 400 mg/kg was comparable with glibenclamide and insulin (p > 0.05). The EC50 of the methanol fraction was 307.12 mg. Methanol and ethyl acetate fractions showed antioxidant activities (both IC50 equal to 0.49 mg/ml), so these fractions were selected for the purification of compounds. Chrysoeriol from ethyl acetate and three apigenin derivatives (6-methylapigenin, apigenin-7-O-glucoside, and echinaticin) from the methanol fraction were isolated and identified (new for the species). Chrysoeriol exhibited potent antioxidant activity comparable with vitamin E and BHT (p > 0.05).Conclusion: The present study confirmed the folklore usage of O. persica for antidiabetic properties.

Inhibitory activity of Salvadora persica extracts against oral bacterial strains associated with periodontitis: An in-vitro study

AimsThe use of natural plant extracts in pharmacology, medicine and dental hygiene has found a growing interest in modern scientific research. Salvadora persica is a natural tree whose fibrous branches have been approved by the World Health Organization for oral hygiene. Periodontitis is a highly prevalent adult gingival disease that leads to bone destruction and connective tissue attachment loss. The aim of this research was assessment the antimicrobial activities of methanolic extract of Salvadora persica (miswak) on isolated strains from the oral fluid. MethodsIn practical section, 50 female university students (21.4 ± 1 year) participated in the study. Based on examination by a periodontist, they were grouped into (Group I, n = 21) and (Group II, n = 29) i.e. with and without periodontitis respectively. Their un-stimulated saliva samples were obtained in sterile tubes. While three bacterial genera, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus and Lactobacillus were identified in all subjects, Enterococcus and Escherichia were only detected in Group I. ResultsA statistically significant difference in colonization levels between the two groups was observed. The effect of methanolic extract of S. persica against oral bacterial strains isolated from saliva was investigated using agar disc diffusion and microdilution methods. Although methanolic extract of S. persica was effective on growth inhibition of all strains, it was significantly more effective on Gram positive bacteria than Gram negative ones. ConclusionsEffective substances present in S. persica extracts, exhibit a broad range of antibacterial activity and affect almost all bacterial species regardless of the Gram-staining nature.

Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activities of Arabic and Indian origin Salvadora persica root extract on diabetic rats with histopathology of their pancreas.

To evaluate hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of Salvadora persica aqueous extracts on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats by measuring fasting blood glucose levels, lipid profiles and histopathological analysis of pancreas. Experimental Diabetes was induced by single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (60 mg/kg) to albino Wistar rats. Salvadora persica extracts were administered orally at 250 and 500 mg/kg dose levels for 21 days. Glucose tolerance test (GTT) was performed on 16 h fasted rats and changes in blood glucose levels, total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), high density lipoprotein (HDL) and histopathology of pancreas were performed. At a dose level of 500 mg/kg, blood glucose 85.25 ± 13.20 mg/dl, total cholesterol (TC) 114.57 ± 15.81(mg/dl), triglycerides (TG) 75.40 ± 16.47(mg/dl), LDL 42.63 ± 13.17(mg/dl), VLDL 22.78 ± 1.88(mg/dl), and elevation of HDL 44.88 ± 11.61(mg/dl) were found in comparison with diabetic control on 28(th) day by Arabic origin Salvadora persica. It also accelerated the regeneration of β-cells in experimental animal's pancreas to 32.6 ± 2.4 compared to diabetic control animal's pancreas of 8.1 ± 0.5 at the end of 28(th) day. This study confirmed that Arabic Salvadora persica aqueous extracts at 500 mg/kg dose level, in comparison to other extracts (Indian Salvadora persica, 250 and 500 mg/kg, Arabic Salvadora persica 250 mg/kg) possessed significant hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activities and regenerated pancreatic β-cells in streptozotocin treated diabetic rats.

Analysis and in vitro anti-Candida antifungal activity of Cuminum cyminum and Salvadora persica herbs extracts against pathogenic Candida strains

The in vitro antifungal activities of essential oil from Cuminum cyminum (C. cyminum) and alcoholic extract from Salvadora persica (S. persica) were investigated in order to evaluate their efficacy against C. albicans ATCC 14053, C. dubliniensis ATCC CD60, C. glabrata ATCC 90030, C. krusei ATCC 6258 and C. parapsilosis ATCC 22019. The essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation in a Clevenger apparatus and analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GC/MS). The disc diffusion and broth macrodilution methods were used as antifungal susceptibility tests. The GC/MS analysis allowed 17 components to be determined; the main constituents of C. cyminum essential oil were α-pinene (30%), limonene (21%) and 1,8-cineole (18.5%). C. cyminum oil had a broad-spectrum antifungal activity against different pathogenic Candida species. Inhibition zone values ranged from 7 to 50mm for C. cyminum and 0 to 10mm for S. persica against the organisms tested. The best minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of C. cyminum oil was associated with C. albicans and C. dubliniensis (289 mg/L) and the MICs of S. persica extract were 4.9 mg/mL and 20mg/mL against C. albicans and C. dubliniensis, respectively. The results suggested the potential substitution of the antifungal chemicals by C. cyminum essential oil and S. persica alcoholic extract as natural inhibitors to control the growth of the most important pathogenic Candida species and alternative therapies for candidiasis.

Ethanolic extract of Otostegia persica ameliorates bone loss in diabetic rats irrespective to its glucose lowering effect

The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of ethanolic extract of Otostegia persica on bone loss in streptozotocin (STZ)-treated diabetic rats. Forty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five equal groups and treated as follows: group 1 (control); group 2 (STZ group), received STZ 50 mg/kg by a single IP injection; groups 3, 4, and 5 treated with STZ as mentioned above +200 mg/kg, 300 mg/kg, and 450 mg/kg of O. persica extract per day by oral gavage, respectively. On day 29, sera harvested and left femoral and tibiofibular bones were dissected for histomorphometric study, while right femoral and tibiofibular bones as well as L4 vertebrate were removed for determination of ash weight. Obvious hyperglycemia was seen in the STZ group as compared to the control. Administration of O. persica extract at the dosage of 300 mg/kg reversed the hyperglycemia. Alkaline phosphatase activity was markedly increased in all experimental groups as compared to control. Epiphyseal and metaphyseal trabecular width as well as epiphyseal bone area/tissue area significantly decreased in STZ group. O. persica extract at the dosage of 200 mg/kg reversed all these parameters to the control level. Marrow area/cortical area in rats treated with 450 mg/kg O. persica extract were highest among groups. No significant difference observed in osteoid thickness among different groups. Although the ash weights of both compact and cancellous bones in STZ group had no significant difference with control, ash weight of L4 vertebrate in rats treated with 300 and 450 mg/kg of extract was significantly lower than other groups. In conclusion, ethanolic extract of O. persica has bone protective effects in STZ-treated rats irrespective to its glucose lowering properties.