The pervasive influence of social media has created a need for valid tools to assess Social Media Parenting (SMP) across cultures. This study validated the Persian version of the Social Media Parenting Scale (SMPS) for use in Iran. In a cross-sectional study, 500 Iranian parents were selected via convenience sampling. Validation included Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (EFA, CFA) on split-half samples, plus Exploratory Graph Analysis (EGA) and Bootstrap EGA to assess dimensionality. Reliability was measured with Cronbach's alpha, McDonald's omega, Composite Reliability, and Intraclass Correlation Coefficient. Convergent and discriminant validity were assessed via Average Variance Extracted and the Fornell-Larcker criterion. EFA identified a stable six-factor structure (Learning Parenting, Digital Security, Sharenting, Parental Mediation, Teaching Parenting, Parents' Social Media Use), explaining 53.62% of variance. CFA models showed excellent fit (CFI & TLI>0.97, RMSEA ≈ 0.04, SRMR <0.02). All subscales demonstrated high reliability (α: 0.768-0.903, ω: 0.782-0.941). Convergent (AVE>0.50) and discriminant validity were confirmed. EGA and bootEGA strongly supported the six-factor model, replicating it in 99.8% of iterations with high stability. The validated Persian SMPS is a reliable six-factor tool suitable for research and needs assessment to inform digital parenting interventions in Iran. Further validation is required for clinical or policy applications.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic demyelinating disease of the central nervous system often accompanied by psychological comorbidities such as depression and anxiety, which may aggravate physical disability. This study aimed to assess the relationship between depression, anxiety, and disability among patients with MS in western Iran. A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted among 180 MS patients attending the Boustan MS Clinic in Kermanshah, Iran. Participants completed the Persian versions of the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI). Disability was evaluated using the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS). Data were analyzed using Spearman correlation and stepwise multiple regression. The mean age of participants was 41.33 ± 9.09 years, and 75% were female. The mean EDSS score was 3.28 ± 1.56, BDI score 19.87 ± 10.21, and BAI score 13.28 ± 9.96. Depression and anxiety were significantly correlated with disability (r = 0.404 and r = 0.399, respectively; p < 0.01), and with each other (r = 0.702, p < 0.01). Regression analysis showed that depression alone explained 17.6% of disability variance, which increased to 36.2% when anxiety was added. Lower education level and positive family history of MS were associated with higher psychological distress. Depression and anxiety are common and strongly associated with greater physical disability in MS patients. Integrating psychological assessment and intervention into MS management may help improve functional outcomes and quality of life.

Cognitive impairment is common in older adults and significantly impacts quality of life. This study aimed to assess the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Brief Assessment of Impaired Cognition (P-BASIC) in an Iranian older adult population. In this cross-sectional study, 120 participants, 80 cognitively healthy (CH) older adults and 40 individuals with cognitive impairment (CI), completed the P-BASIC following translation and cultural adaptation. Validity was evaluated through correlations with established cognitive measures, including the Quick Mild Cognitive Impairment screen-Persian version (QMCI-pr), Mini-Cog, and the Persian Narrative Discourse Test. Construct validity was examined using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and reliability was assessed via internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha) and test–retest reliability over a two-week interval. The mean age of the cognitively impaired group was 69.1 ± 6.0 years and 67.2 ± 5.8 years in the CH group. The P-BASIC showed strong correlations with the QMCI-pr (r = 0.86) and Mini-Cog (r = 0.75), supporting concurrent and convergent validity. CFA supported a four-factor structure, indicating adequate reliability and validity. Cronbach’s alpha was 0.81, indicating acceptable internal consistency, and test–retest reliability was 0.72. The P-BASIC demonstrated excellent discriminative performance in differentiating CI from CH (area under the curve [AUC]: 95% CI: 0.93–0.99), with a sensitivity of 0.91 and a specificity of 0.90, at an optimal cutoff score of 19/20. The Persian version of the BASIC (P-BASIC) is a brief, valid, and reliable tool for cognitive screening in older adults. Its strong psychometric properties and ease of administration make it a suitable instrument for both clinical and research settings within Persian-speaking populations.

The prevention of HPV requires a multifaceted approach that combines behavioral, social, and biomedical sciences. Therefore, focusing on creating positive attitudes and promoting healthy behaviors against HPV is essential. However, there are a few tools in this field that are not without limitations. This study aimed to design and validate the reproductive-age women’s HPV cognitive-behavioral questionnaire based on the theory of planned behavior (TPB), including attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and behavioral intention constructs. This mixed-methods study focused on designing and validating the questionnaire of reproductive-age Women’s HPV Cognitive-Behavioral, based on TPB. First, a comprehensive item pool was created through a rapid scoping review. The psychometric properties of the questionnaire were subsequently evaluated, including face validity (IIM) (by 28 women), content validity (CVR, CVI, S-CVI/UA, and S-CVI/Ave) (by 10 experts), and construct validity (EFA and CFA) (by 600 women into two independent and non-overlapping datasets). Reliability was assessed using three indices: composite reliability (CR), Cronbach’s alpha, and maximum reliability (MaxR). Also, to assess test-retest reliability, the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was calculated. A purposive Sampling method was used. Rapid scoping review identified 312 items from 57 studies, which were refined to a theoretically-driven pool of 54 items based on the TPB. A preliminary 54-item questionnaire underwent face validity assessment, prompting revisions to 17 items for clarity. The collection of 41 items showed strong content validity (S-CVI/Ave = 0.99; S-CVI/UA = 0.93). Ultimately, the EFA and CFA validated the construct validity of a 14-item questionnaire. The values of CR, Cronbach’s α, and MaxR for all four dimensions were above 0.75, indicating convenient reliability for the questionnaire. The test-retest reliability of the questionnaire was demonstrated by the ICC coefficient, which was 0.85 (95% confidence interval: 0.73 to 0.92; p < 0.001). The developed questionnaire has convenient and acceptable validity and reliability. Therefore, the tool designed in this study, which was developed to measure the women’s HPV cognitive-behavioral in Iran, after further validation, could help public health professionals and educational planners in subsequent studies to identify attitude and behavioral gaps in different populations, design educational interventions, and evaluate the effectiveness of awareness-raising programs.

Self-expansion involves growing oneself through new activities and relationships. The Self-Expansion Questionnaire (SEQ) is grounded in the self-expansion model, which conceptualizes it as a multidimensional process. This study aimed to confirm the factor structure of the SEQ and adapt it within an Iranian cultural context, while also examining the role of demographic variables in predicting self-expansion. A sample of 194 participants, selected through simple random sampling, responded to SEQ items. Cronbach's alpha coefficient for total SEQ was 0.92. Results of CFA supported the factor structure of SEQ [RMSEA = 0.08, GFI = 0.88, and CFI = 0.92], indicating a good model fit and significant item loading. All items except Q7 showed strong correlations. Stepwise regression showed that among demographic variables, only duration of marriage was significant [ F (1, 125) = 4.511, p = .036] and predicted lower SEQ. These findings provide insights into the cultural adaptation of self-expansion in romantic relationships and highlight the need for future cross-cultural studies of relational dynamics.

Auditory Neuropathy Spectrum Disorder (ANSD) affects neural transmission of auditory signals and is classified into presynaptic and postsynaptic types. Cochlear implant (CI) outcomes depend on lesion site and stimulation rate, with slower rates potentially benefiting impaired conduction. Seventy children aged 2-7 years with genetically confirmed ANSD received the Nucleus CI system. Participants were grouped as either pre- or post-synaptic and randomly assigned to one of three stimulation rates: 500, 900, or 1800 pulses per second (PPS). Assessments at 3 and 6 months included aided thresholds, Persian versions of the Categories of Auditory Performance (CAP) and Speech Intelligibility Rating (SIR), cortical P1 latency and amplitude, and Electrically Evoked Compound Action Potential (ECAP) via Neural Response Telemetry across apical, mid, and basal electrodes. Despite comparable aided thresholds, presynaptic ANSD cases showed consistent ECAP responses and greater improvements in P1 measures and CAP/SIR scores, particularly at low and moderate rates. ECAP amplitude increased and latency decreased over time in this group, with no significant rate-time interaction. Postsynaptic cases showed limited ECAP responses and smaller functional gains. Lesion site critically influences CI outcomes in ANSD. Presynaptic children demonstrated physiological and functional improvements, especially at lower rates, consistent with preserved neural integrity. Postsynaptic cases showed restricted responses, likely reflecting demyelination. Findings support individualized CI programming guided by genetic and neural profiles.

Feeding disorders in early childhood involve maladaptive mealtime behaviors, nutritional deficits, and strained parent-child interactions. Standardized tools for Persian-speaking populations are scarce. This study translated and adapted the Behavioral Pediatrics Feeding Assessment Scale (BPFAS) into Persian and evaluated its psychometric properties. The process included translation/adaptation and psychometric testing. Content validity was reviewed by 14 experts, face validity by interviews with 25 mothers, and construct validity via factor analysis with 203 mothers. Reliability was assessed through internal consistency and test-retest stability. Interviews refined the questionnaire format. Factor analysis yielded five child subscales and three parent subscales, explaining 45.11% and 56.72% of variance. The scale demonstrated strong reliability (Cronbach's alpha = .94; ICC = 0.94). Findings confirm that the Persian BPFAS is a reliable and valid tool for assessing feeding disorders in children in Persian-speaking families. Its multidimensional factor structure highlights the complexity of feeding problems and supports its use for early identification and behavioral intervention planning in clinical and community settings.

Abstract The Multidimensional Subjective Financial Well-Being Scale (MSFWBS) has demonstrated strong validity in assessing subjective financial well-being among emerging adults in WEIRD (Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic) contexts. However, evidence from developing countries remains limited and mixed. This study aimed to validate the Persian version of the MSFWBS among emerging adults in Iran. Adopting a contemporary view to validity, the scale was first translated and culturally adapted to ensure face and content validity. Subsequently, a series of Structural Equation Models were conducted to collect evidence of score structure, reliability, generalizability, and both convergent and criterion-related validity. Data were collected from 356 participants aged 18–29 in Sanandaj, Iran. Confirmatory factor analysis supported the original five-factor structure, with good fit indices and high internal consistency. Measurement invariance was confirmed across gender, age, living arrangement, and occupational status. Additionally, significant associations with personal income and life satisfaction provided further evidence for convergent and criterion-related validity, respectively. Overall, the findings suggest that the Persian version of the MSFWBS is a reliable and valid instrument for assessing subjective financial well-being among Iranian emerging adults. The study contributes to expanding research in non-WEIRD populations and supports the broader cross-cultural applicability of the MSFWBS in developing economies.

BackgroundWork-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) necessitate addressing physical and organizational risks while comprehending their cause-effect dynamics to reduce their risks.ObjectiveThis study focused on validating the Persian version of WOAQ, evaluating organizational and workload risks through WOAQ and PWQ, and unraveling interrelationships among organizational factors with WMSDs using Fuzzy DEMATEL analysis.MethodsConducted as a cross-sectional study in 2024 among 100 employees in a private company in Kerman, Iran, this research utilized the Forward-Backward method for WOAQ translation. Reliability was gauged via Cronbach's alpha and test-retest methods. The PWQ and WOAQ were used in assessing workload and organizational risks. Fuzzy DEMATEL analysis was employed to elucidate cause-effect relationships between organizational factors.ResultsAnalysis of 81 questionnaires (41 men, 40 women) revealed the WOAQ's reliability with Cronbach's alpha and test-retest scores of 0.927 and 0.865. Predominant WMSD prevalence was observed in the lower back. 41.50% and 31.70% of men experienced high and very high organizational and workload risks. The DEMATEL fuzzy analysis identified rewards, recognition, and quality of relationships with management as influential factors.ConclusionsUnderstanding factors influencing WMSD prevalence encompasses physical, organizational, and psychosocial facets. Overlooking non-physical aspects contributes to physical risks and subsequent musculoskeletal disorders. Prioritizing improved management relationships and recognition systems was pivotal for effective WMSD prevention strategies.

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic has imposed a great burden on humans in various areas. The return to work of individuals after contracting this disease was likely to be affected by various factors, one of which could be psychological disorders. Therefore, we decided to conduct a study in this field. Materials and Methods: This study was a cross-sectional and conducted on patients with COVID-19 who were hospitalized for treatment and subsequently returned to their previous jobs. A questionnaire including demographic and occupational information, as well as the Persian version of the DASS-21 questionnaire, was completed for each participant via telephone interview. Depression, anxiety, and stress were compared between the two groups: those with a return-to-work time of up to 21 days and those with a return-to-work time of more than 21 days. The data were analyzed using SPSS software (version 22) and the chi-square test. Results: The sample size of this study was 152 individuals with the average age of 40.1±7.8 years. Fifty-seven of participants (37.5%) returned to work within a maximum of 21 days after the onset of COVID-19 onset, while this period took longer than 21 days for 62.5% of the participants. Depression, anxiety, and stress were significantly higher in individuals whose return to work took longer than 21 days, and depression was significantly higher in those with non-university education compared to those with university education. Conclusion: The results of this study demonstrate the importance of early assessment of psychological status and timely intervention from the perspective of occupational health and appropriate return to work during the outbreak of pandemics.

Clinical training exposes nursing internship students to intense ethical challenges that may threaten their sense of meaning and contribute to psychological emptiness. Protective psychological and moral resources, such as purposefulness and moral resilience, may play a crucial role in mitigating this existential vulnerability. This study aimed to test a structural model examining the direct and indirect associations between purposefulness and psychological emptiness, with moral resilience as a mediating variable, among nursing internship students. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 215 nursing internship students in Tabriz, Urmia, and Ardabil, Iran. Data were collected using the Sense of Purpose Scale-Revised Persian Version (SOPS-2-PERS), the Rashed Moral Resilience Scale (RMRS), and the Psychological Emptiness Scale (PES). Descriptive and inferential analyses were performed using SPSS v14. Structural equation modeling (SEM) with bias-corrected bootstrap procedures (5000 resamples) was conducted in AMOS 24.0 to examine the hypothesized relationships. The proposed structural model demonstrated a good fit to the data. Purposefulness was positively associated with moral resilience, and moral resilience was negatively related to psychological emptiness. Although the direct association between purposefulness and psychological emptiness was negative, it did not reach statistical significance. Bootstrap analysis confirmed a significant indirect effect of purposefulness on psychological emptiness through moral resilience, indicating that the association was transmitted mainly via moral resilience. The findings suggest that moral resilience plays a key mediating role in the relationship between purposefulness and psychological emptiness. Enhancing students' sense of purpose may reduce psychological emptiness, primarily by strengthening moral resilience during clinical training. Not applicable.

Purpose Upper extremity function is crucial for daily living activities. This study aimed to validate the Persian version of the 10-item Arm Function in Multiple Sclerosis Questionnaire-Short Form (AMSQ-SF) in individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS). Materials and Methods In this cross-sectional study involving 201 individuals with MS, the AMSQ-SF was evaluated for reliability (test-retest in 50 participants) and construct validity against a battery of established performance-based and patient-reported outcome measures. Spasticity and disability levels were employed to evaluate the questionnaire’s ability to differentiate between various subgroups. Results The Persian AMSQ-SF demonstrated excellent reliability (ICC(2,1) = 0.94) and internal consistency (α = 0.95). Its strong construct validity was evidenced by correlations in the hypothesized directions with measures of grip strength, quality of life, self-reported function, dexterity, and fatigue. It differentiated patients with and without spasticity and various disability levels (p < 0.001). Clinically useful cutoff scores were established to classify impairment severity (mild ≥16, moderate ≥20, severe ≥26) with high sensitivity (70–81%) and specificity (85–95%). Conclusions The AMSQ-SF demonstrates strong validity and reliability as a questionnaire for individuals with MS, suitable for use in both research and rehabilitation settings.

ABSTRACTSkin tears (ST) are common traumatic wounds, particularly among older adults, that can lead to complications if not accurately assessed and classified. The International Skin Tear Advisory Panel (ISTAP) classification system is widely used internationally; however, no validated Persian version currently exists. To culturally adapt, and evaluate the clinimetric properties of the Persian version of the ISTAP Classification System. This methodological study was conducted from February to May 2025 in multiple phases. After forward–backward translation and expert review, face and content validity were assessed. Criterion validity was assessed by comparing nurses' classifications with expert consensus using weighted Cohen's kappa coefficient. Construct validity was examined using the known‐groups method, comparing skin tear frequency and severity between 30 elderly patients with impaired mobility and 30 younger adults without impaired mobility. Reliability was evaluated using Fleiss' kappa coefficient for multiple raters, and weighted Cohen's kappa coefficient for inter‐rater and intra‐rater agreement. Diagnostic accuracy indices, including sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), positive likelihood ratio (LR+), negative likelihood ratio (LR–), odds ratio (OR) and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), were calculated for each skin tear type. Content validity was excellent (content validity ratio (CVR): 0.82–1.00; item‐level content validity index (I‐CVI): 0.91–1.00; scale‐level content validity index (S‐CVI/Ave): 0.94). Criterion validity showed almost perfect agreement with experts (weighted κ = 0.902, p < 0.001). Construct validity was supported by significant group differences in skin tear frequency (Fisher's exact p = 0.001) and severity (t(58) = 2.12, p = 0.039). Reliability was substantial to almost perfect across analyses (Fleiss' κ = 0.8447; inter‐rater weighted κ = 0.66; intra‐rater weighted κ = 0.86). Diagnostic accuracy was excellent for all types (AUC = 0.99), with sensitivity 97.5%–99.2%, specificity 98.4%–99.6%, PPV 97.5%–99.3%, NPV 98.1%–99.6% and very high OR and LR values. The Persian version of the ISTAP Classification System demonstrated excellent validity, reliability and diagnostic accuracy, supporting its use as a standardised tool for assessing ST in Persian‐speaking healthcare settings.

Reliability and validity of the Persian version of the Chalder Fatigue Scale in Iranian populations

The validation of the Persian death anxiety scale in cardiac outpatients: A psychometric and clinical study.

Patient safety during intra-hospital transport (IHT) of critically ill patients is a major global concern, as transfers expose patients to risks including physiological deterioration, equipment malfunction, and adverse events. Despite its importance, Iran lacks a standardized, culturally adapted tool to evaluate IHT safety from nurses' perspectives. This study aimed to translate, culturally adapt, and psychometrically validate the Persian version of the Intra-hospital Transport Safety Scale (IHTSS) for use among Iranian intensive care unit (ICU) nurses. A methodological cross-sectional design was employed in three phases from April to June 2025. Phase 1 involved forward-backward translation and cultural adaptation of the IHTSS. Phase 2 assessed face and content validity through ICU nurses and expert panels using Content Validity Ratio (CVR) and Content Validity Index (CVI). Phase 3 comprised psychometric evaluation among 315 ICU nurses recruited from hospitals in western Iran. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted to examine construct validity. Reliability was assessed through Cronbach's α, McDonald's ω, and test-retest analysis. The Persian IHTSS demonstrated strong content validity (CVR = 0.93; S-CVI = 0.91). Exploratory factor analysis identified a four-factor structure Organization, Teamwork & Transport-related Tasks, Tools and Technologies, and Environment, explaining 63.1% of the total variance. Confirmatory factor analysis supported model adequacy (CFI = 0.96, RMSEA = 0.067, SRMR = 0.048). Internal consistency was high (Cronbach's α = 0.891; ω = 0.877), and test-retest reliability confirmed temporal stability (r = 0.881). The Persian version of the IHTSS is a valid, reliable, and culturally adapted instrument for assessing IHT safety in Iranian ICUs. Its application can help identify system-level strengths and weaknesses, guide targeted interventions, and enhance patient safety during critical care transfers.

ABSTRACTBackgroundThe global increase in older adults necessitates reliable tools to assess lifestyle factors that influence healthy aging. Existing Western lifestyle assessment instruments often lack cultural relevance for non‐Western populations, including Iran. This study aimed to translate and assess the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Older Adult Lifestyle Scale (P‐OALS) among community‐dwelling older adults in Iran.MethodsIn this cross‐sectional methodological study, for construct validity assessment, a total of 397 community‐dwelling older adults aged 60 years and above were recruited from the city of Babol, Iran. Participants were selected using convenience sampling. The P‐OALS was translated using the Forward‐Backward method and rigorously evaluated for psychometric properties. The translation process followed WHO guidelines. Face and content validity were evaluated through a panel review conducted by 10 subject matter experts. Additionally, it was further assessed through interviews with a sample of 10 older adults. Construct validity was tested using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Reliability was tested through internal consistency and test–retest stability, while convergent/discriminant validity was analyzed using composite reliability and average variance extracted. The questionnaires were administered by trained researchers through structured face‐to‐face sessions with participants.ResultsFace validity showed that 90% of items were rated as clear. Expert panel evaluation confirmed acceptable content validity (CVI > 0.79; CVR > 0.62). EFA revealed a robust four‐factor structure—Quality of Relationships (6 items), Preventive Behaviors (5 items), Nutrition (4 items), and Physical Activity (4 items)—accounting for 55.4% of the total variance. CFA confirmed excellent model fit (comparative fit index = 0.923, root mean square error of approximation = 0.064, parsimony normed fit index = 0.712). The P‐OALS demonstrated strong reliability (α = 0.86, ICC = 0.859) and validity, with all subscales meeting psychometric benchmarks.ConclusionThe P‐OALS is a valid, reliable, and culturally adapted instrument for assessing the lifestyle of older persons residing in Babol, Iran. Its concise format and contextual relevance make it valuable for research and clinical practice. Future studies should explore its applicability in broader populations and longitudinal settings to further establish generalizability.

Syncope is defined as a transient loss of consciousness, with vasovagal syncope (VVS) being the most common cause. Although VVS episodes are typically self-limiting, they can significantly impact patients' quality of life. The syncope functional status questionnaire (SFSQ) is an internationally standardized tool designed to assess two major health dimensions: the physical and psychosocial domains. This study aimed to translate and culturally adapt the SFSQ into Persian and assess its validity and reliability. This study was conducted in Tehran, Iran, between October 2022 and January 2023. It consisted of three phases: first, the translation and cultural adaptation of the questionnaire into Persian; second, an assessment of the comprehensibility of the pre-final version through a pilot study involving 50 individuals; and third, an evaluation of the reliability and validity of the final translated version. We assessed test-retest reliability, content validity, and convergent validity by examining the correlations between the dimensions of the translated SFSQ and other relevant measures. Among 50 patients, 26 were women, and 24 were men. The mean age of the participants was 26.5±5.5 years. Test-retest reliability was good, with a Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.84. Both face validity and content validity index (CVI) were deemed acceptable, with a misunderstanding index of 18% (below the 20% significance threshold) and a CVI of 92% (above the 88% significance threshold for all questions). The Persian version of the SFSQ was found to be a reliable and valid tool for data collection in patients with syncope. This instrument represents a significant step toward standardizing syncope-related research.

Background: Research has shown that disordered eating behaviors—including binge eating, night eating syndrome, and food addiction—contribute to the heterogeneity of obesity and assist in phenotyping patients for more tailored interventions. The Eating Behavior Assessment for Obesity (EBA-O) is a recently developed 18-item questionnaire that assesses five pathological eating-behavior domains among individuals with obesity (night eating, food addiction, sweet eating, hyperphagia, and binge eating). The present study aimed to translate, culturally adapt, and validate the Persian (Farsi) version of the EBA-O. Methods: The original English EBA-O was translated into Persian following a standardized forward–backward translation procedure, with cultural adaptations implemented to ensure linguistic accuracy and conceptual clarity. A cross-sectional sample of 278 Iranian adults with overweight or obesity (body mass index [BMI] ≥ 25 kg/m2) completed the Persian EBA-O. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted to verify the five-factor model in the Persian sample. Internal consistency was evaluated using Cronbach’s alpha and composite reliability (CR). Convergent validity was assessed using the average variance extracted (AVE), and discriminant validity was examined with the Heterotrait–Monotrait ratio (HTMT). Model fit indices, including the Comparative Fit Index [CFI], Tucker–Lewis Index [TLI], Normed Fit Index [NFI], Goodness-of-Fit Index [GFI], the Standardized Root Mean Square Residual [SRMR] and relative chi-square value [χ2/df] were used to determine the adequacy of the factor structure. Results: The Persian EBA-O demonstrated a clear and stable five-factor structure consistent with the original instrument. CFA indicated good model fit (CFI = 0.95, TLI = 0.94, NFI = 0.91, GFI = 0.92, SRMR = 0.05, χ2/df = 1.94), confirming the presence of the intended domains. Internal consistency was acceptable to high across all subscales (Cronbach’s α = 0.78–0.86; CR > 0.70), and the total scale showed strong reliability. Three of the five factors demonstrated acceptable convergent validity (AVE = 0.54–0.68), while Food Addiction (AVE = 0.46) and Night Eating (AVE = 0.43) fell slightly below the 0.50 threshold; however, their adequate CR and α values indicate that these constructs remain coherent and psychometrically sound. All inter-factor correlations satisfied discriminant validity criteria (HTMT < 0.90), with the highest association observed between the Binge Eating and Hyperphagia factors. Overall, the psychometric properties of the Persian EBA-O were comparable to those reported in the original validation and subsequent translations. Conclusions: The Persian version of the EBA-O is a valid and reliable instrument for assessing pathological eating behaviors among individuals with obesity. It preserves the original questionnaire’s five-factor structure and demonstrates acceptable internal consistency and construct validity in a Persian-speaking population. This validated tool will support both clinical assessment and research on eating-behavior phenotypes and may contribute to the development of more personalized and effective obesity-management strategies among Persian-speaking individuals.

Psychometric evaluation of the Persian version of the caring behaviors assessment tool in clinical nurses: a methodological study based on watson's theory of human caring.